In this chapter, we focus exclusively on our work on gathering data from a large number of sources in the stadium. In the theoretical work reported here, we are particularly interested in minimizing the time and energy required to gather data from many different sensor nodes. There is a parallel effort, reported elsewhere, to take the results of our theoretical research and turn them into real systems that we deploy in the stadium and study when they are used during the sporting events paces. Our current efforts include: Gathering video and data from the game to share with fans in the stands via web applications that enable on-demand access to multimedia content, including video-clips of plays, visualization of game events, and game/player stats. Developing wireless sensor networks to monitor structural vibrations of the stadium and audio of the crowd. An extreme emitter density test bed for RF spectrum sensing and cross-layer localization of wireless devices. Analytical models and associated algorithms for collecting, processing, and communicating very large amounts of data for detection, estimation, and other tasks.

This paper reports on the latest developments in tiled streaming. As an extension of HTTP adaptive streaming, it retains all the benefits of this streaming technology, while adding the potential of interaction when UHDTV is consumed on mobile devices. In particular, we discuss the underlying principles and aspects, such as multi-layer resolution scaling, spatial segmentation and adaptive streaming. Then we present insights from a number of technology validation tests and demonstrations, such as a live dance performance in Manchester in May 2013; a training tool for professional skiers employing tiled streaming in Schladming, host of the Alpine Skiing World Championship 2013; and tests incorporating `augmented reality'-style overlays in an athletics stadium in preparation for a trial at the 2014 Commonwealth Games. Finally, we report on the status of on-going standardization efforts in the MPEG-DASH ad-hoc group, where tiled streaming is considered as a new feature, referred to as Spatial Relationship Description.

3G and beyond wideband code division multiple access networks use orthogonal variable spreading factor (OVSF) codes to handle multimedia traffic. OVSF codes suffer from the limitation of code blocking, which leads to new call blocking. Scattered vacant codes in the OVSF code tree are the main cause of code blocking. This study proposes compact single code and multicode assignment schemes to reduce code blocking. The vacant codes used for incoming calls are the ones surrounded by a minimum number of consecutive vacant codes. Furthermore, finding consecutive vacant codes at the leaves of the tree is sufficient to find the consecutive vacant codes for all other layers. Handling non-quantised rates with a single code assignment produces wastage of code capacity, which is avoided with the use of a multicode assignment. Multicode usage facility along with the use of vacant codes from the minimum consecutive vacant code groups results in minimum code blocking. Two categories of the multicode assignment schemes are considered: the first one uses the least number of codes and is suitable for rake limited OVSF system, and the second scheme uses maximum number of codes to reduce code blocking significantly.

As Wi-Fi handheld devices providing a variety of data and multimedia services become more widespread, and as the global demand for internet access everywhere rapidly increases, energy-efficient network mobility (NEMO) technology is attracting great attention with respect to the latest research in mobile networking. The previous research relating to energy-efficient networks in mobile networking has focused on routing protocol or topology control. In NEMO, cost-efficient protocol design reduces unnecessary costs because of mobility signalling and packet delivery, and saves limited network bandwidth in both wired and especially wireless, which is one of the important issues of energy efficiency. In this study, the authors propose a cost-efficient proxy router-based NEMO scheme (PR-NEMO) providing efficient mobility management and packet delivery method. In PR-NEMO, a mobile network is formed with a unique ID and the information of mobile network nodes (MNNs) within the mobile network anchored at local mobility anchor (LMA) are distributed to attached mobile access gateway (MAG). The authors analyse the performance of the PR-NEMO with the N-PMIPv6 and the rNEMO in terms of total cost; that is, sum of location update cost and packet-tunnelling cost. Numerical results demonstrate that the PR-NEMO is the most cost-efficient scheme, under various conditions, among the three schemes evaluated.

The convergence of heterogeneous wireless networks and cooperation of mobile nodes with perception, learning and cognitive ability are important characteristics of next generation Cognitive Mobile Internet (CMI). The content-rich multimedia streaming will be the most attractive services in the future wireless network. In this paper, we discussed the challenges and issues as well as future trends on multimedia streaming development in CMI. The focuses include: (i)Cognitive users' needs and behaviors modeling for intelligent video streaming business analysis; (ü)Cross-layer optimized mobile peer-to-peer network for large-scale video resources sharing; (iii) Cognitive transport layer protocol with ability of spectrum and routing perception, real-time multimedia transmission control, and concurrent multipath transfer for multi-spectral channels; (iv)Cognitive routing protocol for adapting to dynamic CMI topology, routing and resource changes. The proposed research structure aims to improve overall system performance and achieve high users' Experience of Quality for multimedia streaming service in future mobile internet.

Universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS) is a third-generation mobile communications system that supports wireless wideband multimedia applications. The primary aim of this study is to present learning models based on neural networks for objective, non-intrusive prediction of video quality over wireless local area network (WLAN) and UMTS networks for video applications. The contributions of this study are two-fold: first, an investigation of the impact of parameters both in the application and physical layer on end-to-end video quality is presented. The parameters considered in the application layer are content type (CT), sender bitrate (SBR) and frame rate (FR), whereas in the physical layer block error rate (BLER) and link bandwidth (LBW) are considered. Secondly, learning models based on adaptive neural fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) are developed to predict the visual quality in terms of the mean opinion score for all contents over access networks of UMTS and WLAN. ANFIS is well suited for video quality prediction over error-prone and bandwidth restricted UMTS as it combines the advantages of neural networks and fuzzy systems. The ANFIS-based artificial neural network is trained using a combination of physical layer parameters such as BLER and LBW and application layer parameters of CT, SBR and FR. The proposed models are validated using unseen data set. The preliminary results show that good prediction accuracy was obtained from the models. This study should help in the development of a reference-free video prediction model and quality of service control methods for video over UMTS/WLAN networks.

In future multi-media applications dynamic access to spectral resources will play an important role. However, regulation of spectrum will only change very slowly and spectrum rights holders might not be willing to share their resources without gaining something out of it. Therefore the authors analyse the suitability of WiMAX as an overlay system on GSM where available resources will be auctioned among several competitors. The authors design a cross-layer approach to facilitate dynamic resource allocation. It is demonstrated that, with minor changes of the original WiMAX frame and a small signalling overhead which is currently unused, GSM resources can be allocated efficiently without decreasing system performance. Thus, this adapted WiMAX system used in opportunistic coexistence to GSM offers a suitable alternative to broadband service access.

Technologies continuously evolve to meet the challenging needs of wireless communication. The ever growing demand for wireless communication requires greater capacity and higher network efficiencies. Spectral efficiency is a key driver of the economics of voice and data services as we approach the rollout of 3G network. In this paper we discuss the technology trends and challenges associated with conversational voice services in the context of fixed mobile conversion. We discuss evolution in cellular modem technology, switching technology, and speech coding technology. The combination of voice over Internet protocol and wireless communication promises to revolutionize the whole telecommunication market.

Wireless local-area networks represent a viable broadband Internet access solution for enterprise, residential and public areas. Due to its short range radio, multiple wireless access points are necessary to cover a certain physical area. The tendency of mobile users to group in certain areas of interest and of mobile devices to connect to the access point with the highest signal strength determines the overall network load to be highly unbalanced. To overcome this issues which drastically affects user bandwidth share as well as the efficiency of network resource utilization, special load balancing techniques has to be employed. This paper presents the multimedia mobility management system (M3S), a quality oriented mobility management framework which aims at maximizing user perceived multimedia quality by efficiently distributing the traffic load over all the communication resources available. Simulation based testing results are presented, outlining the performance of M3S against other load balancing techniques which rely on mobile device re-association with least congested access points.

IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) enables the coexistence of the heterogeneous networks and promises the emergence of the service convergence. IMS should have built open and flexible service architecture in which the exciting integrated services can be implemented by reuse of multiple existing service capabilities. But, the service architecture defined in early IMS is not adequate to satisfy the service integration requirement and also, in this architecture, the challenges still lie in how to harness the possible interactions and conflicts among these service capabilities. A special service entity named service capability interaction manager (SCIM) is proposed by Third generation partnership project (3GPP) to deal with this problem, but it is not specified clearly. In this paper, the generic capability-based service architecture is presented to meet the requirements of enabling service convergence across the separated networks. Specially, this architecture applies in the fully functional deployment stage of IMS. An enhanced SCIM entity is proposed to support this capability-based service architecture. As there is no standard that specifies SCIM precisely, we define functional architecture and necessary functionalities to be performed by it. Some possible implementation architectures of SCIM are presented and discussed as well.