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Please follow the links to view the publication.Computer-aided error modeling of machine tool
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2010.1282
Error modeling is the basis of error identification and error compensation of mechanical tools. Traditional error modeling methods are completely done by human. The process is complex and takes long time. The models are difficult to adjust and fit the changeable structure of modern modular machine tools once they have been built. To make error modeling quick and flexible, an automatic error modeling method was proposed based on the MBS(multi-body system) theory and a computer-aided error modeling system was developed. Using this system, the work of error modeling will be done by computer automatically. Users only need to input some information data of the machine tool. The error modeling process takes only about 1 minute. The method provides a good preparation for error automatic analysis and error real-time compensation.The study of throttle poppet valve structure
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2010.1322
The velocity, pressure, stream function and velocity magnitude in different case are discussed by numerical analysis and simulation of the fluid flow in the throttle poppet valve structure. When radian throttle orifice of the seat is 0.5mm, there is a small negative pressure in a distance of throttle, and air erosion is less than that of no rounded throttle orifice of the seat, and energy is full used. The throttle poppet valve flow coefficient C<sub xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">d</sub> is gotten in different Renault value R<sub xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">e</sub> by experiment and numerical analysis, and the numerical analysis result tally with the experiment result. When Renault value is less than 200, experiment value and numerical analysis value coincide. It showns to be better in small Renault value Re than that in large Renault value R<sub xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">e</sub>.The result by improving orifice of valve seat is helpful and optimizing some design parameters of the throttle poppet valve structure.Analysis and reconstruction of super-high pressure compressor pipeline vibration
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2010.1278
In order to solve the problem that super-high pressure compressor pipeline system had serious vibration in a petrochemical enterprise, finite element method (FEM) was used in this paper to build analysis model which could recover the field. The causes of excessive vibration of pipeline systems were found by modal analysis and harmony analysis, then the reform program by changing the system stiffness was carried out. After the implementation of the program, test data showed that the vibration displacement dropped greatly and the effect of reconstruction was excellent. The method provided an effective reference for the vibration reduction of super-high pressure compressor pipeline.The exploration and research of plastic gear design and manufacturing theory
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2010.1291
With the increasing applications of plastic gears, the low-precision manufacturing defects in injection molding of plastic gear appears increasingly due to the plastic shrinkage. On the basis of collecting domestic and abroad information and analyzing the problems of plastic gear design and manufacturing in applications, the relationship between plastic gear modification and rack tool modification is researched and ratiocinated, and the maximum tooth root fillet modification theory is proposed, and the question whether rack tool modification effects plastic gear modification during the manufacturing processing is discussed too. Finally, the trial-error theory is proposed in order to solve minimum tip thickness problem for small gear, and is applied on the design analysis of helical gear.Design and realization of a sliding mode control scheme for a pneumatic cylinder X-Y axles position servo system
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2010.0598
Due to the pneumatic air provided a large effective power, the pneumatic system are adopted in many automation industries. However, the pneumatic air is compressible, and pneumatic system has many nonlinear characteristics, such as the mass flow rate parameters variable and the servo valve dead zone problems. In this paper, a sliding mode control for a pneumatic cylinder position servo control system was proposed to realize position regulating and tracking control. The key feature of this control scheme is the using of extra adjustable free parameters to the design of sliding surface and switching variable boundary layer for the pneumatic servo system to improve the control performances. The validity of the proposed control scheme is verified through practical testing on an experimental pneumatic cylinder X-Y axle servo system device. In the cases of step, multi-steps, and sinusoidal level position command inputs, the test results show that the proposed control scheme is capable of improving the tracking precision.Optimization design of gear system in co-rotating twin screw extruder based on Pareto-rank
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2010.1252
According to the structure features of gear system in co-rotating twin screw extruder, the model of the gear system is built, and multi-objective optimization genetic algorithm based on the Pareto-rank is proposed to optimize the parameters of the gear system. The advanced optimal design method for the gear unit in co-rotating twin screw extruder is studied. A typical gear system in co-rotating twin screw extruder is designed, and the results show that the gear system meets the requirements in all aspects. This design method of the gear system is synthetic optimization for the gear system in co-rotating twin screw extruder.Dynamic research and optimization design of clamping device for electroslag remelting furnace
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2010.1256
Electroslag Remelting (ESR) technology is a main method of special metallurgy. ESR ingot has high pure, structure dense and favorable mechanical character and becomes high-grade steel and special steel. In this paper, based on virtual machine technology, dynamic research of the working process of electroslag-remelting-furnace clamping device was proceeded; influence of the structure parameters and the motion parameters applied on the motion locus and spring force was researched. 3D solid model of the electroslag remelting furnace was established; mathematical model of the clamping device was established; main technical parameters were accomplished; and simulation research of the dynamic process was proceeded. It was found that, appropriately increasing of damping ratio and spring stiffness of the clamping device is beneficial for lowering overshot and enhancing system stabilization, while sacrificing response speed in some extent.Technology study on cold precise forming of gear sleeve
