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Please follow the links to view the publication.Assessment of risk from human performance on the flight deck - driving sound design decisions
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2011.0247
As part of continued airworthiness processes encompassed in a safety management system, the airplane manufacturer is required to monitor in-service events to ensure that events compromising the ability of safe continued flight and landing with catastrophic outcome occur with a likelihood of below 10<sup xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">-9</sup> events per flight hour/cycle. The reliability of system components can typically be obtained based on failure statistics. A reliable statement on the flight crew performance however, in situations which require flight crew intervention, is harder to make. To support rigorous evaluation of crew performance a Boeing team has developed a tool named CREW - Cockpit-operations Reliability Evaluation Worksheet. CREW collects all factors impacting flight crew performance and supports a decision on whether changes to interface and procedure design or training are required as well as pointing at potential solutions. This paper is discussing the considerations leading to the development of CREW as well as providing some insight into the tool's application in the in service safety process. (5 pages)Defining an Asset Management strategy for aerospace MRO functions using Monte Carlo methods
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2011.0571
This paper proposes the application of the Monte Carlo simulation method towards developing an effective Asset Management system within an Aerospace Maintenance Repair and Overhaul facility. In this contribution the method is used to estimate the economic impact on the selection of a particular Asset Management strategy which involves the MRO functions relating to cockpit display units (DUs). The simulation demonstrates that it is possible to identify the most cost effective approach and thus suggests a suitable DU maintenance policy which in turn allows engineers to develop the appropriate asset maintenance schedules. (6 pages)Remanufacturing oriented adaptive repair system for worn components
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2010.0406
Remanufacturing strategies not only provide the means to save materials from disposal, but also reduce the virgin material requirements thereby diminishing potential upstream impacts of material extraction and processing. In the aerospace industry, remanufacturing of aero-engine components can be profitable since they are made of expensive materials and have high added value. Differing from manufacturing process, remanufacturing processes present a number of special problems in operational and technological issues. This paper focuses on the repair technology that plays an important role in restoring worn parts back to their original as new condition. This paper proposes an adaptive repair system to solve the key problem of part-to-part variances in component geometry. A four-layer repair system structure is discussed and three key models that are used for system implementation are described.Conceptual design of an electric helicopter powertrain
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2010.0047
The large number of rotating parts in a conventional helicopter powertrain motivates the study of an electric alternative. The feasibility of such an electrically driven helicopter is not straightforward; however it is promising provided a good understanding of both the helicopter flying requirements and the possibilities given by modern custom-designed drive systems are brought together. As with electric vehicles, the development of appropriate energy storage technologies plays a key role in the feasibility of such an electric helicopter due to the necessity to achieve adequate endurance. (6 pages)Taking care of business: A novel process to account for failure functions
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic.2009.0219
The article consists of a set of powerpoint slides covering the following topics: safety integrity level; failure function severity assessment; aerospace safety; SIL; and risk class. (28 pages)Branch aircraft's digital assembly process design and simulation
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2009.1978
This paper presents the branch aircraft's digital assembly process design and simulation system, and illustrates the key technologies and characteristic of digital assembly process design and simulation. Take advantage of these technologies, branch aircraft's assembly process is designed successfully by computer in virtual environment.The operational impact to the maintainer (ground crew support and human factors)
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20080633
The first part of this paper is concerned with the objectives and accomplishments of the Ground Crew Support part of the TATEM project, which evaluated novel uses of available technology. The second part of the paper is concerned with how important, humans are to the success of achieving operability and by introducing a Knowledge Space Model, it is shown what benefits this tool brings. (19 pages)The TATEM technical construct
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20080634
