New Publications are available for Power apparatus and electric machines
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New Publications are available now online for this publication.
Please follow the links to view the publication.The Bayesian analysis of reliability of zero-failure data
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2012.0692
In the reliability test of the products of electrical apparatus, zero-failure data is usually faced. For the existing reliability theory based on the analysis of failure data, how to make an analysis of the reliability of the products of electrical apparatus under the condition of zero-failure is an issue with a certain degree of difficulty. In this paper, when failure probability p<sub xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">i</sub>'s prior density kernel of Zero-failure data (t<sub xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">i</sub> ,n<sub xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">i</sub>) is exp[a(1-p<sub xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">i</sub>)] in time t<sub xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">i</sub>, the reliability estimation of the products of electrical apparatus is obtained by Bayesian theorem. An actual test data is computed by using the proposed method. It turns out that the proposed method accords with the engineering priors.Survey of the electrical apparatus reliability developments in China
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2012.0629
The paper is a survey of the development history of the research on reliability of Chinese electrical apparatus. It describes the relationship between electrical apparatus reliability study and electric contact research, then reviews the reliability development of Chinese electrical apparatus in recent several years and finally opens up broad prospects for the reliability of Chinese electrical apparatus.Study on reliability for automatic transfer switching equipment
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2012.0699
As the automatic transfer switching equipments (ATSE) are widely used on distribution line. They are mainly used to switch the load automatically and ensure the security and reliability of power supply. So, the reliability of ATSE is extremely important. This paper mainly includes: 1) to analyze the failure modes of ATSE; 2)to establish the reliability characteristic parameters of ATSE; 3) to discuss the test methods of reliability demonstration test in details.Auxiliary plant & equipment for station and tunnel services
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic.2011.0187
The intention of this paper is to give an understanding of the legislation and guidance that must be complied with in designing the power systems for the provision of station and tunnel services into railway infrastructure. In so doing detail of the other auxiliary equipment and systems that must be provided to comply with this legislation and guidance plus operating requirements and passenger expectations is provided together with the impact that they impose on the power supply arrangements. It aims to show that consideration needs to be given to the availability and reliability of the power system and to its usage, i.e. whether during normal, degraded, abnormal or emergency train and station operational modes, more than to its traditional features of load demand and utilisation.Probabilistic characterization of the 110 KV power equipments operational behaviour
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2009.0824
The purpose of the present paper is identifying and statistical testing of random variables time between failures (TBF) and time to corrective maintenance (TCM) for an 110 kV power equipments sample, based upon the historical data regarding their operational behavior in a given period of time. Through statistical analysis of the relevant data we established the distribution functions and probability density functions for the variables TBF and TCM. (4 pages)End of life management of medium voltage equipments
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2009.0501
The degradation of some natural resources and the increasingly strict regulatory constraints have led a large number of manufacturers to modify their approach to production with the aim of minimizing the consumption of raw materials and optimizing the recovery of spent products. To date, the issue of recycling is addressed in two different ways: firstly, the integration of eco-design to reduce the consumption of materials at source and improve the recovery of the materials at end of life and secondly, the optimization of the end of life management processes in order to recover maximum material at least cost. Indeed, the recycled material regeneration is generally less polluting than virgin material production. In order to improve the environmental quality of its equipment items, AREVA T&D/DRC has chosen to work in parallel on eco- design and to develop an approach to the end of life management of medium-voltage equipment. (4 pages)The road to common assessment methods for distribution network equipment
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2009.0753
When utilities resort to external service providers for conformity assessment of distribution electrical network equipment, most of their needs are basically the same, but have been shaped into requirements by various historic and organisational reasons. Whilst the underlying conformity assessment needs are similar, the form of the corresponding requirements may differ. This paper aims to assert the basic needs of users with a uniform vocabulary in order to encourage establishment and acceptance of harmonised assessment schemes, and should reduce costs and delays for both manufacturers and users. Harmonisation should help users share information and improve assessment methods. A good example for further development of these proposals is the assessment of Ring Main Units (RMU)s. (4 pages)CIGRE/CIRED/UIE joint working group C4.110, voltage dip immunity of equipment in installations - main contributions and conclusions
