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The main purpose of this research is to investigate a novel implementation method for a surface acoustic wave type (SAWT) electrode-area-weighted (EAW) wavelet inverse-transform processor (WITP). The method of EAW is that the electrode areas of the input and output interdigital transducers (IDTs) are proportional to the envelope areas of the wavelet function (i.e. the two IDTs are identical). By this method, the SAWT EAW WITP is fabricated on X-112°Y LiTaO3 substrate material. In the study, the diffraction problem and phase difference as two key problems are presented and the solution to two problems are implemented.
The use of a delay-locked loop (DLL) for conditioning signals from a surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor is proposed. The system consists of a reference oscillator and a DLL. The signal generated in the reference oscillator is propagated through a sensitive SAW delay line (SAW-DL). The SAW propagating through this structure has a phase velocity dependent on environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, mechanical deformation, or analyte concentration. Therefore, the system measures the physical quantity of interest by tracking the delay caused by the sensitive SAW-DL via a DLL. Fully digital DLL is made use of for the delay-tracking, which provides the conversion of the environmental parameter being sensed directly to the digital domain. The system is demonstrated through results from behavioural simulation, using a model of an SAW-DL sensitive to humidity.
A sensor system using ultra-wideband frequency technology and passive surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors/tags has been demonstrated experimentally. The system operates with a frequency bandwidth of 500 MHz, which results in compressed RF pulses of about 2 ns duration, including just a few sinusoids with amplitude modulation. A correlation method is developed to measure the delay between two echoes with high resolution, avoiding the phase ambiguity problem. For temperature, deformation or other measurand a simple structure including only two reflectors is sufficient. This method is used in a system which simultaneously remotely measures a few temperature sensors with a resolution of 0.1°C. The operation of the system in a strongly reflecting environment (inside a metal box) is demonstrated.
A linear frequency modulated transducer was earlier proposed for use in surface acoustic wave (SAW) tags and sensors. This reported work demonstrates that the hyperbolically frequency modulated (HFM) transducer has significant advantages for such devices often operating in a wide range of temperatures. The HFM transducer is practically insensitive to wide temperature variations, which expand or compress signals in time. Owing to the exponential change of the varying period with the electrode number, the expansion of the length of all the periods is equivalent to just a shift in time and the compressed signal remains practically unchanged in shape, just slightly shifted. Such a shift has no importance for SAW sensors/tags, which usually operate on the difference of delays of the compressed peaks.
A Love wave biosensor, which is composed of a one-port surface acoustic wave reflective delay line on a piezoelectric substrate, a thin overlayer (waveguide layer) on top of the substrate, and a sensitive film that responds only to a specific cell, was optimally designed on a 41° YX LiNbO3 substrate and then fabricated according to the extracted design parameters. Based on multilayer theory, polymethylmethacrylate waveguide thickness was optimised. For derivation of the coupling of mode parameters, the periodic using the periodic finite-element method/boundary element method modelling was utilised. Optimal interdigital transducers and reflectors' features were determined to realise high-quality reflection peaks. The experimentally measured reflection coefficient S11 showed good agreement with simulated results. The evaluated sensitivity was 11.5 deg/µg/ml in terms of anti-DNP immunoglobulin G absorption.
Most high-power ultrasound applications are driven by two-level inverters. However, the broad spectral content of the two-level pulse results in undesired harmonics that can decrease the performance of the system significantly. On the other hand, it is crucial to excite the piezoelectric devices at their main resonant frequency in order to have maximum energy conversion. Therefore a high-quality, low-distorted power signal is needed to excite the high-power piezoelectric transducer at its resonant frequency. This study proposes an efficient approach to develop the performance of high-power ultrasonic applications using multilevel inverters along with a frequency estimation algorithm. In this method, the resonant frequencies are estimated based on relative minimums of the piezoelectric impedance frequency response. The algorithm follows the resonant frequency variation and adapts the multilevel inverter reference frequency to drive an ultrasound transducer at high power. Extensive simulation and experimental results indicate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
A theoretical analysis of collinear acousto-optical diffraction of ultra-short laser pulses for strong interaction is presented. The model simultaneously considers Bragg diffraction and group delay of wave packets. The new theoretical approach reveals transformation of the pulse envelope and pulse spreading even in a medium without group delay dispersion. These results are crucial for precise characterisation of acousto-optical dispersive delay lines.
Novel benzocyclobutene (BCB) film based surface acoustic wave (SAW) humidity sensors were successfully designed and fabricated. A sensitivity of 0.26 dB/RH% was successfully demonstrated between 8.6 and 90.6% relative humidity (RH), with a linear relationship between RH level and resonance amplitude. The temperature stability of resonance frequency and amplitude has also been studied.