In the scope of the TATEM project (Technologies And Techniques for nEw Maintenance concepts) for the 6<sup xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">th</sup> European Community Framework Programme for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration on aeronautics and air transport, Aircraft maintenance actors were to cooperate to define improved maintenance processes taking advantage of new technologies. To do so, a global information system simulator called a data management platform (DMP) has been developed as a backbone for the new technologies and techniques investigated by the project. Granting access to state of the art on-board and on-ground IT capabilities opens new possibilities of data transformation and presentation, such as adopting the ISO 13374 based open system architecture for condition based maintenance (OSA- CBM) standard, as well as opportunities to share maintenance data on standardised formats which in turn opens the door to collaborative maintenance. (8 pages)The value proposition of a future health managed enterprise
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20080635
TATEM develops techniques and technologies in different domains (Aircraft, Data Management, Ground Crew Support) for enabling value-driving concepts including Health Monitoring and Management. One challenge in the project is about assessing the operational benefits that can be expected from an integrated implementation of these techniques and technologies in maintenance. (5 pages)EADS generic approach for operational aircraft health monitoring
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20080637
The article consists of a Powerpoint presentation on EADS generic approach for operational aircraft health monitoring. The areas discussed include: aircraft health monitoring; EADS generic approach; Eurofighter integrated monitoring and recording system; Airbus; decision support technology; product life cycle management process; HMM functions; global maintenance system framework; system-of-systems engineering; system engineering processes; service oriented architecture; QUANTOM project architecture; etc. (27 pages)Service contracting for helicopter HUMS
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20080641
The article consists of a Powerpoint presentation on service contracting for helicopter HUMS. The areas discussed include: helicopter HUMS; UK transport helicopter; helicopter airworthiness review panel; HARP accident rate analysis; rotorcraft HUMS; etc. (24 pages)Health management technology integration
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20080640
The article consists of a Powerpoint presentation on health management technology integration. The areas discussed include: integrated vehicle health management; aerospace industry; life cycle costs; aircraft maintenance; Boeing; etc. (19 pages)TATEM's contribution to a future health managed enterprise (overview, context and emerging operational needs)
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20080631
The first part of this manuscript provides an introduction to the TATEM project and charts the journey towards a 'health managed aircraft and enterprise'. The second part of this manuscript explores the 'emerging operational needs' that aircraft health management aims to satisfy in the context of commercial fixed wing transport aircraft and helicopters. (9 pages)HILAS maintenance solutions: challenges and potentials for the aircraft maintenance industry
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20080643
The HILAS project set forward an ambitious programme of research and development for the integration of human factors into all elements of the lifecycle of aviation. In its third year now the potential of HILAS and the challenges are more apparent. This paper outlines some of the activities of HILAS in relation to aircraft maintenance and the challenges that attempting such an expansion of human factor awareness poses. (49 pages)Best practice asset management in major project delivery
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20080142
The paper discusses about the Rolls-Royce PLC's, an aircraft engine maker company, best practice asset management in major project delivery. Rolls-Royce's aerospace business makes commercial and military gas turbine engines for military, airline, and corporate aircraft customers worldwide. It presents the following best asset management which includes 1.) building whole life asset management requirements using a capability acquisition perspective. 2.) making better investment decisions 3.) balancing financial, technical and risk aspects 4.) managing change during a major asset management project. (8 pages)Development of technical solutions
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20080632
This paper outlines the work done under the EU Framework 6 TATEM project to identify the technical solutions that can be applied to aircraft equipment and systems to reduce the cost of ownership for operators. The areas covered in the project were engines, structures, utilities and avionics. (14 pages)Wireless technologies for condition monitoring
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20080639
The article consists of a Powerpoint presentation on wireless technologies for condition monitoring. The areas discussed include: wireless condition monitoring; integrated starter generator; power electronics; Bluetooth waterjet position monitoring; gas turbine engines; noise sources; temperature sensor; pressure sensor; fan rig; blade monitoring; wireless sensor; engine testing set-up; gear fault identification; PCA; piezoelectric multilayer composite; energy harvesting; aircraft; etc. (30 pages)Integrating health management to enhance product support