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2009.0584
This paper presents the results from the work of joint working group C4.110: a cooperation between CIGRE, CIRED and UIE. Its mandate period stretches from early 2006 through early 2009. The group has addressed several aspects of the immunity of especially, industrial equipment against voltage dips. Quantifying or specifying equipment performance is part of the assessment or improvement of the voltage-dip ride-through of an industrial process. (4 pages)The European EMC Directive 2004/108/EC. Clarifying the impact of the requirements for fixed installations
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic.2009.0105
This paper presents: the definition of the fixed installation; provides examples; the essential requirements; discusses 'good engineering practices'; considers the composition of the FI; defines the responsible person; suggests how to deal with new build and additions to the existing railway. (16 pages)Partial discharge on-line measurements with continuous monitoring as invaluable tool for assessing insulation quality and maintenance planning
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp.2009.0614
Authors share their experience with 15-channel continuous partial discharge (PD) monitors applied to medium voltage rotating machines, apparatus and substation equipment, using variety of PD sensors. Real life examples illustrate the condition-based paradigm "measured-inspected- confirmed-repaired" that clearly purports this totally nonintrusive and effective on-line diagnostic technology. Use of stator RTDs as PD sensors offers an inexpensive solution for attenuation problems, especially in large rotating machines. Continuous monitoring assures that high variations of PD activity will not be overlooked in comparison with periodic tests. The discussed technology will help in making intelligent and accurate maintenance decisions, significantly improving effectiveness and quality of insulation repairs. (4 pages)Benefits of using high efficiency power equipment that reduce distribution system losses
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20080461
Energy efficiency serves three long term European goals on the agenda of the European Commission: the competitiveness of the European Industry, the environmental protection and the security of supply. In its 2005 Green Paper, the European Commission identified several actions for various industrial sectors in order to improve energy efficiency. In the electricity industry, the European Commission encourages the distribution network operators to innovate in the design and the operation of their networks in order to decrease their technical losses. (4 pages)Innovation - a manufacturers perspective
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_20050266
The presentation, a collection of Powerpoint slides, considers the following factors: what is innovation?; the need for innovation; market need changes; funding innovation challenges; innovation development; investment and innovation success. (14 pages)Tools for partial discharge testing MV cables and plant
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_20050983
This paper describes the development and application of tools to distinguish between noise and PD activity, and to distinguish between several different types of PD. The recognition is done using simple algorithms which use the waveform shape of the PD (and noise) pulses, to discriminate between the different types. The paper also describes a localisation method for PD pulses on cable systems. The objective of this work is to develop a reliable PD detection system which detects and locates the PD activity, especially for on-line measurements. By removing two of the largest obstacles to making good PD measurements on high voltage plant, namely: 1) noise reduction of radio interference from broadcasts and power line carrier signals; and 2) separation of noise pulses from cable PD pulses and local equipment PD pulses. (4 pages)Operating control of electrical equipment of power supply systems
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_20050877
In the article the existing system of maintenance service and repair of electrotechnical equipment is analyzed. The need of improving repair system is substantiated. The structure of problems on its perfection is considered on the basis of new technology of management by a technical condition of an electric equipment. The simulators of their solutions, based on the use of methods of evaluating the technical state with the aid of the means of diagnostics are resulted. (4 pages)A customer oriented approach to the classification of voltage dips
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_20051064
Voltage dips are an important cause for electrical equipment malfunctions. To obtain a better picture of power quality performance and the possibilities for standardization and regulation, the Dutch government initiated a research project to quantify, standardize and classify voltage dips. This article presents a new method that has been developed for predicting voltage dip magnitude, duration and annual occurrence rates at arbitrary locations. This method enables an accurate prediction of voltage sag performance. Secondly, a transparent and consistent framework for a dip quality standard and a dip classification method is proposed. This framework introduces a dip costs table and a meaningful dip performance indicator. The dip costs, based on equipment sensitivity, economic costs and inconvenience experienced by the customer, is the principal guidance data for establishing a dip standard and a dip classification. (6 pages)An artificial network for emission tests in the frequency range 2-9 kHz
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_20051028
