In integrated optics, optical waveguides are fundamental elements for the development of integrated devices, including light sources, modulators, detectors, optical pathways, receivers and switches. For the fabrication of optical integrated waveguide components, grating couplers or other complex integrated structures realized on planar optical waveguides, materials with high photorefractivity are surely of great interest since they allow applying photorefractive direct-laser-writing techniques which are of lower cost and less time-consuming than conventional photolithography and etching processes. This chapter provides an overview of classes of photorefractive materials such as photorefractive glasses, glass-ceramics, crystals and polymers, which are promising candidates for integrated optics. Different aspects, including material preparation, photorefractivity investigation and the fabrication of photorefractive direct-laser-written micro/nano-optical structures such as channel waveguides and gratings in each type of photorefractive materials, are also discussed.

Edited by two recognised experts, this book in two volumes provides a comprehensive overview of integrated optics, from modelling to fabrication, materials to integration platforms, and characterization techniques to applications. The technology is explored in detail, and set in a broad context that addresses a range of current and potential future research and development trends. Volume 1 begins with introductory chapters on the history of integrated optics technology, design tools, and modelling techniques. The next section of the book goes on to discuss the range of materials used for integrated optics, their deposition techniques, and their specific applications, including glasses, plasmonic nanostructures, SOI and SOS, and III-V and II-VI semiconductors. Volume 2 addresses characterization techniques, integrated optical waveguides and devices. A range of applications are also discussed, including devices for sensing, telecommunications, optical amplifiers and lasers, and quantum computing. The introductory chapters are intended to be of use to newcomers to the field, but its depth and breadth of coverage means that this book is also appropriate reading for early-career and senior researchers wishing to refresh their knowledge or keep up to date with recent developments in integrated optics.

This chapter introduced the detailed architectures, characteristics, as well as advantages and disadvantages of two imaging sensors, that is CCD and CMOS sensors, and CCD/CMOS-based cameras. It also covers visualisation techniques for advanced flame measurement and characterisation. These techniques can be categorised according to the principle employed. The 2D measurement of flame geometry and luminosity can be achieved using relatively simple imaging techniques. Two-colour pyrometry incorporating with digital imaging and image processing has been an effective approach for 2D measurement of flame temperature. A variety of laser-based imaging techniques have been developed and widely used for the 2D and 3D measurement of laboratory -scale fl ames, particularly the microstructures and the particle velocity profile of the flame.

The aim of this work is to design an integrated optical ring resonator to be implemented in LiNbO₃ with a 2.5 mm radius and an operating wavelength of 1550 nm. Considering these ring parameters, a free spectral range of 71.54 pm and a quality factor of ∼ were calculated. The authors apply results to improve the implementation of femtosecond laser writing in lithium niobate crystals. As it is well-known finite difference time domain method requires large memory and time for processing circuits with large footprint (few square mm), in contrast, the beam propagation method allows to simulate large bends in a simple way. RSoft suite design tools commonly represent circles by closed polygons whose geometrical parameters are not optimised to obtain bending losses as least as possible, as suggested by coherent coupling theory. In this sense, the suitable determination of a splice angle (in this case ), shape and length for segments are key parameters in the ring design. For this purpose, an ad hoc software was implemented to overcome this drawback. In summary, a 250 sided polygon side showed a suitable coupling performance and established a new layout approach for middle range rings.

Vibration sensor calibration is performed using the absolute calibration method and the comparison calibration method. The comparative calibration method is used to take a carefully calibrated benchmark to the measured sensor and the vibration sensor for a contrast test, the use of standard sensors requires regular inspection to traceability to national standards to ensure the reliability and accuracy of dissemination. From the measurement perspective, using the absolute calibration method to calibrate a laser interference vibration acceleration sensor can achieve high precision, wide field, high reliability calibration to ensure the sensor of high accuracy, vibration signal high reliability is of great significance. The vibration method of absolute calibration is based on laser interference technology research, put forward in the development of the laser absolute method based on the technology of vibration calibration device, a further optimised method of the absolute calibration device, the mathematical model is used to improve the technical indicators and to provide reliable technical guarantee for vibration transducer calibration.

This chapter is dedicated to briefly looking back at the evolution of rise of a disruptive technology and surveying the current challenges and roadblocks to improving brightness as well as understanding the current state-of-the-art of diode lasers followed by a summary of outlook of its brightness improvement.

Advances in High-Power Fiber and Diode Laser Engineering provides an overview of recent research trends in fiber and diode lasers and laser systems engineering. In recent years, many new fiber designs and fiber laser system strategies have emerged, targeting the mitigation of different problems which occur when standard optical fibers are used for making high-power lasers. Simultaneously, a lot of attention has been put to increasing the brightness and the output power of laser diodes. Both of these major laser development directions continue to advance at a rapid pace with the sole purpose of achieving higher power while having excellent beam quality. The book begins by introducing the principles of diode lasers and methods for improving their brightness. Later chapters cover quantum cascade lasers, diode pumped high power lasers, high average power LMA fiber amplifiers, high-power fiber lasers, beam combinable kilowatt all-fiber amplifiers, and applications of 2 μm thulium fiber lasers and high-power GHz linewidth diode lasers. Written by a team of authors with experience in academia and industrial research and development, and brought together by an expert editor, this book will be of use to anyone interested in laser systems development at the laboratory or commercial scale.

In this Letter, a magnetic near-field probe aimed for improvement of the spatial resolution of radiated susceptibility mapping over the 80–3000 MHz frequency range is presented. The magnetic field simulation of the standard and the improved probe was performed and the measurement results for both probes are presented. The spatial resolution improvement of up to 47% was shown by modelling. The measured resolution improvement of 38.5% confirmed the enhanced localisation of susceptible RF PCB areas using the proposed probe.

Chondrosarcoma is the second-most malignant cancer of the bone and routine treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy have not responded to the treatment of this cancer. Due to the resistance of chondrosarcoma to radiotherapy, the combination of therapeutic methods has been considered in recent years. In this study, a novel combination approach is used that allows photodynamic therapy to be activated by X-rays. The synthesis of Mn-doped zinc sulphide (ZnS) quantum dots was carried out and chlorin e6 photosensitiser attached by covalent and non-covalent methods and their application as an intracellular light source for photodynamic activation was investigated. The toxicity of each nanoparticles was evaluated on chondrosarcoma cancer cells (SW1353) before and after radiation. Also, the effect nanoparticle-photosensitiser conjugated type was investigated in the therapeutic efficacy. The characterisation test (SEM, TEM, EDS, TGA, XRD and ICP analyses) was shown successful synthesis of Mn-doped ZnS quantum dots. Chondrosarcoma cancer cell viability was significantly reduced when cells were treated with MPA-capped Mn-doped ZnS quantum dots-chlorin e6 with spermine linker and with covalent attachment (P ≤ 0.001). These results indicate that X-ray can activate the quantum dot complexes for cancer treatment, which can be a novel method for treatment of chondrosarcoma.

Semiconductor lasers are small, reliable, low cost, high-performance and user-friendly optical devices which make them highly suitable for a variety of biomedical applications. This edited book gathers experts in the field to cover the fundamentals and technology advances of semiconductor lasers and diode-based lasers with a focus on their applications in medical optics and biophotonics including edge-emitting semiconductor lasers and light emitting diodes, Q-switched and mode-locked lasers, quantum cascade lasers, semiconductor disk lasers, near-infrared spectroscopy systems for biomedical applications, bio-medical Raman spectroscopy, nonlinear imaging and optical coherence tomography.