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20080642
Over the past decade, OEM's have seen exponential growth in the revenue service data available to them from their products. This aggregation of data has fueled the creation of improved performance models, life models, and diagnostic and prognostic processes. These improvements are in turn creating new opportunities to enhance product support for the mutual benefit of operators and OEM's. The goal of this paper is to explore the means of creating aviation industry value through integration of health management with product support and maintenance processes. (16 pages)Application of an architecture framework to support the development of CVF
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20080622
The article consists of a Powerpoint presentation on application of an architecture framework to support the development of CVF. The areas discussed include: CVF architecture framework approach; aircraft; CVF operational concept graphics; Defence Lines of Development; integrated capability; etc. (35 pages)'Act in haste, repent at leisure': an overview of operational incidents involving UAVs in Afghanistan (2003-2005)
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_20080720
Unmanned airborne vehicles (UAVs) provide significant operational benefits to many military organisations. At present, however, most systems lack the reliability of conventional air support. This imposes considerable demands on the teams that must operate and maintain UAVs. It also creates considerable risks for the units that must retrieve these vehicles and for local populations during offensive and peace keeping operations. The lack of reliability further increases the workload on investigatory agencies, which must identify the causes of failure in increasingly complex airborne and ground-based systems. It is, therefore, important that we identify the lessons that can be learned from previous UAV mishaps. The following pages review the four most serious incidents involving Tactical UAVs used by the Canadian Defence Forces during Operation ATHENA (August 2003-November 2005). The military demands of operations around Kabul created an urgent requirement for UAV support. However, the decision to rush the deployment of these systems contributed to technical and organisational risks that threatened safety and created the preconditions where mishaps were likely to occur. (6 pages)Meta-design for agile concurrent product design in the virtual enterprise
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_20070003
The area of collaborative design is well-researched and many factors, including IT and other tools and techniques, which contribute to more effective collaboration, have been demonstrated. However, the implementation of these techniques in order to achieve a more agile collaborative environment is relatively under-researched, particularly at the design stage where agility is less well defined than at the manufacture stage. The article investigates the level of adoption of these factors in the defence and aerospace industry in Northern England, and their benefits to the level of agility in a collaborative design project. Furthermore, the article introduces meta-design as an early adoption technique for implementing agile tools and demonstrates the potential benefits of this method through data gathered by industrial questionnaire.Demonstration of a task-flow based aircraft collaborative design application in optical grid
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20070188
One task-flow scheduler has been designed to optimally allocate resources for a task-flow based Aircraft Collaborative Design Application in Optical Grid. This scheduler and application has been deployed on an Optical Grid testbed. The application's practical running demonstrates its feasibility. (2 pages)The who, where, how, why and when of modular and incremental certification
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_20070454
The defence technology strategy identifies modular and incremental certification as a key enabler to 'through-life capability management' as a means of reducing the impact and hence cost of re-certification of changes to systems. The Ministry of Defence has funded the Industrial Avionics Working Group, an industrial research consortium, to undertake a 'hot research' project investigating the production of a modular safety case (SC) for an aerospace software system currently under development. This paper provides feedback and lessons learned from this project.ERP implementation and maintenance in a lean environment (the importance of people and process)
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20060021
Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems were introduced into organisations to provide a fully integrated business solution (IBS) and maintain competitive advantage. However, many of these ERP implementations experienced cost and schedule overruns and loss of system functionality. The implementation process is known to be difficult, wasteful and typically costing five times the purchase price. This work aims to identify leading practice in ERP implementation and support through a literature review and interviewing process with 15 UK aerospace companies as part of the UK lean aerospace initiative and also seeks to examine the relationship and application of lean practices with ERP systems. Despite the better understanding developed by this research and the improved methods and tools provided by the vendors of ERP and other control systems since the research was completed the issues raised are still, in the authors view, relevant.Development trends in the supplier industry - positioning strategy in response to globalisation