Starting from general requirements for repeatable measurements and correct assessment of current emissions which originate from low-voltage (LV) apparatus in the range 2-9 kHz, this paper proposes an artificial network (AN), addresses its manufacturing criteria and reports test results gained with a first prototype. The AN is expected to be connected between the test voltage (230 V/50 Hz), e.g. the common LV supply system, and the equipment under test (EUT). It comprises only three resistors, three reactors and one capacitor in each phase and causes only small losses. Moreover, the dampening of distortions in the range 2-9 kHz by the AN is high in both directions. Therefore, this circuitry both isolates the EUT from distortion of the power source and preserves the power quality of the supply system. Low-cost elements served to build up a prototype validated up to 10 A<sub xmlns="http://pub2web.metastore.ingenta.com/ns/">rms</sub>. It has a reasonable size and weight to be perfectly portable. Test results remained within 5% of its target values and proved the performance of this simple AN for measurements of current emissions in the range 2-9 kHz. (4 pages)Organized, automatic registration and analysis of performance and fault processes
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_20010094
In nuclear power plants in Slovakia and in the Czech Republic, organized tests are being carried out on electric equipment, in order to verify their reliability. This paper introduces methods for the calculation of derived electric quantities.The advanced power plant integrated maintenance control system (ALICE)
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_20010652
The advanced power plant integrated maintenance control system (ALICE) was developed to supervise the electric power equipment efficiently for which to be necessary for the telecommunication service from a remote place. This ALICE system realizes the efficient supervising service and rapid correspondence at the time of the failure by using the latest network technology, multimedia technology, and so on. This paper reported firstly about the characteristics of the supervising function of an ALICE system version IV and reports on an advanced function to add newly based on the characteristic of the ALICE system that has developed so far this time.Inefficiency of international standards in the production and use of electrical equipment and devices in different parts of the world
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_20010856
In this paper, the inefficiency of electrical international standards for sultry regions is discussed. As a case study, the situation and problems of Iran's Hormozgan power networks are introduced. A proper model intended for use by the international standard organizations and manufacturers of electrical equipment for special regions is proposed. (5 pages)Technical diagnostics for power apparatus
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_20010703
This paper gives an overview of the possibilities and advantage of technical diagnostics. Maintenance diagnostics is an important step to prevent power equipment from failures or malfunctions. Therefore the task of diagnostics is the creation and selection of very effective test methods for specific arrangements. The aim of diagnostics can be defined in this way, that a maximum of information by a minimum of expenditure can be gathered from selected measuring and test methods by corresponding waveform acquisition and signal processing. The important aim of diagnostics and furthermore for maintenance is, in the deregulated and commercial electricity market, the increasing of the lifetime of power equipment and therefore delaying the obtaining of new apparatus by electric utilities. (5 pages)Condition assessment of power transmission and distribution components
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_20010698
Power equipment such as turbines, generators, transformers, switchgear and cables represent a major capital investment in power stations and grids. With a high duty-cycle, or repeated short duration overloading, aging of such components may be appreciable. In practice, however, many components perform well even after their depreciation term has expired. As a result, extension of service time is a serious option for reduction of investment costs. On the other hand, life extension may increase the risk of failure, depending on the operation and maintenance practice. Adequate condition assessment (CA) enables to determine effective strategies for operation, replacement, thereby economical catastrophes. Before elaborating on CA-techniques, the authors specify three different types of condition relevant to power transmission and distribution equipment: technical, strategic and economical condition. (5 pages)Virtual hospital for power equipment on Internet
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_20000423
Equipment diagnosis and maintenance plays a key role in reliable power system operations. Information technology opens new doors in this area with powerful and convenient information sharing capabilities. The concepts and prototype development of an Internet based virtual hospital (VH) for power equipment are introduced in this paper. The VH will serve as an information center for the power equipment diagnosis and maintenance community. The virtual hospital will feature a diagnosis/maintenance knowledge and education center, a diagnostic tools center, a worldwide maintenance expertise pool, forums and user groups, links to equipment manufacturers, links to standards, and many other relevant information. VH provides a convenient platform for experience/information sharing, discussions, and worldwide collaborations.Investigation into the use of wavelet theory for partial discharge pulse extraction in electrically noisy environments
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_20000490