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2010.1316
The gear sleeve is the key part of automobile and motorcycle. The top cavity is the small module involute internal gear with addendum modification and many teeth, the gear form is narrow, the tooth tip is pointed. The bottom is taper hole with three notchs, and the concentricity between the top and bottom is high. So, mechanical cutting of the sleeve is difficult, and plastic forming is difficult too. To meet the needs of markets and improving comprehensive function of automobile and motorcycle, the high efficiency cold precise forming technology of net-shaping for the gear sleeve is put forward based on analysis, study and repeated test. In the same time, a set of high accuracy die with simple novel structure and long service life is designed and manufactured. The advantage of the method has been verified that material utilization and production efficiency is high. For this reason, the technology of the cold precise forming is profitable reference for producing of the same type gear sleeve.Validating FEA models of complex generator and gearbox assemblies using experimental modal analysis
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2010.0135
The continual advances in the capability of analysis by the finite element method allow manufacturers to achieve reliable predictions of the performance of complex customised machinery solutions. The simulation described relates to a large, high power, synchronous generator and close-coupled epicyclic gearbox assembly. The techniques employed allowed the computation of component stress levels, rotor lateral critical speeds, structural vibration modes and detailed alignment information which not only facilitated product performance optimisation, but also enabled a significant reduction in assembly hours. The modelling methods utilised are described, in conjunction with details of the product testing completed to confirm excellent correlation to the FEM predictions. (5 pages)Characteristic parameters of machine joints and the technology for applying them in overall modeling
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2009.1482
There are various forms of joints in a machine tool, which have a high influence on the whole machine's static and dynamic behavior. Therefore the effect of the joints' features must be taken into consideration when establishing the overall kinetic model of a machine tool. Based on the forms of typical joints, the factors influencing the joint features are analyzed, and are classified into the factor of material, structure and application conditions; the expressing methods of the characteristic parameters for joints are presented for different sections based on the experimental results of joint features. During the establishment of the overall model for the machine, the characteristic parameters of joints are taken as known conditions, are equivalent to the connection rigidity and connection damp between structures, and added into the rigidity matrix and damp matrix of the dynamics model. The overall dynamics model of the machine generated therefrom covers the features of joints, and can more accurately predict the static and dynamic behavior of the whole machine. The correctness and effectiveness of the method is verified by the modeling and calculation of XK712B vertical boring and milling machine and comparing with the experimental results. With the method, it is possible to predict the static and dynamic behavior of the whole machine at the phase of drawing design. (5 pages)Automatic pairing measurement of servo valve nozzles and experimental research
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2009.1442
The twin nozzle-flapper valve of symmetric structure is the pilot stage of servo valve. Nozzles are the key parts of a twin nozzle-flapper valve. A pair of nozzles fixed in a twin nozzle-flapper valve is called paired nozzles which has strictly consistent fluid performances. Fluid performances are influenced by the shape and size of the round throttle orifices on the head of the nozzles. It is so difficult to ensure the consistencies of fluid performances only by machining, that there should be a hydraulic testing experiment to select the performances-closest nozzles from one batch of machined nozzles to compose paired nozzles separately, and the testing method is called pairing measurement. This paper proposed a measuring method based on differential pressure-flow measuring and pressure measuring. This paper also proposed a sort-based paring algorithm according to the differential pressure-flow feature of nozzles, and the paired success ratio can be increased by the algorithm. Experimental research has been done on the SPCT-L servo valve nozzle flow testing system which is developed by ourselves and the results had proved the correctness of the measuring method and the proposed sort-based paring algorithm. (4 pages)Dynamics characteristic study of the visco-elastic suspension system of construction vehicles
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2009.1508
Due to the environmental protection laws and regulations being strict day by day now, how to resolve the problems of serious vibration and impact construction vehicles, the poor driving comfortableness and the noise pollution occurring in the vehicles, have become a new urgent task, which affects the development of the heavy duty construction vehicles. The new visco-elastic suspension can not only buffer serious vibration and impact, but also dissipate most of vibration and impact energy into heat, which improves the driving and working condition of the vehicle. However, because of the complex structure of viscoelastic suspensions used in construction vehicles, it is considerable difficult to make model and analyse the characteristics of parameters. In the paper, the semi-car model of tracked vehicle suspension system is built in accordance with the visco-elastic suspension system of structural characteristics and the feature of components. The characteristics of stiffness-damping of suspension dampers is studied by using finite element. And the loading of suspension is analyzed by applying the loading of tracked pin. Lastly, for the example of a 246 kW tracked tractor, the dynamic responding of whole machine is researched in representative working condition. The results show that the model can better reflect the characteristics of vibration damping reduction about the visco-elastic suspension system. (4 pages)The magnetic field analysis and optimization of permanent-magnetic adhesion device for a novel wall-climbing robot