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20060436
The article discusses the supplier industry, the challenges for the future, the methods of response and the multinational projects strategy.Aerospace-proven software development processes and tools in automotive environments: experience, challenges and opportunities in model-based design (Abstract only) opportunities in model-based design
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20060438
Summary form only given. The aerospace industry has since long established well-proven SW-processes and enabled them with the help of advanced software development tools. In this context, a design methodology has emerged which is the industry standard in the Airbus and Eurocopter galaxies and is currently reshaping the US aerospace landscape. This methodology is based on formal software specification models and a code generator (SCADE KCG) which is qualifiable to DO-178B Level A objectives. The certification of SCADE KCG to IEC 61508 (for each SIL) has opened new fields of application in the railway, industrial automation, medical and automotive domains. Automotive software development is typically hardware-centric and prototyping driven. The emerging ISO WD 26262 automotive tailoring of IEC 61508 will however impose the need to adapt to a requirements-driven approach, which promises to be a deep challenge for the Automotive SW-developers' community. The presented paper will discuss the experience collected with certified code generation in the automotive domain, the transfer of process knowledge from aerospace to the automative world, and the methodology behind. We will also center the focus on challenges and opportunities when merging the "best of two worlds". Some of the biggest challenges for the automotive industry, requirements engineering and cooperation with suppliers will be discussed. Developments such as AUTOSAR, MISRA autocoding WG will be addressed as well.Reliability & safety for embedded systems
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20060440
Presentation slides on the subject of reliability and safety considerations for embedded systems. Particular reference is made the application in embedded control systems of aerospace and automotive vehicles.Increasing use of sophisticated software in safety-critical applications
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20060439
The article consists of a Powerpoint presentation on increasing use of sophisticated software in safety-critical applications. The areas discussed include: The Boeing 747 flight deck; first generation commercial aircraft characteristics; digital avionics arrives; DO-178B standards; software process standard; safety assessment; aircraft certification; development process; verification process; quality assurance process; etc.Certification management - systems integration as a certification challenge
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20060437
The background of NETMA: it is a NATO Agency, installed by the partner Nations for the Management of Development, Production, Logistic and In-Service Support of the PA200 Tornado and EF2000/Typhoon aircraft. The main task of agency is to provide the respective management support, by coordinating and harmonizing the requirements of the partner Nations, adjourning meetings, negotiate with industry on behalf of the Nations, monitor programme progress and prepare decisions. This also includes functions to coordinate certification issues, but the Airworthiness/Certification authority rests with Nations and has not been delegated. Certification for aviation purposes has to be considered as a by nature highly formalized system of procedures. The progressive effort in systems integration challenges the static nature of these procedures, which have in the past tried and largely achieved almost complete coverage by incorporation of experience and best practice.Study on flow field of turbine blade with flexible 3-electrode feeding method in ECM
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_20060743
Electrochemical machining (ECM) provides an economical and effective way for machining heat-resistant, high strength materials into complex shapes which are difficult to machine by conventional methods. It has been applied in a lot of industries especially in aerospace to manufacture turbine blade. A flexible 3-Electrode feeding ECM method is presented to machine the profile and platform of turbine blade precisely. Since flow field is a critical factor to affect the ECM process stability and the precision of blade, a mathematical model describing electrolyte flow in the interelectrode gap is developed and the calculated distributions of several flow parameters are also given, then a new electrolyte flow mode named "dual directional inlets" mode is proposed for using the flexible 3-Electrode feeding ECM method to machine turbine blade. The experimental investigations are carried out in order to evaluate the rationality of the designed flow field and the clamping fixture. It reveals that the accuracy and surface quality of blade could be improved and the process stability could be enhanced during ECM. The result of the presented investigation is satisfactory to apply the feeding method and the flow field to machine turbine blades.A new method for analyzing and monitoring measurement process