This paper presents a wavelet denoising method for partial discharge (PD) signal extraction from the electromagnetic interference (EMI) existing in electrical machines such as high frequency sinusoidal noise, pulse-shaped noise and stochastic noise. The proposed denoising method is performed through multiresolution signal decomposition, thresholding of wavelet coefficients and signal recovery. Two types of numerical simulating PD pulses immersed in severe noise have been investigated. The paper demonstrates that the proposed method has tremendous potential for extracting PD pulses from a noisy background, thus providing reliable signals, on the basis of which, assessments can be made of insulation integrity in high voltage plant.The importance and limitations of EMC standards in heavy power installations
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_19990387
The electromagnetic environment in many heavy power installations is generally acknowledged to be relatively intense, containing many potent sources of disturbance. The operator of the plant or installation will require that equipment supplied to operate in such an environment has adequate immunity to these disturbances in order that operations will be free of malfunction and safe. Since the introduction of the EMC Directive in Europe, reference to harmonised EMC standards has provided equipment suppliers and operators with an easy, indisputable method of ensuring that the installation operation meets the objectives for overall functional performance whilst also satisfying any legal obligations. This paper discusses these issues and is intended to provide background information for power equipment suppliers and operators addressing EMC matters. (5 pages)Safety categories for safety devices used in electrical equipment for use in potentially explosive atmospheres
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_19991072
Electrical apparatus, which is intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres, sometimes relies on the correct operation of control or protective devices in order to maintain certain characteristics of the apparatus within acceptable limits. The approval and certification of electrical apparatus for potentially explosive atmospheres, therefore, requires that, where such control and protection devices are used, an assessment be made of their suitability for the intended purpose. This will need to be expressed in terms of some measure of confidence compatible with the EC ATEX Directive, and CENELEC standards for electrical apparatus for use in potentially explosive atmospheres and relevant control standards. CENELEC identified the need for research to determine whether existing and proposed standards in the field of safety-related control systems are suitable for this purpose, and to develop a methodology which will provide the required support for the approval and certification process. Research proposals on this topic were invited under the Standardisation, Measurement and Testing (SMT) Programme and the SAFEC project was selected for funding. The SAFEC project has the overall objective to produce a harmonised system for subdivision of safety devices which are used in potentially explosive atmospheres, together with a methodology for selecting the appropriate subdivision of safety device for any particular application. This paper reports progress to date, at a point a little over half way through the 12 month project.Legislation, standards, certification and practice relating to electrical equipment used in Japan
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_19991064
Traditionally Ex-equipment in mines are within the jurisdiction of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) under the Mine Safety Law, while the Ministry of Labour (MOL) has competence over Ex-equipment in general (nonmining) industry under the Occupational Safety and Health Law. The demarcation has brought about differences in legislation, standards and certification relating to Ex-equipment on both sides. The author discusses the development of recommended guides for explosion protected electrical installations in general industry. The establishment of the standards on connection of Ex-equipment and Ex-equipment testing and certification are discussed. The administrative steps taken for foreign products, the treatment of types of protection and future prospects are also discussed.Influence of modifications in partial discharge patterns on a neural network's recognition ability
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_19990951
For several years the interest in automated analysis of partial discharge (PD) measurement has increased, because manual PD pattern interpretation by human experts is one of the most powerful diagnostic methods for design and improvement of electrical HV equipment. The main aspect is the interpretation of the phase resolved PD patterns. A database of 4000 PD patterns of on-site measurements has now been used for basic investigations with neural networks. In a first step, 500 of them have been pre-selected and classified by a human expert. These files have been classified into 44 classes. For a better understanding of the general recognition abilities of NNs, patterns of on-site measurements have been artificially modified by splitting of PD matrices, using picture smoothing algorithms and zero value adjustment. (4 pages)Field optimization of three dimensional high voltage equipment
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_19990599
The goal of finding an optimal electric field strength distribution for arbitrary three dimensional problems can be achieved by utilizing a parametric CAD modelling system that needs to be coupled with a three dimensional electric field calculation program. These components are to be linked with a numerical optimization algorithm. The package obtained from these three components is then able to automatically optimize arbitrary three dimensional field problems in high voltage engineering. Since one of the bottlenecks in the optimization process mentioned above is the three dimensional electric field calculation, several methods for accelerating this process have been investigated. One of these methods, the parallelization of the numerical field calculation, is explained in this paper. A practical example which has been optimized using the tools described in this paper is introduced. (4 pages)High-voltage field computation using bi-cubic surface splines
