Power apparatus and electric machines
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- Electrical and electronic engineering [69]
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The paper discusses the concept of using a self-excited induction generator, driven by a wind turbine for water storage heating. An accurate mathematical model of the generator is used to establish, as functions of angular velocity, the particular variations of excitation capacitance and load resistance, which simultaneously cause the turbine to run at optimum tip-speed ratio and maximise the generator efficiency. Since it is not feasible to implement these variations exactly, and approximation is derived which users fixed resistive and capactitive elements in conjunction with switched capacitors. The latter, under feedback control, impose a variation of terminal voltage with angular velocity, which is such as to cause the turbine to operate at optimum tip-speed ratio and the generator close to optimum efficiency.
An automated ‘arc and spark’ test method has been developed for economical high-voltage testing of vacuum interrupters, taking into consideration both the physics of vacuum breakdown and realistic service conditions. Each breakdown test is preceded by a well defined but variable switching operation. Test control and evaluation by a computer provide fast and economic execution, even of large series of complex tests. Short descriptions of devices for breakdown detection and prebreakdown field emission current measurement are added. The presented test method concerns the dielectric performance of an open interrupter, but not its dielectric recovery at current interruption.
The multistacked imbricated permanent-magnet generator has several significant applications and some of these are discussed. The influence of design parameters is discussed, and many results are presented for a range of machines which have been constructed in collaboration with industry. Typical characteristics are discussed, and it is shown that the relatively cheap anisotropic ferrite magnets are well suited to this type of machine.
Linear and nonlinear optimal controllers have been designed for a seventh-order nonlinear model of a single machine power system through excitation and governor reference settings to improve the transient performance of the system and to satisfy stability and other soft constraints. It is shown that nonlinear controllers improve the performance of the system under large disturbances. It is also shown that acceptable system performance can be obtained with reduced number of feedback signals.
The stator cores of large electrical machines are supported in a steel frame in which electrical currents are circulated by leakage flux from the core. These currents can cause serious overheating. The paper gives a qualitative review of the electromagnetic factors which affect the flowof these frame currents. The work shows that the effects of frame currents may be reduced if the frame members are connected electrically in a way which more effectively suppresses core-end leakage flux.
Owing to discontinuous current in a thyristor-controlled reactor (TCR) of a static VAR compensator, harmonic currents are generated in the supply system. The paper presents a new method for reducing these harmonics. In the method used, the TCR is fed through the sequentially controlled transformer taps. Two alternative approaches of sequence control of transformer taps are described. The feasibility of the proposed method has been verified experimentally.
The performance of AC and DC zero-sequence dynamic braking is compared with conventional DC dynamic braking. In addition, a method of determining the zero-sequence parameters and parameter variations of a 3-phase squirrel-cage induction motor, having a current-displacement rotor, is described. It is indicated how these parameters may be used to help determine the type of dynamic braking system to be employed in a practical situation.
The theoretical analysis, the method of calculation and the experimental tests on a double-sided linear induction motor (DLIM) with squirrel-cage secondary member are given. The air-core secondary is elastic and consists of copper bars, a braided conductive lines as end rings and woven plastics filaments. Equations of two-dimensional and one-dimensional magnetic-flux-density distribution in the secondary and the airgap are derived. Formulas for resistance and reactance of the squirrel-cage secondary and the thrust of DLIM are obtained. The end effect caused by the open-endedness of the airgap is taken into account. Performance characteristics, i.e. no-load and short-circuit curves obtained from calculations and measurements, are compared.
The paper examines a version of the double-disc alternator with AC-side excitation that uses a slotless stator. It is an interesting form of slotless machine because Gramme ring windings can be wound automatically on the strip-wound circular core and produce a mechanically secure unit. A basis for the design of this form of machine is described, and the main considerations which influence the choice of a suitable geometry are discussed. Experimental results demonstrate that the performance of the machine is satisfactory. Predictions of direct- and quadrature-axis reactances and full-load field current by standard synchronous machine methods are also adequate. A particular feature of the machine, the absence of stray loss in the solid rotor due to stator-slot permeance variations, is seen to be particularly beneficial. Eddy-current losses in the stator windings exposed to the main airgap field are examined and are shown to be relatively small but measurable. Methods of predicting these losses for round and rectangular conductors in both sinusoidal and uniform airgap fields are presented.