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_20060970
In a production process, good measurement systems are important for successful quality improvement or statistical process control. The assessment of a measurement system is known as a gauge repeatability and reproducibility (R&R) analysis. In this paper, the traditional method, analysis of variance (ANOVA), is reviewed and some drawbacks are pointed. Then a new method is introduced to estimate R&R, which is based on a two-way random effects model. After that a method to monitor the measurement process is proposed. Towards the end, a case from an aeronautical manufacturing company is presented, which is used to analyze and monitor the measurement process by our proposal method.An improved algorithm for inverse kinematics solution of redundant modular robots
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_20061116
It is difficult to get solutions that can meet the requirements of high positioning accuracy and real time control simultaneously among the infinite solutions of a redundant robot. Based on weighted least-norm method (WLNM), an optimized algorithm for inverse kinematics solution of redundant modular robots, with which the joint limits can be avoided, is presented in this paper. According to the characteristic of robot global wrist organ, the position and pose of the robot tag end can be resolved separately, therefore the computing time is reduced without decreasing the solution accuracy. Recently, an Intravehicular Robot Service System's Ground Demonstration for Space Station has been built in the Space Robot Lab of Bupt, and the operation object of the demonstration is a 9-DOF modular reconfigurable robot. Through the experiments of pulling drawers and pressing buttons by the 9-DOF robot, the accurate and real-time solutions are given to show the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. The experiment results demonstrate that the positioning accuracy is up to ±2.0 mm and single-step computing time is less than 1 ms.Research on energy saving in accelerated life testing for airborne hydraulic pump
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_20061144
Accelerated life testing (ALT) for the airborne hydraulic pump is a good way to obtain the reliability of airborne hydraulic pump under a more severe environment in a short period of test time. For fully thinking of energy saving, a new kind of technique taking hydraulic motor to recover energy that exists in traditional load subsystem is adopted. The possibility and performance of the ALT system, consisting of a DC motor, a variable-displacement pump and a variable-displacement motor, has been analysed. The model of the system has been made by bondgraph simulation technique and the hydrostatic power-distribution transmission has been studied. On the one hand, the new technique can reduce the loss of energy and avoid high temperature of hydraulic oil, but on the other hand, it can add to the difficulties of strong robust control. A series of simulations are performed, and the results show that the new technique for energy saving is satisfactory and the robust character of the system should be further studied.Finite element simulation of peen forming process for the saddle shape
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_20060954
Shot peen forming is a viable method to form the complex wing skin panels of modern aircrafts. In this paper, an equivalent thermal loading method has been used to simulate the peen forming process for the saddle shape. The effects of peening bands on the spanwise curvature and chordwise curvature have been qualitatively analyzed. Result show that the thermal loading model can be used to simulate the deformation tendency of the peen forming and predict the elongation at the peening band.Satellite design model based on modularization
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_20060868
Aiming at the requirement of satellite seriating development, the satellite design model based on modularization is presented to raise the speed of satellite seriating development. Four components including satellite digitize design, satellite model virtual assembly, satellite model virtual prototype evaluation and satellite distributive cooperation simulation are elaborated. The modeling method based on module feature is adopted to achieve the parameterization feature modeling of satellite parts. The modification design method dived by module library and based on system all-associated data structure is adopted to achieve the seriating modification design of satellite parts. The assembly simulation based on assembly planning and interference proving method are adopted to achieve the linkage design between satellite parts and assembly planning, the visualization of parts fitting process. The virtual environment build method based on union operations mode and design model finite element analysis method are adopted to achieve the analysis and evaluation of satellite model virtual prototype; adopt distribute cooperation simulation method to achieve the locomotion simulation of satellite model under control state. Finally, discuss the application of its returns.Numerical prediction of static form errors in the end milling of thin-walled workpiece