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_19990600
Integral equation methods are used to compute the electric field stress on high-voltage arrangements. This paper combines the geometric description of surfaces, using bi-cubic spline functions on individual patches, with the boundary element method for calculating three-dimensional electrostatic fields. After the calculation of spline function coefficients from a given geometric design, the electric boundary conditions of electrode and dielectric parts are applied. Numerical integration by means of Gaussian quadrature leads to a linear system of equations, determining the charge density on the surface elements. This solution is used to calculate the potential and field strength on the electrode or insulator contour. The accuracy of the method is illustrated by an example. (4 pages)Optimization technique of high voltage electrode contour considering V-t characteristics based on volume-time theory
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_19990611
In this paper, we described a new optimization technique of a high voltage electrode contour to make the electrical insulation performance highest. We introduced V-t characteristics based on the volume-time theory into the optimization technique. Using examples, we investigated the optimization technique from the viewpoints of the calculation efficiency and accuracy. (4 pages)Today's problems with the evaluation methods of full lightning impulse parameters as described in IEC 60060-1
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_19990505
In this paper, the present problems with the evaluation methods for lightning impulse parameters as defined in IEC 60060-1, are described. Also the current practice of evaluation in many laboratories worldwide, that is obtained by a questionnaire, is presented. Some of the work performed up the present time and the initial conclusions are reported, then some recommendations are made for future work. (4 pages)Technical and performance aspects of a dynamic voltage restorer
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_19980012
One of the major issues in improving power quality in distribution networks is the mitigation of voltage sags. Voltage sags in distribution networks caused by system faults can adversely affect sensitive electrical equipment in industrial production processes, such as in semiconductor fabrication, resulting in substantial financial losses. A safe, reliable and clean power supply to these industries is therefore a prerequisite to their profitable operation. A dynamic voltage restorer (DVR), with its excellent dynamic capabilities, when installed between the supply and a critical load feeder, can compensate for voltage sags, restoring line voltage to its nominal value within a few milliseconds and hence avoiding any power disruption to that load. This paper presents the technical aspects of designing an integrated gate commutated thyristor (IGCT) based DVR shown, a new device capable of meeting the stringent requirements of voltage sags mitigation. Furthermore, performance assessments of the DVR using a real-time hardware simulator model and computer simulations are discussed. (25 pages)Use of advanced information storage systems: an HV test house perspective
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_19980719
One of the most important tests that high-voltage electrical equipment must pass is that of lightning impulse. This work is concerned with the recording, analysis and storage of, particularly, lightning impulse test voltages from an HV test facility perspective. (3 pages)The use of intelligent systems techniques in condition monitoring of electrical plant
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_19970495
Engineers who make critical operational and strategic plant management decisions require high quality information. Intelligent systems provide engineers with information by applying knowledge of plant behaviour to plant data. Therefore, intelligent systems significantly extend and add value to the capabilities provided by existing condition monitoring systems while supporting enhanced plant management strategies. A range of intelligent systems techniques have been described which have been successfully applied to a range of condition monitoring problems. Experience in the use of these techniques has highlighted a range of strengths and weaknesses in ease of construction, scope and functionality, and computational performance. In particular, the domain coverage provided by each technique was limited by the availability of useful knowledge, models, cases and data. Therefore, an integrated approach to the application of intelligent systems in condition monitoring has been proposed which uses intelligent systems methods providing flexible and robust provision of plant management information for entire engineering processes and systems. (4 pages)What standards will the engineer have to meet?
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_19971101
There are two types of EC Directive. 100A Product Directives deal with the removal of barriers to trade throughout the EC, and 118A Workplace Directives deal with the protection of people in the workplace. The ATEX Product Directive will be implemented in the UK workplace by an amendment to the Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1992 (PUWER) and places duties on equipment users as well as manufacturers regarding the initial integrity of equipment. PUWER was introduced to support the 118A Use of Work Equipment Directive (UWED). PUWER has no bearing on equipment installed prior to 2003, so whether a 118A ATEX Directive is published or not, users will be obliged to purchase only equipment which meets ATEX requirements in order to fulfil their legal obligations. Other aspects of ATEX Directives, standards, and installation rules for electrical and nonelectrical equipment are discussed. (4 pages)STEP - standard as a means to document electrotechnical installations in the distribution system?