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2009.1531
The climbing-wall robot based on permanent-magnet adsorption is always concentrated on tracked-type, but robot with this type is deficient flexibility when it moves. In this paper, a new permanent-magnet adhesion device of an adjustable pole is introduced in the wheel-type robot, the device can provide 1500 N force when the air gap between the device and wall is 4 mm to meet load requirement in working state, and at this time the magnetic flux leakage is very small. While permanent magnetic force is almost approach zero when device in non-operating state, so the robot can up and down the wall conveniently. The mathematic model is established by Finite Element Method to calculate and design magnetic field. The finite element software is used to analyze and optimize the magnetic field distribution, magnetic field intensity as well as the structure size which will affect magnetic field intensity to the device. Optimization results show that every parameter has a different influence on adsorbability of the device when it changes. Ratio between the maximum and minimum of adsorbability in two states is more than 5666 times when structure is designed reasonably. (5 pages)Study on exhaust system parameters for fuel economy improvement of small gasoline engine
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2009.1380
Intake and exhaust systems are significant components of an internal combustion engine. The design and operational variables of intake and exhaust systems are decisive to determine overall engine performance. The best engine overall performance can be obtained by proper design of the engine intake and exhaust systems. The intake system parameters have been studied by numerous researchers. Therefore, this paper pays attention to the exhaust system parameters. The effects of exhaust pipe length and exhaust valve timing on the fuel economy performance of small gasoline engine are investigated based on thermodynamic cycle simulation. The simulation model of a small gasoline engine was constructed. Using the constructed model, engine work processes with different exhaust pipe lengths and different exhaust valve timings were numerically calculated. The calculation results demonstrate that the exhaust pipe length and exhaust valve timing exert great influences on the engine efficiency, mean pressure loss for gas exchange and indicated specific fuel consumption. The optimum exhaust system parameters for fuel economy are determined. The results provide theoretic guidance for the energy saving optimization of small gasoline engine. (5 pages)Study of priority assessment of multiple mechanical product projects based on AHP and GRA
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2009.1507
Project-oriented mechanical manufacturing companies that make production per orders are limited with resources when getting several product projects. The decision makers have to made priority among projects to have ideal allocation and efficient use of resources. Based on the analysis of various factors affecting project priority, this paper designed a feasible and effective assessment index system in line with characteristics of mechanical product projects, incl. 4 categories with 11 indices. Then, the index weight values were determined with analytic hierarchy process, and a grey relational model on priority assessment of multiple mechanical product projects is proposed. It put forward a quantitative method of qualitative indices after the discussions of the index quantitative issues of the model. Finally, a case study justified that the combination use of analytic hierarchy process and grey relational analysis method could solve to some extent the issues that the subjective factor in priority assessment of multiple mechanical product projects was too much, as a quantitative reference for company decision-makers. (5 pages)Structural design and experimental study of a precision positioning table
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2009.1419
For satisfying the requirement of the high speed and precision table in the chip packaging application, a high speed precision positioning table was designed. The table was driven directly by linear voice coil actuator in the direction of X, Y and Z separately. The simulation model of positioning table was set up. Dynamic optimization design of spring which is the critical component of flexible decoupling mechanism in positioning table was performed using the virtual prototyping technology. Match principle between spring rigidity and preload was analyzed. Method of combining the finite element analysis and the mechanical system design was used to design and analysis the flexible hinge. The prototype of positioning table was fabricated. Experimental results show that the precision positioning table achieves the design target and prove that the design theory is correct. (5 pages)A study of spur gear torsional mesh stiffness
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2009.1476
Through applying finite element methods (FEM),the results of a detailed three-dimensional analysis of the torsional mesh stiffness of spur gears were presented in this paper. Hertz formula can only calculate the contact stress approximately, while FEM can be used to conduct precise analysis of the tooth contact stress and deformation. In this paper, tooth contact of a pair of spur gears system is analyzed as body contact in a three-dimensional coordinate. The gears torsional deformation including three main components which are the body torsional deformation, tooth bending deformation and tooth surface contact deformation, the three components determine the torsional mesh stiffness of gears. The torsional mesh deformation and stiffness under different torque case are analyzed in mesh. In this paper ,FEM are used to conduct the difference of one pair teeth and two pairs teeth torsional mesh stiffness, and the different gear torsional mesh deformation and stiffness in different contact position are analyzed, it is found that the stiffness compensation exist when contrasting the two different mesh case. (4 pages)The optimization of shifting coefficient in internal parallel move gears transmission
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2009.1488
