Medical magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy
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- Physics [7]
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- 1998 [7]
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This tutorial paper focuses on image acquisition technologies which give us insights that cannot be achieved at the wavelengths that we can perceive unaided. It aims to introduce two of the most rapidly developing and exciting areas in this field-synthetic aperture radar imaging and tomographic medical imaging-each of which has the capacity to provide significant, but widely differing, benefits to mankind.
The authors investigate the encoding of magnetic resonance (MR) images of the human body using various lossless techniques, and presents a new form of spiral encoding. The algorithm used relies partially on the overall shape of the bounding contour of the image in achieving the compression and uses a traditional run-based technique combined with an adaptive Huffman coder to encode the complete image. Comparisons are made between the feature-directed spiral encoding and the traditional paths; the latter include the scanning pattern associated with the normal raster scanned display and the path for a display that could be used in following a linearised quadtree encoding. The new method tracks the ‘greater’ contour of the overall image and, once the path has been established and tuples recorded, the inner contours are automatically generated. The process is repeated for each of the inner contours with a reducing radius towards the centre. The results are given for the various techniques in terms of compression ratios. The new spiralling method achieves an approximate 5.29% saving over the traditional techniques and also gives structure to the compressed image.
In this paper the application of multidimensional modelling techniques to a reciprocal space components of a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging system is considered. These include a 2-dimensional input/output autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model, Fornasini and Marchesini (1976) state-space model and identifications based on multidimensional artificial neural networks (ANN).
In this work, the need for anatomical imaging is first discussed. The findings of modern neuroimaging in epilepsy are then considered, with particular reference to the many ways in which MRI data may be helpful in enlarging one's understanding of the structural basis of epilepsy. Some newer analytic techniques and their application are then described, ending with a statement of the current position of imaging of the anatomy of the brain and a contemplation of the needs for the future. (9 pages)
In the evaluation of patients with seizure disorders, the integration of structural and functional data is key to the successful formulation of the epilepsy syndrome, and the localization of seizure onset and its aetiology, Current MRI reveals the structural cerebral basis of refractory partial seizures in up to 80% of patients referred for consideration of surgical treatment. The remainder are cryptogenic and it is in this group that functional imaging techniques may be particularly clinically useful. The author discusses the application of positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computerised tomography (SPECT), functional MRI and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. (4 pages)
When comparing the findings of magnetic source imaging (MSI) with other presurgical evaluations (EEG, MRI and intraoperative ECoG) in temporal lobe epilepsy lobar or even intralobar congruence can be found. The dipolar activity that can be recognized during a spike-wave event is localized in temporal neocortical or mesial regions. Further origin of epileptic activity can be localized by the method of spike averaging. The combination of MEG and MRI helps to build a bridge between morphological and functional localization. For clinical use MSI can serve as a guide for invasive recordings. Additionally it helps to detect functionally important brain regions and can serve as a pointer to discrete lesions in the MRI. (5 pages)
This paper presents a two-paralleled PWM amplifier using switch-mode power current tracking technique in order to generate a gradient magnetic field in a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system. This circuit has 8-IGBTs at their inputs/outputs so as to realize further high-power density. A digital control scheme can minimize the current ripple and improve its control response in the gradient coils. It is proved that the proposed technique will highly enlarge the diagnostic target and improve the image quality of MRI.
