Piezoelectric and ferroelectric devices
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- D. Atkinson [2]
- G. Hayward [2]
Work aimed towards the realisation of an embedded ultrasonic system for structural condition monitoring is described. Alien fibres embedded within carbon fibre reinforced composite plates could be utilised to guide ultrasound to strategic release points for the interrogation of the test sample, with minimal structural degradation. In particular, an array of fibre waveguides could be utilised to deliver periodic stresses to a plate-type structure to excite Lamb wave propagation. With such a system several problems need to be addressed. Ideally, single mode propagation in the fibre waveguide is required to provide increased control of the coupling of ultrasound from the waveguide to the desired Lamb wave mode. The choice of a suitable waveguide material and geometry is also crucial to ensure the guided ultrasound does not leak into the structure at undesirable locations and that the structural integrity of the test sample is maintained. Consequently, various waveguide configurations are investigated to establish an arrangement capable of meeting the system requirements. Finally, S0 Lamb wave generation and detection in a hard-setting polymer plate and a carbon fibre reinforced composite plate is demonstrated utilising embedded active acoustic waveguides sensors.
The authors describe and demonstrate a system exploiting the use of cylindrical ultrasonic waveguides for ‘remote’ Lamb wave generation and detection in thin plates. Ultrasonic energy is introduced into the cylindrical waveguides from a piezoceramic transducer via an epoxy bond, and the nature of this coupling is investigated theoretically using finite element analysis. The results show that lateral modes in the transducer (related to width and length, or diameter) couple into the waveguide more effectively than the more efficient thickness modes, as a result of the epoxy bond converting lateral motion into longitudinal motion. The thin cylindrical waveguides are then used to deliver ultrasonic signals to specific points in plate-type structures. As such, the waveguides may be considered as point sources, a combination of which can behave as a line array. To demonstrate this, it is shown that Lamb waves are generated and detected by bonding the ends of several copper wires, at half-wavelength spacing, to the surface of a sheet of aluminium. The fundamental symmetric and asymmetric modes are then used to explore possible non-destructive evaluation measurements. Following this, a form of portable ‘wire’ transducer, comprising an array of waveguide sources, is presented that allows the detection of synthetic flaws in an aluminium plate.