Internal parallel move gears transmission is a new type of mechanical transmission which is classified as planet gear with little teeth difference. With a lot of merits, for example, compact structure, large transmission ratio, large transmission capacity within per unit weight and large overloading capacity, it can be widely applied in many fields such as vehicle engineering, heavy machinery, aerospace industry and military equipment. In these areas it can completely replace cylindrical gear transmission and worm gear transmission, therefore, there are great prospects in the applications of the internal parallel move gears transmission. However, the tooth difference between the external gear and the internal gear is so little that there could be some kinds of interferences in the process of cutting and assembling gear, resulting in scrap. And the most important parameters in shifting gears transmission are meshing angle and shifting coefficient, the former deterinied by the bending strength of the tooth root and the equation of center distance, but it's very complicated to select shifting coefficient in the process of actual design. This paper studies the new approach of selecting shifting coefficient in internal parallel move gears transmission by employing the optimum designing method of machinery and mathematical software LINGO through the actual design instance. (3 pages)Applications of CFD in design of oil-mist cooling and separation
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2009.1431
A new kind of oil-mist collection is design to reduce the harm of oil-mist produced by cold-former to people and environment. This paper stimulates the flow field of oil-mist cooling and separation device by using Fluent and obtains the speed vector by adopting the standard κ -ɛ turbulence model and supplying air from different speed. It is validated that the device is a perfect part of the oil-mist collection. (5 pages)Design and development of megasonic system and its application to PZT nano powder dispersion
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2009.1418
Although ultrasonic cavitation provides various applications for ultrasound, its inherent disadvantages can not be neglected. In ultrasonic dispersion process, ultrasound, in a frequency of 20 to 80 kHz, causes damages to materials due to excessive cavitation and inferior self-guidance. In order to alleviate cavitation and help the acoustic field focus, a novel megasonic implementing system has been designed and developed. It consists of a megasonic transducer and a MegaHertz power supply. The transducer is constructed in the form of cylindrical tube with a round piece of PZT-8 piezoelectric ceramic. The power supply provides sinusoidal voltage and current outputs at oscillating frequency ranging from 630 kHz to 650 kHz. The transducer consumes an electrical power of over 400 W. The acoustic pressure is measured within the range of 2.86 MPa to 8.92 MPa by a PVDF sensor. Experimental results of Megasonic dispersion of PZT nano powder manifest the conglomeration prevention effect, which is characterized by Thermal Field Emission SEM (TFE-SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and the stable constitution of PZT nano particle through treatment, which is confirmed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). (6 pages)Assembly simulation research for hydraulic transformer with virtual manufacturing technology
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2009.1429
Hydraulic transformer is a kind of hydraulic component which can regulate the operating pressure, and it can obtain energy from hydraulic constant pressure system with no throttle loss. Based on virtual manufacture, the hydraulic transformer features was definited, and the virtual assemblage concept was put forward. Then the modeling and simulated the assemblage process of hydraulic transformer was discussed, the contents in modeling technology of the system was pointed, and a series of ways of hydraulic transformer including modeling, assembling process and the estimate of the assemblage were designed. In the end, the sequence and route of assembly of hydraulic transformer were mark out, and the static and dynamic characteristics ware analyzed. The assemblage mistakes of hydraulic transformer can be checked up and be affirmed the assemblage order in geometry connection at the early layout phases in order to shorten the layout and debugging periods. (6 pages)Simulation of heat transfer performance for integral steel fin-tube through ANASYS
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2009.1438
In this paper, the heat transfer performance of the integral fin-tube with the material of steel G20 is simulated by ANSYS. On base of the determination of thermal physical properties of G20, effects of fluid temperature and effects of structure parameters of fin-tube on heat transfer performance are obtained. When the temperature of the outer fluid is higher than that of the inner fluid, the heat flux increases with the fin height increasing, the value of S/V is diminishing and close to 2/3. The bigger the fin height is, the lower efficiency of fin-tube is. The heat flux on water increases with fin thickness increasing. With the fin space increasing, the temperatures of fin top and fin root reduce, and heat flux decreases. The greater the wall thickness of fin-tube is, the smaller the heat flux on the water is. The results of this work can be referred while optimizing the structure of the integral steel fin-tube. (4 pages)Pipe routing design and assembly planning technology in virtual environment
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2009.1426
Pipe routing design and assembly planning for complicated products are time-consuming and difficult, and virtual reality (VR) technology provides engineers a new and efficiency way. Based on the analysis of pipeline's characteristic, a pipe modeling method based on control points model in virtual environment is introduced, and the pipe are built though recognizing and organizing those control points. The process of pipeline layout was introduced. Some rules are applied in the process of pipeline layout. The outcome of the pipeline layout is used for pipe assembly simulation in virtual environment directly. The unreasonable outcome can be found earlier through pipe assembly simulation. This paper focuses on the key realization techniques of pipeline layout and assembly simulation in virtual environment, including digital model of pipeline, pipeline layout technique, real-time collision detection in the process of pipe assembly simulation. Eventually, a prototype is developed and has illustrated the feasibility of the proposed above methods and algorithms. (7 pages)Research on the modify of mechanism of fluid magnetic abrasivetool
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2009.1421
Fluid magnetic abrasivetool (FMA) is one kind of new rigid burnished abrasivetool which is a sort of suspended fluid composed by soft magnetism atom L external active reagent, base fluid etc, and it has great characteristics of magnetortheologital and abrasive. Practically, the stabilization of FMA will affect the results of the process and the longitude of the work piece. In this paper, though the precise analogy we have proved that adding polyacrylic acid L PPAL to characterize FMA is a pretty good way. At the same time, a certain quantity of nanometre silicon dioxide needs to be added as modified additive. (3 pages)Dynamics analysis of cutting mechanism of underwater guillotine pipe saw
