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The photovoltaic research has recently paid great attention on the perovskite compounds and their noteworthy potential to be processed by scalable low-cost deposition methods, like inkjet printing. The employment of this digital technology in perovskite-based photovoltaics is currently limited by issues related to the need of producing smooth, compact photoactive layers with suited cristallinity. In this work, a study of the effect of the printing parameters on the morphology and optical properties of printed perovskite layers obtained through a double-step process is reported. The electrical characteristics of the solar cell devices printed with a different nozzle number have indicated that the best performances can be reached with a working condition at reduced number of multiple simultaneous droplets.
Today's best perovskite solar cells are realized under highly controlled ambient conditions, using N2 filled glove boxes with only trace levels of oxygen and water. The influence of the atmospheric conditions, and in particular of the relative humidity (RH), during the device fabrication is thus an issue that needs to be understood in order to realize efficient perovskite solar cells without any control of the environmental conditions. This would simplify the upscale of the devices for future mass production. Here we illustrate a method to improve the power conversion efficiency of perovskite (CH3NH3PbI3) solar cells fabricated by two-step procedure in an environment with high relative humidity, based on the addition of HCl in the PbI2/N,Ndimethylformamide precursor solution. Perovskite solar cells have been realized using various concentrations of HCl under different relative humidity values. The main result is that the addition of 0.5 vol % of HCl in the precursor solution allows a relative efficiency increase of about 70% when the devices are fabricated at very high relative humidity (RH=65%).
A widely used approach to reduce the charge recombination and improve the performance of a silicon based Schottky barrier solar cell (SBSC) is to use an interfacial layer between metal and Si. In the present work we have investigated the role of graphene oxide (GO) as interfacial layer for p doped Si (p-Si) based SBSC utilizing AZO (Aluminum doped ZnO) as transparent top contact. The not obvious compatibility of the different layers combined in the solar device results clear from the improvement of all the electrical parameters measured in the AZO/GO/p-Si solar cell respect to the simple AZO/p-Si device used as reference. In particular dark IV characterization put in evidence the majority carrier blocking properties of the GO in this type of structure, with an increment of 140 meV in the barrier height respect to the device without GO, resulting in a 100% enhancement in the final solar cell efficiency.
The influence of environment during device fabrication and measurement conditions are critical issues to realize efficient perovskite solar cells on large scale and push the industrial development. In this work un-encapsulated methylammonium lead iodide perovskite solar cells were fabricated and characterized in different relative humidity environment and the effect on the performance metrics of voltage pre-bias and scan rate were analyzed. The value of short-circuit current density estimated from characteristic curves and calculated from external quantum efficiency spectra are compared. A preliminary measurement procedure was proposed. The best solar cells were obtained by fabricating the devices at 40% relative humidity and changing the dopants of hole transport material reaching 12.6% of power conversion efficiency.
CH3NH3PbI3 layers have been prepared by two-step procedure (spin coating and dipping) on flat substrates under ambient conditions with uncontrolled relative humidity. The films have been characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy, absorption coefficient and x-ray diffraction when varying spinning rate, washing procedure, and dipping time. In particular a novel washing procedure has been developed to improve the film uniformity. The material has been tested as absorber layer in simplified solar cells by fabricating hole transport material free solar cells on flat substrates. The results demonstrate the possibility to realize planar solar cells even under uncontrolled conditions.