Much work has been done on the analysis of the characteristics of DC commutatorless motor drives based on synchronous machines. These studies have not resulted in a clear picture of the collective effects of damper windings, compensating windings and saliency on machine performance. The development of a generalised analysis in terms of machine inductances and other basic parameters by which the effects can be examined collectively is described. The variation of commutation angle, shift angle and demagnetisation due to armature reaction, safety-margin angle, average torque and speed with mean input current are examined quantitatively for machines with d-, q-damper and compensating windings and saliency. Some experimental results are included.
The waveform of the terminal voltage of an aircraft generator suffers considerable distortion from the heavy rectified loading imposed by certain airborne equipment, and it is sometimes necessary for such a load to have its own dedicated generator to prevent interaction with other equipment which requires an alternating current supply. To provide a basis for an investigation of this distortion, the paper develops a mathematical model for a typical generator/rectified-load situation, which is then used in a factorial-design study to identify the generator parameters most significant in affecting the waveform distortion.
A method is described which allows calculation of the torque developed by a sheet-rotor machine when account is taken of parasitic drag torques arising from the stator slotting. Equations are developed for an example winding by Fourier-analysing the airgap permeance function. These equations may be solved digitially using a standard algorithm. Experimental data are included from sheet-rotor machines in support of the theory.
With the need to improve the operation and control of existing generating units and to provide accurate information for the design of new units, better transfer function models and estimates of system parameters are required. This involves the identification of individual generator and voltage regulator parameters as well as system modes of oscillation and damping. The problem is to experimentally determine this information, simply, quickly and accurately. For this reason, system identification techniques are of interest to power engineers. In the paper, an identification technique involving pseudo-random ternary noise injection and cross correlation is assessed and applied to power systems. The theoretical basis, advantages and limitations of this method are examined and it is shown that the entire process of signal generation, injection, response measurement and crosscorrelation can be performed in real time using a dedicated microprocessor system. The identification technique is tested on a simple microalternator connected to a noisy power system through a transmission line. It is shown that under normal operating conditions a highly accurate system impulse response can be obtained and that the parameters of the machine and its voltage regulator can be estimated from this result. The technique is also applied to an open-circuited microalternator with a more complex voltage regulator and estimates of the regulator parameters are found with good accuracy.
A naturally commutated cycloconvertor-type frequency-changer system operating in the inverting mode has been used for the first time for the induction heating of metals, thus dispensing with the usual DC link. The proposed scheme has been mathematically analysed. Control schemes have been devised and are experimentally verified. The induction heating system based on this new concept has a number of advantages over the existing induction heating systems and has very good scope for commercial exploitation.
A theory is developed which allows the equivalent resistance and reactance of sheet rotors of various geometrical configurations to be determined. Two factors are presented which relate the resistance to that of a simple rotor with zero-resistance end rings and the reactance to the magnetising reactance. The analysis assumes a sinusoidal travelling current-density wave at the stator surface but the treatment of winding harmonics is indicated. The most common forms of sheet rotor are considered as special cases. Experimental evidence is given in support of the findings.
By application of the 2-phase symmetrical components to the shaded-pole motor, which is regarded as an asymmetrical induction motor, equations for calculation of principal characteristics, such as steady-state torque and double-frequency alternating torque, are derived. Based on these equations, the speed characteristics of the double-frequency alternating torque, effects of the parameters on steady-state torque curves and maximum efficiency are discussed. Parameters for many examples of machines are investigated, and it is shown that their parameter ratios are within certain ranges. Optimum values of parameter ratios are obtained by taking into account efficiency, steady-state torque, alternating torque etc. The limit of the shaded-pole motor, i.e. the best possible performance, is discussed. Experimental confirmation of the theory is given.