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2009.1427
In order to cut off damaged offshore pipeline, an underwater guillotine pipe saw, which was composed of sine cutting mechanism, eccentric cam mechanism and spiral feed mechanism, was designed. According to its technique process of cutting pipe, dynamic model of the guillotine pipe saw were proposed, and its simulation analyses were finished. Analytical results showed that when there were optimized parameters: cutting velocity v=480 mm/s, feed velocity v<sub xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">f</sub>=15 mm/min, height of lifting the blade in return range e=10 mm, the driving power of the guillotine pipe saw is enhanced by 2.52% due to hydrodynamic influence. Sea current has less influence on cutting work, whose reason was analyzed. Underwater experiments of the guillotine pipe saw were carried out in a port. The experimental results indicate that energy loss along hydraulic pressure pipes within 60 meters underwater was 21.7%, much more than hydrodynamic energy loss (3.3%), and error is 8.3% between test data and theory data. So the dynamic model is applicable for offshore pipeline service if the driving power of the guillotine pipe saw working in epicontinental sea is enhanced by 25% compared with working on land. What's more, the proposed dynamic model can also be used for deepwater working with underwater hydraulic power supply. (5 pages)Kinematic and finite element analysis of upsetting process by slider-crank mechanism
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2009.1500
Upsetting process is a typical large plastic deformation technology, and it is driven by traditional slider-crank mechanism. By theoretic calculation, the relations of the slide displacement, velocity and acceleration with the crank degree are studied. Their variation laws with time are researched by kinematic analysis of UG NX software. Based on the upsetting process character, a numerical model is established. The numerical simulation of the upsetting process is conducted by DEFORM software. The deformation, distribution and development trend of equivalent stress, equivalent strain and equivalent strain rate during the upsetting process are predicted. The load-time curve of the punch in X and Z direction is obtained too. The results are accordance with the actual manufacture situation, and they are guidable to the optimization of the process parameters. (4 pages)Distribution characteristics of point discharge effect in the process of electroplating CBN gear-honing-tool
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2009.1499
The electroplating cubic boron nitride (CBN) external gearhoning-tool is the main finishing machining tool of six to seven grade hardened gears with medium module. In the process of electroplating CBN for this gear-honing-tool, generating point discharge effect due to its metal matrix is resulted in decreasing quality of electroplated coating. That is the main factor of affecting precision and life of gear-honing-tool. In this work, positions of generating point discharge effect and affecting degree of quality of electroplated coating were analyzed on the matrix surface of gear-honing-tool. And it is the advancement method that was developed a pair of aided gears which control or eliminate tooth form error generated by point discharge effect. It was shown in experimental tests that the current density of addendum and tooth surface of CBN gear-honing-tool trended to equality by using aided gear, and the positions of point discharge effect were effectively controlled. So quality and thickness of metal electroplated coating on the addendum and tooth surface trended to uniformity. The tooth form precision of CBN gearhoning-tool was obviously improved. It is beneficial to prolonging the life of gear-honing-tool. (5 pages)Research on dynamic characteristics of printing press' paper transferring system based on experimental modal analysis
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2009.1487
The printing speed and print quality are depending on the dynamic characteristics of paper transferring system for a sheet-fed press. Because of the complexity of a sheet-fed press and printing technique, it is difficulty to get the real dynamic response by FEM separately, thus the boundary condition is not ease to determine while modeling. Taking the experimental platform of printing press' paper transferring system as the studying object, the experimental modal analysis was carried out with hammer pulse excitation method. The modal parameters including modal frequency, modal damping and modal shape were obtained by the result of the experimental modal analysis. The conclusion shows that the vibration characteristics of the exciting source (i.e. cam driving mechanism and gear transmission mechanism) and the compelled vibration components(i.e. the wallboard and transverse beam) need to be improved. The result of the experiment establishes a foundation of the dynamic characteristics modification for high speed paper transferring system. (6 pages)Tooth flank feature analysis and study on grinding method of full edge gear honer
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2009.1502
Tooth flank equation of full edge gear honer was deduced according to the principle of gear engagement. Some basic tooth flank features of full edge gear honer were obtained through calculating tooth flank coordinates, involute fitting to arbitrary end cross-section and calculating modification relative to involute helicoid. The results showed that profile of full edge gear honer almost coincided with involute helicoid in midship section, but cross-section profile from midship section to two ends showed that base circle changed gradually, axial shape is concave and anti-drum, and tooth flank of full edge gear honer could be regarded as involute helicoid which was modified. Grinding method of full edge gear honer was determined according these features, that is, tooth flank of imaginary rack was calculated through conjugate tooth flank of entire cutting honer, then tooth flank of imaginary rack is approached by cone grinding wheel, then the dressing parameters of grinding wheel and the adjusting parameters of machine tool were calculated, and the results showed that this method was feasible. (4 pages)Reliability and maintainability optimization of mechanical system based on the life cycle cost
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2009.1492
