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This paper discusses the problem of conversion efficiency in photovoltaics cells. Most installations today use a central inverter to deliver AC electricity to the grid. This puts most of the complex electronic control needed to synchronise with the grid into one unit.
A laser opening technique is employed as the photolithography process to form selective emitter (SE) structures on multi-crystalline silicon (mc-Si) substrates for the large-area (156×156 mm2) solar-cell industry. The best efficiency of 16.35% is obtained with the developed SE structure after a damage removal process with optimisation of heavily and lightly doped dopants, which yields a gain of 0.88% absolute compared with that of a reference cell. Significantly, the SE mc-Si solar cell without the damage removal process can also reach a gain of 0.48% absolute. The developed SE process has simplicity, reliability, is fast, cost-effective, and could be effectively applied to mass production in industrial applications.
Optimum heat treatment processes for carbon nanotubes (CNTs) paste counter electrodes with better electrochemical performance are investigated. Half-cells were fabricated to examine the electrochemical properties of the CNT paste counter electrode. Proposed is a two-step heat treatment process and an optimum sintering temperature for CNT paste counter electrodes.
The photovoltaic maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm based on incremental conductance is found to have an error mode which prevents its normal operation under conditions of rapidly changing/oscillating solar input (insolation). An enhancement to the algorithm is investigated and experimentally evaluated. It can be readily added around an existing MPPT algorithm to enable it to be used more reliably in mobile applications.
A model that captures the physical phenomena behind the operation of organic solar cells is proposed. This model is simple and suitable for parameter extraction. By simulation, it is shown that the I-V characteristics of the single diode model, the double diode model and the proposed model are in good agreement and close to experimental values. An extraction method is proposed and validated by fitting simulated and experimental results.
Thin-film technology has propelled one supplier past silicon solar cell makers. But will the rarity of the raw materials bring an early end for the upstarts of PV.
A simple and accurate method is proposed to assess the single diode model parameters of an illuminated and dark solar cell (SC). A description of the method and its application in the parameters evaluation from experimental i–v curves of a commercial SC are reported. A coefficient of determination, R2, is obtained, which is higher than 0.9999.
A novel implementation of a solar harvester circuit based on a boost DC/DC converter topology is presented. The proposed circuit is able to harvest solar energy down to a power level of 1.6 mW while maintaining comparable performance with previously presented results at higher power levels.
The solar power industry is facing great change with the advent of thin-film technology. Solar cells of tomorrow i.e. thin flexible solar cells will be made using either polymers, a photosensitive dye or organic small-molecule technology and promise cheap, portable solar power. They will be much simpler to manufacture and also will not use toxic, expensive materials.
Investigation shows that the application of commercialised single-crystalline silicon solar cells on a low power-magnifying thin plastic concentrator can improve the output of the solar cells. The output current of the solar cells can be maximised from 60.1 mA up to 101.6 mA. In addition, an inexpensive and simple concentrator can even lift the output current of the commercialised single-crystalline silicon solar cell with flaws from 18.5 up to 73.1 mA which is 1.2 times the output current of the regular solar cells that is only 60 mA. The reuse of the resources can not only save cost, but also protect the environment. This research also investigated the output current and IV property of the cells.
The advantages of atomic layer deposition (ALD) include highly controlled deposition parameters, deposition uniformity, ultra-precise film thickness and good step coverage. Its prominent characteristics have drew attention to researchers in the fields of solar cells. The heterojunction, core-shell structure and surface passivation of solar cells can be preparated by ALD to get better system performance. For example, the photoelectric conversion efficiency is improved by reducing electrons and holes recombination and protecting the cells to fulfill the utilization of energy.
This paper provides an analysis of the irradiance influence on photovoltaic cell efficiency in dependence on the cell construction, using the standard equivalent circuit describing solar cell. The influence of the series resistance is discussed in details and results of simulations are completed with experimental result obtained by measuring both crystalline silicon and CIS cells in broad intervals of irradiance and temperature. (4 pages)
Direct conversion of solar energy into electricity using the photovoltaic effect suffers of low efficiency. Thus, increasing the efficiency conversion becomes the major goal of solar cells manufacturers. One way to increase efficiency is by applying intrinsic semiconductor widening layer in the depletion zone of a P-N junction. P-I-N based Photovoltaic structures on single-crystalline silicon were built using "Sheet Plasma" sputtering method. Intrinsic silicon films and indium oxide films were grown in series on a conventional p-type silicon wafer. Optical and electrical properties of the deposited films were investigated using laboratory equipment. It was found that the bandgap of the intrinsic silicon layer equals to 1.3 eV and the bandgap of the emitter layer (In2O3) equals to 3.04 eV. Resistivity of the obtained emitter layer was equal to 5.24-10-3 Ω·cm. Efficiency of the photovoltaic structures was no more than 2%. This paper proves feasibility of growing photovoltaic devices using Sheet Plasma sputtering methods. (4 pages)
This paper investigates the different possibilities of architectural integration of active solar systems on the facades and roofs of existing buildings, as well as in the urban open spaces of urban centres of countries such as Greece and Cyprus. It includes the presentation of the various possibilities of architectural integration of active solar systems and an analysis of the benefits and the difficulties caused by the particularities of the urban fabric and of the buildings that define it. (7 pages)