A simple and successful bulk acoustic wave filter configuration based on the double-ladder topology is presented. Unlike the conventional double-ladder topology, this new one allows one to obtain either dualband or wideband bandstop responses. The predicted results are validated with measured data.
A novel surface acoustic wave (SAW) gas sensor with self-temperature-compensated characteristics is proposed. Any type of piezoelectric crystal substrate irrelevant to their temperature coefficients of SAW velocities, can be adopted in this gas sensor. The sensing dynamic range can be extended utilising both the fundamental and third-harmonic frequency signals. Experimental results at the 75 MHz fundamental frequency and the 225 MHz third-harmonic frequency showed validity of the proposed sensor structure.
A novel microsensor based on a surface acoustic wave is reported, which is to measure pressure and temperature simultaneously. The kernel structure and design theory of this sensor with a single sensing unit are introduced. The excellent agreement between the pressure and temperature results measured by the sensor and the direct measurement data is presented.
A 2.4 GHz range surface acoustic wave (SAW)-based pressure sensor was fabricated on a 41° YX LiNbO3 substrate for a mechanical compression force measurement. For the first time, fabricated sensors were characterised wirelessly using the network analyser. Electron beam lithography was used for fine line patterning. Metal ground shielding was covered all over the cavity to reduce a coupling loss of the propagating SAW to the surrounding atmosphere. Equivalent circuit model and finite element methods were used to determine optimal design parameters. The three sharp peaks were obtained from three reflectors. As a mechanical force was applied to the piezoelectric diaphragm, the diaphragm was bended, resulting in the phase shifts of the reflected peaks. Obtained sensitivity was 2.9°/kPa.
Direct acoustic measurements have been performed on a range of thick-film PZT ultrasonic transducer constructions, and these are compared with their electrical impedance and calculated input powers. They show good efficiency when driving into water, and a significant improvement over a similarly constructed bulk PZT transducer.
High quality AlN films have been obtained on SiO2/Si and GaN/Sapphire using the helicon sputtering method. Fabrication of the thin film layered structure surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices has been demonstrated and the promising characteristics are presented.
Measurements of the slopes (ΔI/ΔVg)n of the acoustoelectric current plateaux In=nef for n=1 and 2 have been made, as a function of the bath temperature T in the range 0.3 to 4.2 K. Electrons, constrained in one-dimensional channels, are transported by a surface acoustic wave of frequency f≈2.8 GHz, generated by transducers deposited on a GaAs heterostructure. The channel width is controlled by the application of voltages Vg to Schottky gates also deposited on the heterostructure. The normalised slopes S=(ΔI/ΔVg)n/(ΔI/ΔVg)n−1→n are compared with those calculated using a model describing the device behaviour proposed by Flensberg et al. In this model S is related to an effective temperature Teff, which can be greater than T. The measurements indicate that for n=1, Teff has a minimum value of 1.65±0.1 K corresponding to a minimum value of S≈10−3.
The propagation characteristics of surface skimming bulk waves on ST quartz have been investigated. The insertion loss of devices operated at the fundamental and harmonic frequencies were measured and the dependence metallisation thickness (h) of the transducers was found to be critical.
Work aimed towards the realisation of an embedded ultrasonic system for structural condition monitoring is described. Alien fibres embedded within carbon fibre reinforced composite plates could be utilised to guide ultrasound to strategic release points for the interrogation of the test sample, with minimal structural degradation. In particular, an array of fibre waveguides could be utilised to deliver periodic stresses to a plate-type structure to excite Lamb wave propagation. With such a system several problems need to be addressed. Ideally, single mode propagation in the fibre waveguide is required to provide increased control of the coupling of ultrasound from the waveguide to the desired Lamb wave mode. The choice of a suitable waveguide material and geometry is also crucial to ensure the guided ultrasound does not leak into the structure at undesirable locations and that the structural integrity of the test sample is maintained. Consequently, various waveguide configurations are investigated to establish an arrangement capable of meeting the system requirements. Finally, S0 Lamb wave generation and detection in a hard-setting polymer plate and a carbon fibre reinforced composite plate is demonstrated utilising embedded active acoustic waveguides sensors.
Simultaneous operation of a Love wave biosensor at the fundamental frequency and third harmonic, including the optimisation of IDT metallisation thickness, has been investigated. Data is presented showing a sequence of deposition and removal of a model mass layer of palmitoyl-oleoyl-sn-glycerophosphocholine (POPC) vesicles while frequency hopping between 110 and 330 MHz.
Highly-textured AlN films were obtained by using a Helicon sputtering system. This sputtering method was able to sustain the plasma in a gas atmosphere of 10-4 Torr, and, in turn, to improve the surface morphology of the film. The AlN film exhibits an extremely smooth surface with a root mean square roughness of only 3.2 Å.