It would be good and necessary that studies be made of the reliability and maintainability of a mechanical system during its whole life cycle of which the cost is an important factor affecting the performance of a product. Compared with traditional researches given separately to reliability and maintainability, this paper, based upon a previous model for the analysis of the relationship of reliability and life cycle cost, is aimed at establishing a cycle cost model of which the target is to minimize the life cycle cost of a mechanical product. And an optimal integrated model of reliability and maintainability is developed which is expected to be suitable for general mechanical products. (4 pages)Optimization design of metallic seal pair structure for triple offset butterfly valve
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2009.1468
The designers in China have not yet established the perfect design theory for describing the friction behavior in seal pair. To solve this, based on the features of triple offset butterfly valve (TOBV)'s structure, a reasonable mathematic model for describing seal pair structure is established. The relationship between the contact angle in 2D coordinate system and the friction behavior of the seal pair is established. Optimization design is achieved by taking the parameters of seal pair structure as design variables, and reciprocal of contact angle as the target function, and the criteria for no-interference closing/opening as the restriction conditions. The actual inspection shows that the parameters of the sample seal pair structure manufactured with the optimization design theory have achieved the best matching, the closing/opening friction moment is greatly reduced, and is near to the design requirement for zero friction, this has laid a sturdy foundation for establishing perfect design theory for metal sealed TOBV in China. (5 pages)RAMS program for electromechanical systems of railway applications
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_20070464
The article deals with selected problems, which are associated with reliability and safety assurance in the case of electromechanical systems of railway applications. The authors of the article have long-term co-operation with LEKOV Company (Czech Republic), which is well-known producer of electric switching and controlling components for railway vehicles. To be successful in competition and satisfy high requirements of customers (major manufacturers of traction vehicles) the company, among others, pays exceptional attention to reliability and safety of its products. The article describes an integrated reliability, availability, maintainability and safety (RAMS) program which was worked out and established for development and design to fulfil demanding reliability and safety requirements of customers. The main methods, which are used as parts of the program, are preliminary hazard analysis, failure mode, effects and criticality analysis (FMECA), fault tree analysis (FTA), reliability block diagram analysis (RBDA) and reliability testing. The methods are used in individual steps that logically connect methods each to other. The article describes the procedures of the program in detail and brings a survey of applied methods with characterizations. Particular attention is devoted to problems that are associated with estimation of reliability measures of individual parts of systems.Development of a second generation low cost MEMS gyroscope: design for manufacture
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20060448
The successful development of a MEMS gyroscope, targeted at high volume, low cost applications, requires careful consideration of both the design and the fabrication requirements. It is essential that the design requirements (e.g. dimensional tolerances) are comfortably within the process capabilities in order to maximise yield at each step. This becomes increasingly important as the design becomes more complex, for instance: with the inclusion of wafer level vacuum encapsulation or the integration of electronics directly onto the device layer silicon. The practical implications of this design for manufacture (DFM) approach are discussed as applied to the BAE systems second generation silicon MEMS gyro. Specific features of the resultant sensor design are described in detail.Research of input-output energy decoupling in tension system
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_20061112
The input-output energy decoupling is put forth for the complex electromechanical tension system problem including strong coupling, multi-variance, uncertainties, etc. The aim is that an energy of any input controls mainly the energy of a corresponding output and influences the energy of the other as weakly as possible. After the looper height and tension control system has been modeled, a H<sub xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">∞</sub> robust control algorithm based on input-output energy decoupling is proposed in terms of the solution of linear matrix inequalities (LMI). Finally, the input-output energy decoupling algorithm is applied to the tension system, and the simulation results show that the method has satisfactory decoupling performance. The validity of the designed controller is validated.Analysis for performance of a vibratory micromachined gyroscope based on mode-acceleration method
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_20060837
In the study of robust design of the performance of the micromachined gyroscope, in order to solve the problems concerning to the high precision and the computing time of performance analysis of micromachined gyroscope, a tuning fork vibratory micromachined gyroscope fabricated by the bulk silicon micromachining technology has been studied. The dynamic analysis method of the microstructure based on the substructuring method has been introduced, and on the basis of having realized the analysis of the micromachined gyroscope with the high degree accuracy, the optimum design of the micromachined gyroscope elastic bars has been carried out. Elastic bar of micromachined gyroscope with excellent performance is obtained. The analysis results not only show the validity of the dynamic analysis method of microstructure based on substructuring method, but also verify the potential values in the design of micromachined gyroscope performance.Study on modeling and detection capacitance analysis method of micromachined gyroscope
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_20060840