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_19970633
Since machinery and equipment used for operation in electric utility companies is generally employed for many decades, documentation is required which can be used across the equipment's entire service life. Such documentation has to contain all pertinent information and must be accessible within a reasonable period of time. Since most of the machinery and equipment used for operation in power distribution networks is standardised and since ensuring the required flow of information is, in many cases, a major cost factor, it is quite interesting to consider this flow of technical information not just within the confines of one's own company (i.e. the utility company). While a number of industrial sectors already have their respective technical STEP standards, the technical standard for the field of electrical engineering, the application protocol (AP) 212 (ISO 10303-212), is currently still being drafted. However, the experience gained in the development and use of STEP-AP in other industries leads to the assumption that the STEP standard may also gain considerable importance for utility company users of electrical products. (5 pages)Current situation of China's thermal power generation equipment and its development perspective
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_19971880
In this paper, the current manufacturing situation of China's thermal power generation equipment industry is described. The evolution of this industry in the past 50 years, including its development and manufacture, is also involved. Facing the the high-speed development trend of China's power construction work as stipulated in the 9th Five-Year Plan and the Development Outline of Long & Medium Term Target by the year 2010, the development strategy and some practical measurements are proposed.Update on Europe
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_19960602
The authors attempts to provide some of the background to the European electric equipment explosion safety Directives scene, the legislation which implements it and the standards which support it to describe the position in place today, and then look forward a little to point out a number of changes that are likely over the next few years as a result of possible future Directives. (12 pages)Static electrical plant
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_19961093
A total of nine procurement guides are planned for publication under the heading of electrical equipment. These will form a suite of documents as Part 2 of EN 45510 and comprise: Part 2-1: Electrical equipment-Power transformers; Part 2-2: Electrical equipment-Uninterruptible power supplies; Part 2-3: Electrical equipment-Stationary batteries and chargers; Part 2-4: Electrical equipment-High power static converters; Part 2-5: Electrical equipment LV/MV Power cables; Part 2-6: Electrical equipment-Cabling systems; Part 2-7: Electrical equipment-Motors; Part 2-8: Electrical equipment-Generators; and Part 2-9: Electrical equipment-Switchgear and controlgear. Quoting from the draft guides, the scope of each is given in this paper. (4 pages)Maintenance of electrical equipment in hazardous areas
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_19960608
The paper demonstrates a systematic approach that has been adopted by a large user in order to ensure that electrical equipment in flammable atmospheres is used and maintained to the desired standard. In order to ensure that the desired standards were not only maintained but raised as attitudes and expectations became more demanding the following principles were adopted: (i) responsibility and accountability are clearly defined; (ii) independence between inspection and maintenance; (iii) comprehensive documentation that determines the defined standards; (iv) competence defined by validation; and (v) auditing locally and via a site wide process. These principles are discussed. (12 pages)Equipment for use in flammable atmospheres; selection, use and maintenance
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_19960609
Many of A.T. Group's activities take place in potentially flammable atmospheres. Our corporate culture is very pro-active in the areas of safety, quality and training. This has been endorsed by an excellent safety record and a strong reputation in the market place. The authors look at whether high standards bring in orders, and then discuss four of the Electricity at Work Regulations, the accuracy and completeness of records, and the client's view. (4 pages)Partial discharges in solid insulation
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_19960999
Partial discharges (PD) seem to be somewhat inevitably part of the life of most solid insulating systems for HV plant. If left undiscovered/unchecked they may well result in a significant shortening of that life. Their presence stems from a combination of poor manufacturing techniques, creating voids or inclusions in otherwise homogeneous solid insulation and/or degradation in the insulation through its in-service life, again resulting in void creation. Irrespective of the causative stress, be it electrical, mechanical, thermal or chemical, degradation of solid insulating systems will almost inevitably lead to partial discharge activity at the degradation site due to the prevalent electric field stressing and the lower breakdown strength of gaseous compared with solid media. It is therefore imperative that the mechanism(s) of PD formation, activity and degradation are clearly understood to permit the development of novel solid insulating systems robust to this stress regime. On the positive side, if there is one, the detection and measurement of partial discharge activity provides a technique for assessing degradation in a solid insulating system. The author argues that, for this reason, it is equally imperative that the relationships between PD activity and the nature, form and extent of degradation are clearly understood to condition monitor existing systems. (8 pages)Introductory overview
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_19960027