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_20060872
Cutting deformation is the key factor influencing the precision and quality of the machined thin-walled workpiece, and to keep the maximum surface form errors under the permissible errors is the ultimate purpose of the form errors prediction. Cutting forces are analyzed and classified into six types according to combination of cutting depth, and cutting-force model for thin-walled workpiece machining is developed, then a finite-element model is presented to analyze the surface dimensional errors in peripheral milling of aerospace thin-walled workpieces. The efficient flexible iterative algorithm is proposed to calculate the deflections and the maximum surface form errors as contrasted with the rigid iterative algorithm used in the literatures. Meanwhile, some key techniques such as the finite-element modeling of the tool-workpiece system; the determinant algorithm to judge instantaneous immersion boundaries between a cutter element and the workpiece; iterative scheme for the calculations of tool-workpiece deflections considering the former convergence cutting position; and the method for calculating the position and magnitude of the maximum surface form errors are developed and presented in detail. The presented simulation model can control the surface errors in the permissible errors region without calculating the errors all over the workpiece, hence computing speed is greatly increased. The proposed approach is validated and proved to be efficient through comparing the obtained numerical results with the test results.Manufacturing-oriented bionic design method for wind turbine blade
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_20060807
Traditional wind turbine blade design theory carried on the design theory of airplane wing, but classical air dynamics can not make an agreement between the wind capture efficiency, cost and mechanical performances of wind turbines. Based on the natural optimum growth roles, a new bionic topology design method for wind turbine blade has been investigated in this paper, and the mechanical performance using the bionic design method has been compared to that designed by one of the traditional method. The numerical result shows that the new designed model performs better in some aspects of the blade's mechanical behavior, such as the static strength, stiffness and fatigue strength.Effects of electron beam local heat treatment on fatigue properties for Ti-6Al-4V alloy joints
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_20060731
Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates after electron beam welding (EBW) were heat treated by electron beam local heat treatment (EBLHT), the joints specimens were tested by low cycle fatigue tests, and the influence of EBLHT on fatigue properties was studied. Experimental results have shown that the joints of Ti-6Al-4V alloy after EBW and EBLHT present soften during fatigue tests, and elasticity strains are higher than plastic strains. The fatigue life of the joints after EBLHT can increase 30%, and the equations of ɛ-N curve are gained. Therefore electron beam local heat treatment can improve the properties of EBW joint, especial for complex aero-components.Research on the process of stretch forming with reconfigurable tooling
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_20060945
A reconfigurable tooling system has been developed for sheet stretch forming. The working surface of the tool consists of the ends of numerous pins with hemispherical tips. With different position of the pins, the working surface of the tool can be different also. Then different parts can be manufactured by this tooling system. Because of the flexibility of the tool, production period and cost can be greatly reduced. During forming process, an interpolating polymer layer is placed between the tool and the sheet metal in order to suppress dimpling of the workpiece. In this paper, effects of the interpolating polymer layer and the springback of the workpiece on the final shape of the workpiece were analyzed by the finite element method. And then the working surface of the tool was modified to eliminate the effect. Several workpiece were fabricated in experiments, whose surface quality and final shape were perfect.Influence surface finish on airfoil design
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_20061051
In this study has been undertaken to determine the suitability of effects surface roughness models for use in subsonic and transonic wind tunnel testing. The geometry used for the precursor study was that of a vertical lander concept. The vertical lander was a generic blunted cone followed by a bread-loaf-shaped base with two fins, or fairings, on the base's upper surface. Three surface roughness were fabricated from Steel 17-PH H900 by a CNC machining and grinding. The roughness average (Ra) of surfaces for each model was 0.8 μm, 1.6 μm and 6.3 μm that determined by optical surface profilometer. Testing covered the Mach range of Mach 0.3 to Mach 1.2 at an angle-of-attack range of -4° to +16° at zero sideslip. Coefficients of pitching moment, axial force, normal force, and lift over drag are shown at each of these Mach numbers. The study showed that between Mach numbers of 0.3 to 1.2 the longitudinal aerodynamic data in pitching moment and normal force showed very good agreement between the three models. The surface finish does have more effect on the aerodynamic characteristics such as axial force and lift over drag.The basic application study on electrochemical machining integral impeller with big-twisted blades