To establish the mechanism model of fabrication defect to the performance of the micromachined gyroscope with high precision and solve the time-consuming problem of the structure analysis, a tuning fork vibratory microgyroscope fabricated by the bulk silicon micromachining technology is studied in this work. The detection capacitance analysis method based on a substructuring model for the microgyroscope is presented using the dynamic finite element theory of multi-degree of freedom to improve the analytical accuracy. The analysis of the final output characteristics, namely the dynamic characteristics of the detection capacitance of the microgyroscope, is accomplished. The analysis results indicate that the substructuring model can help to conduct the analysis with a reasonable accuracy and a reduced computational cost, and the fabrication errors of the microgyroscope influence the natural frequency little but influence the output of detection capacitance greatly. Based on the promotion of analysis accuracy and efficiency, some complicated engineering objectives for the microgyroscope, such as the expression of multiphysics environment, the design of structural topology and the simulation of intricate dynamic performance can be achieved.Modeling and experimental analyses for nano-positioning compliant mechanisms
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_20060951
There are non-linear errors, hysteresis errors and so on in the actuators made of piezoelectric ceramics. And these errors are especially conspicuous in the case of large range motion. In this paper, we gain nano-positioning accuracy of the conventional mechanical device by compliant mechanism for motion reduction. Firstly, the analytical model of the compliant mechanism for motion reduction has been founded using the Castigliano's second theorem. Secondly, the theoretical analysis by the finite element method is carried out in this paper. Finally, compliant mechanism for motion reduction of the same size and the same material is made to be calibrated by the measure instrument. As a result of our experiments, we conclude that the compliant mechanism for motion reduction can realize several tens microns range of motion and nano-positioning resolution. Furthermore, both non-linear errors and hysteresis errors are tiny.Topology optimization of compliant mechanisms with geometrically nonlinear
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_20060808
The topology optimization of micro-compliant mechanisms undergoing large deformation is investigated. Geometrically nonlinear structural response is calculated using a total Lagrange finite element formulation and the equilibrium is found using an incremental scheme combined with Newton-Raphson iterations. The mathematic optimal model of micro-compliant mechanisms is established. The solid isotropic material with penalization (SIMP) approach is employed in the design of compliant mechanisms. The sensitivities of the objective functions are derived using the adjoint method and the optimization problem is solved iteratively by the Method of Moving Asymptotes (MMA ). Numerical simulations show that this approach performs well for the nonlinear topology optimizations of compliant mechanisms with large displacement.Research of tension robust control based on mixed sensitivity
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_20061111
In order to get ideal tension control result, a H<sub xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">∞</sub> robust controller based on mixed sensitivity is put forth for the dynamic instability and parametric uncertainty in the electromechanical tension system. The mathematic model for the dancer arm of tension system is set up through theoretical analysis; Then, the common method for designing robust controller based on mixed sensitivity is formulated; Finally, the weighting functions of mixed sensitivity function and complementary mixed sensitivity function are chosen, and the H<sub xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">∞</sub> robust controller is designed. Comparison with the effect of conventional PID controller, the simulation result shows that the tension robust controller based on mixed sensitivity has excellent performance, such as good robust stability and interference suppression.A force feedback system for steer-by-wire applications based on low-cost MR fluids - design hints
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_20060153
In the automotive research scenario, the main purpose of a steer-by-wire system is the elimination of all mechanical connections between wheels and the steering wheel. The driver gets just a virtual and configurable feedback through the steering wheel, which becomes a stand-alone component. Among the emerging alternatives, magnetorheological (MR) fluids exhibit interesting properties that could well fit for safe and reliable force feedback systems. Through the collected data, this paper offers the essential information for the realisation of a force feedback device for steer-by-wire application. The paper includes the design and test of a pre-industrialised system, exploited for the measurements of low-cost, homemade MR fluids. Experimental results and their discussion conclude the paper.Review of AMR technology - Dublin region non-domestic water metering project (abstract only)
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20050437
The paper is a powerpoint presentation of a review of the AMR (automatic meter reading) technology in the Dublin region, focusing on the technology and products. Initial AMR systems that were installed are outlined and the Fingal pre-pilot study is discussed. The AMR selection criteria for touch, walk-by, drive-by and fixed systems are also discussed. The procurement strategy of the regional project is outlined and the market response is discussed.A benchmark study approach to fault diagnosis of industrial process control systems
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20050175
There have been several proposals and suggestions of benchmark studies for evaluating the performance of fault detection and isolation (FDI) methods allied to real industrial plant. The main aim of these benchmarks is to provide a training facility for the engineering community (both industry and academia) to gain an understanding and "feel" for the way in which various FDI methods can perform in a realistic control engineering application setting. This is deemed an essential step in the process of transferring the technology (often gained in the academic community) into real application. This presentation would provide the description and application of a benchmark scheme based on an intelligent electro-pneumatic valve actuator with in-situ (in the loop) testing and fault signalling in a sugar factory evaporisation process. The overall application would also be outlined and this involves on-line FDI and monitoring of the sensors and several actuators of a sugar juice evaporisation plant, providing overall monitoring of the plant under closed-loop control. The study was conducted within the Research Training Network "Development and Application of Methods for Actuator Diagnosis in Industrial Control Systems " DAMADICS {www.eng.hull.ac.uk/research/control}, funded by the European Commission in the Human Improvement Programme of Framework 5. The FDI benchmark is method-independent and based on an in-depth study of the phenomena that can lead to likely faults in valve actuator systems. The work to be presented uses a detailed consideration of the physical and electro-mechanical properties (and their modelling requirements) of an intelligent industrial actuator. The presentation would also include the typical engineering requirements of an actuator valve operating under challenging process conditions, together with the setting up of suitable performance indices for evaluating the FDI results. The results to be described correspond to real in the loop testing and FDI evaluation with injected fault signals.Assessment of the tyre footprint shape