EM field modelling is an old and well established science; or should that be art? Algebraic analysis using Schwarz-Christoffel transformations were used by J.J. Thomson in 1883. Then in 1900, F.W. Carter published a paper on airgap induction, using conformal mapping. Many other papers followed. For the most part, these were all concerned with field solutions in parts of devices, not the whole device. Somewhere around the mid-twenties, finite differences (FD) appeared applied to both electrical and magnetic field problems. The labour involved was considerable, and it was not until the introduction of digital computers in the early sixties that the technique became widely used. Within ten years FD gave way to finite element modelling. Possibly the first paper in which the technique was applied to electrical problems was by Silvester in 1969. Since that time, the method has become extremely popular for the solution for both magnetic and electric field problems. More recently, boundary element methods have appeared. These have their own loyal following. It has to be added, that much of the early development of all the above numerical methods owes much to structural engineering. That situation has now changed, and there is a healthy flow of new ideas in both directions. (4 pages)Update on dusts standards
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_19960603
This paper provides an update on the development of documentation for electrical apparatus for use in the presence of combustible dusts. Differences in the behaviour of gases and vapours and dusts are described. Test methods to determine the characteristics of dusts are introduced and how these characteristics are taken into account in the selection of electrical apparatus. (4 pages)Legal requirements of the directives in the UK
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_19951227
Legislation covering machines and electrical equipment is diverse and a number of legal requirements are imposed upon the designers/makers/suppliers/users and others working within this area. The author discusses the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974, and then discusses three European Directives in this area: The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1992; The Provision and use of Work Equipment Regulations 1992; and The Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations 1992. The risk based approach to health and safety at work is also discussed. (6 pages)Concepts of data for assessing the reliability of transmission and distribution equipment
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_19950209
This conference is concerned with reliability of transmission and distribution equipment. This authors argue that the concept of reliability can only be objectively assessed by quantifying the behaviour of the individual items of equipment and thus by monitoring, collecting and collating the associated reliability data. This data can then be used to both assess past performance and to predict likely future performance. As importantly, it can be used to judge the merits and benefits, technical and economic, of alternative planning and operational strategies and decisions, It is easily argued that valid and useful data are expensive to collect, but it should be recognised that, in the long run, it will be even more expensive not to collect them.The Canadian Electrical Association approach to transmission and distribution equipment reliability assessment
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_19950210
The Canadian Electrical Association (CEA) is an electric utility based organization for exchanging information on technical, marketing and managerial problems of mutual interest to its members. CEA adopted a proposal in 1975 to create a national facility for centralized collection, processing and reporting of reliability and outage statistics for electrical generation, transmission and distribution equipment. The generation equipment reporting system was inaugurated in 1977. The transmission equipment stage of the information system was implemented in 1978 and since that time eight reports have been issued with each report covering five years of data. The distribution equipment stage of the information system was completed in 1993 and Canadian utilities are now beginning to supply data based on agreed procedures. This paper illustrates the philosophies adopted by Canadian utilities for the collection of transmission and distribution equipment data. The paper concentrates on transmission and distribution equipment data collection and illustrates the definitions and indices used to assess the functional components in these domains.Intelligent optical fibre based systems for monitoring the condition of power equipment
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_19950221
Considerable advances have been made in recent years concerning the design, manufacture and, not least, the technologies used in the power equipment of today's transmission and distribution networks. For many items of power equipment, the methods traditionally applied, those of preventive maintenance to optimise equipment availability, can now be replaced by predictive maintenance philosophies which take advantage of the advances made in achieving equipment reliability. A key element of the application of procedures to optimise equipment availability is the use of diagnostic techniques and monitoring systems to enable assessments to be made on the condition of equipment. This paper describes basic principles for the application of such a condition monitoring philosophy which have been identified as central issues when considering transmission and distribution equipment.System and equipment performance assessment
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/ic_19950450
Reliability of service has always been of primary importance to electric power utilities and there are many publications which describe the various levels of activity and application associated with providing acceptable service. Assessment of reliability can be divided into the two fundamental segments of measuring past performance and predicting future performance. Both applications involve the collection of system and equipment performance data. The level and complexity of the data collection system is entirely dependent upon the use to be made of these data. There are many reasons for collecting system and equipment performance data. Some of the more popular applications are described. The relationship between power system and equipment performance assessment is also illustrated in this paper using the framework adopted by the Canadian electric utility industry. (16 pages)A learning environment for maintenance of power equipment using virtual reality
http://dl-live.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/cp_19950675
In this paper, a virtual reality learning environment for maintenance of power equipment is discussed. As a preliminary investigation, insights on human ways of understanding and maintenance expertise are analyzed. A design concept of the environment is proposed with virtual technology. System configuration and architecture are described, and the effectiveness of the system is also discussed.