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_20060830
A number of integral impellers are used in many new kinds of jet. The parts count of jet decreases remarkably, the jet engine weight lightens much, and the thrust, service life and the safety coefficient have increased greatly. Based on the structure features and the processing difficulties of the integral impeller with big-twisted blades, electrochemical contour evolution machining is promoted, the shaping law is analyzed and studied, the dispersed data of the big-twisted blades are processing, the multi-axis linkage movement feed tracks are designed optimum by the shaping law and the tests. The combined cathode with the reasonable flowing fields is designed, there is an eccentric between the cathode sole plate and cathode body, the bidirectional feeds method is adopted, result in the short circuit and electro discharged sparks are eliminated. Adopting less cathode right wall thickness and the less incline angle, the extra electrochemical corrosion can be avoided. The redundant rests in blades back is removed by adding wobbly feeds. Machining tests are carried out. The blades satisfying precision are produced.A spaceborne view of GNSS
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20050559
The talk will look at how GNSS has found significant applications in space industry, with a particular emphasis on SSTL's work: operational satellite orbit determination and navigation; spacecraft attitude determination; operation outside normal low Earth orbits, e.g. GSTB-V2/A experiment, and GEO applications; remote sensing: reflectometry and atmospheric sounding; and GSTB-V2/A - the first Galileo satellite. (14 pages)Safety assurance techniques in the aviation industry and their applications to rail
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20050411
The paper is a powerpoint presentation on the safety assurance techniques in the aviation industry and their application to rail. High integrity systems applied in aerospace cover primary flight controls, automatic landing systems and head up displays. Head up displays and enhanced vision systems used in aviation and their technological implementations in rail are discussed, taking human factors into consideration. (10 pages)Hardware in the loop test of avionics systems
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20040649
Ground based test of avionics systems is an essential part of the certification process for any modern aircraft. Test rigs have to be constructed to interface to the various systems, and stimulate them electrically in a correct and timely fashion to simulate the appropriate flight regime. So, such a test rig will itself be a hardware in the loop system; furthermore, in order to test the systems in a typical modern passenger aircraft, it will have a number of other objectives that it must satisfy. It is the scale of the system that presents the greatest challenge for the design of hardware in the loop test for the A380 avionics systems.High performance HIL real time for the Airbus A380 electrical backup hydraulic actuators
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20040650
Any wing of the Airbus A380 is provided with 8 spoiler panels which are controlled by 5 servo-control actuators and 3 electrical backup hydraulic actuators (EBHA). A flight control computer controls the hydraulically driven spoiler actuators. A real-time simulator with electric I/O for simulating the EBHA is created to test Motor Control Electronic (MCE) operation and failure modes. The HIL and prototyping concept are developed by Syscon links simulation environments such as Matlab Simulink by a Development Kit (ProSys-RT DevKit). Simulation model upload, model control and measurement data processing are performed by the ProSys-RT tools. The ProSys-RT Runtime Software provides the real-time functions for simulation, I/O hardware, communication for visualisation/control as well as bus connections to remote targets.Real-time modelling of fluid networks [aerospace engineering computing]
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20040648
The PowerPoint presentation is about the need for the real-time modelling of the Airbus A380 fuel system, which is a multi-source, multi-sink, non-linear fluid network. Particularly, the flow in all pumps/valves/pipes/tanks due to pump and head pressures and the mixing of fuel properties (temperature and dielectric properties) need to be modelled, with an iteration period of 250 milliseconds. Available enabling solutions for modelling include: high-level component libraries to automatically generate very large matrix-based algorithms; high-level language (Simulink) for gluing of large numbers of components; auto-generation tools to translate to platform independent source code (RealTimeWorkshop); and fast real time platforms (Pentium/VxWorks) to solve useful time period. The modelling solution however is compromised by the constraints of piecewise linear approximation of non-linear components and the large computational effort of the solver.Assessing the benefit of helicopter health and usage monitoring systems
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20030006