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_20050081
In this paper we present an image processing application for automatic shape analysis of tyre-ground contact area. Conducting such evaluations is essential since tyres are responsible for giving support for the vehicle and for transferring forces necessary to obtain required kinematic behavior of the vehicle. Usually analysis and comparison of tyre footprints is done just by looking on them. Automatisation of this inspection process, by means of image processing, can make footprint classification and assessment objective and more efficient.High performance flywheel source for atomic fountains and advanced metrology applications
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_20040884
Atomic fountain frequency standard have the potential to reach a frequency stability of about 10-<sup xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">14</sup><sub xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">T</sub>-1/2, if the interrogation oscillator frequency noise which degrades the stability via the "Dick effect " ([2, 7]) is made negligible. In this aim a Sapphire Cryogenic Oscillator (SCO) is used as very low noise frequency source σ<sub xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">y</sub>(T) 1 - 2 × 10<sup xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">-15</sup> 1 s < T < 1000 s. In this paper, we describe a low phase/frequency noise flywheel source for atomic fountains and other demanding metrological applications (cold atom inertial sensors, optical frequency standards, optical synthesizer based on femto-second laser).Fault detection of a vibration mechanism by spectrum classification with a divergence-based kernel
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/iet-spr.2008.0195
The present study describes a frequency spectrum classification method for fault detection of the LP gas pressure regulator using support vector machines (SVMs). Conventional diagnosis methods are inefficient because of problems such as significant noise and non-linearity of the detection mechanism. In order to address these problems, a machine learning method with a divergence-based kernel is introduced into spectrum classification. The authors use the normalised frequency spectrum directly as input with the divergence-based kernel. The proposed method is applied to the vibration spectrum classification of the rubber diaphragm in a pressure regulator. As a result, the classification performance using the divergence-based kernel is shown to be better than when using common kernels such as the Gaussian kernel or the polynomial kernel. The high classification performance is achieved by using an inexpensive sensor system and the machine learning method. The proposed method is widely applicable to other spectrum classification applications without limitation on the generality if the spectra are normalised.Contactless system for dynamic characterisation of microresonators
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/el_20060728
A cost-effective system for the contactless characterisation of microresonators vibrating in out-of-plane mode is presented. The system provides swept-frequency excitation to the microresonator, detects the mechanical vibrations by a single-point triangulator made by a laser diode and a four-quadrant detector, and exploits synchronous undersampling of the readout signal to derive the frequency response of the microresonator. The system has been prototyped and tested using a piezoelectric bimorph cantilever as the resonator. A displacement resolution of around 100 nm has been obtained in the frequency range of up to some tens of kilohertz.Micromachined rotating gyroscope with electromagnetically levitated rotor
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/el_20061479
A type of micromachined rotating gyroscope with an electromagnetically levitated rotor is proposed. The working mechanism and the fabrication method based on MEMS technology of micromachined gyroscopes are described. The experiment showed that the vacuum package can increase the rotating speed of the rotor (diameter, 2.2 mm; thickness, 20 µm) from 800 to 4000 rpm. Possible reasons that resist further increase of rotating speed are air slip damping and electromagnetic damping. Sensing precision of 3°/s was obtained in the experiment.Induction heating of tubes
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/books/10.1049/pbpo011e_ch10
<p xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">This chapter tackles about the basic theory of induction heating of tubes, but with different boundary conditions at the inner diameter. The solution is akin to that of conduction heating of tubes, but there is an added complication due to the flux inside the tube. We derive it to bring out the principles.</p>All or nothing [production engineering computing - vacuum pumps]
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/me_20070109
BOC Edwards is a world leader in vacuum technology for industrial, scientific, processing and semiconductor applications. The company uses CATIA V5 and ENOVIA SmartTeam to design and build vacuum pumps capable of achieving high vacuums down to 10-10 mbar. At BOC Edwards, product development and operational and manufacturing processes are crucial to maintain its pre-eminent market position. Concurrent working with several engineering disciplines enable the company to develop pumps and the technologies that they incorporate at the highest possible standards.It's a grind [grinding technology]
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/me_20060410
VIPER grinding was developed by Rolls Royce in collaboration with the Grinding Division of Makino-NCMT as a replacement for creep feed grinding of Inconel and other nickel-based alloys using CBN wheels. Using inexpensive vitrified aluminum oxide wheels of small diameter mounted in the spindle of a horizontal machining center (HMC), VIPER grinding has been shown to be 10 times faster at removing metal than milling. To fully understand the potential of the VIPER technology, the paper describes the features of several machining centers including the Makino A55, the Makino A99, and the Makino A100.