Much of the original driving force behind the introduction of HUMS a decade ago was a desire to enhance the safety of helicopter operations. Since that time organisations such as the CAA have analysed experience in the North Sea and drawn positive conclusions regarding the safety benefit of HUM systems. However, several theoretical HUMS studies have identified that significant HUMS benefits could come from areas outside of the field of safety. These benefits range from improved maintenance practices and aircraft availability through to component life extensions and other maintenance `credits'. Many factors affect how successful both Smiths, as a system supplier, and the HUMS operators have been in realising these benefits, including topics such as the level of support from the helicopter manufacturer, certification issues, as well as practical issues associated with the day to day management of HUMS. This presentation attempts to summarise the benefits that have been achieved in practice. (6 pages)The role of take-off performance monitoring in future integrated aircraft safety systems
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20030002
Take-off is considered to be a relatively hazardous phase of flight, particularly since during this phase the aircraft is operating close to its limit of performance and in the vicinity of obstacles. Stringent procedures have been introduced to counter the various hazards but these procedures have, due to several shortcomings, failed to provide complete protection. The take-off performance monitor is a system that has been conceived to mitigate a number of these shortcomings that are related to aircraft performance. However, reliability and display issues have, to date, precluded the system from being introduced in operation. A novel approach adopted at Cranfield University has lead to the development of a design that, following validation, suggests that these issues have now been resolved. This paper describes the method of protection employed currently during take-off, the contribution of the take-off performance monitor in improving safety and the scope of integration with other safety systems. Suggestions for utilisation of the output of the performance monitoring algorithm in other airborne and ground-based safety, maintenance and health monitoring systems are discussed. (9 pages)Foundation degree in aircraft engineering: a new degree for a new age
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20020088
There is a significant and escalating shortage of aircraft maintenance engineers. Employers have traditionally relied upon three principle sources of aircraft maintenance engineers: ready trained engineers from the armed services, in company apprentice training schemes and further education. In recent years the first two have dwindled and employers are increasingly looking to the education sector as a means of providing the necessary broad underpinning knowledge to support licence training. However, many employers and the CAA regard education as a poor fit to their requirements. Many employers feel that the UK education system is contributing to the problems of the sector. They believe that the expansion of higher education has led to a shortage of talented sixteen-year old school leavers entering apprenticeships. Many feel that there is a mismatch between the higher education aerospace provision and the needs of the sector and, with few exceptions, further education provision is of poor quality. There are two other problems: the first is that young people are not aware of the existence of the career opportunity in aircraft maintenance; and, secondly, whilst there is funding to support 30 UK higher education aerospace design degrees, there is insufficient funding to support vocational aircraft maintenance education. There are two further developments that influence the situation. The first is the introduction of the JAR-66, the knowledge requirement for aircraft maintenance certifying staff. The JAR-66 allows holders of an approved degree to follow a fast track route to Category C licenced status. The second is the in introduction of two-year foundation degree. The purpose of the new foundation degree is to fuse the academic and vocational paths to high-level qualifications, help higher education supply the graduates needed to address the immediate shortage of skills and combat social exclusion by providing a route into higher education for groups that are currently under-represented. Current qualifications of aircraft maintenance engineers are not recognised for higher education entry. The result is that this particular group of society is under-privileged and compromised, in that they do not receive a national award for their degree level studies. This proposed JAR-66 compliant degree, jointly delivered by Kingston University and KLM UK Engineering, Norwich, will ensure that a stream of quality young people receive the best possible funded education and enter the aircraft maintenance engineering profession. It will raise the prestige of the sector ensuring that, like all other engineering disciplines, aircraft maintenance becomes degree-based profession. (5 pages)Foundations of aviation and a new British industry
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20010164
In this paper, the authors examine the foundations of British aviation, from the end of the 17<sup xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">th</sup> Century to 1914, when Shorts established a new base at Rochester on the Medway. (5 pages)