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A multi-layered film with a TiO2-based nanotubes/nanoparticles/nanotubes sandwich structure has been developed to increase light-harvesting efficiency by enhancing light scattering. Compared to a double-layered film of nanotubes/nanoparticles, the sandwiched film exhibited greatly improved light-absorption properties. An obviously improved total energy-conversion efficiency of 6.11% was obtained in the sandwiched film, which is 27.3, 46.1 and 213% higher than those of the double-layered film, nanoparticle film and nanotube film, respectively. A possible mechanism for the enhancement of light harvesting in the sandwiched film is proposed, whereby the observed enhancement is owing to effective scattering by the bottom layer and reflection of escaped light by the top layer.
TiO2 spindles with high crystallinity were synthesised by a two-step solvothermal reaction with the aid of diethylamine. Compared with Degussa P25, the dye sensitised solar cell (DSSC) based on a TiO2 spindles photoanode demonstrated superior characteristics including higher affinity to N719 dye, higher light scattering effect than P25, better conductance and longer recombination lifetime. Photovoltaic measurement indicated that the TiO2 spindles-based DSSC possesses higher short-circuit current density (Jsc) and open-circuit voltage (Voc), hence, a 29% higher overall photovoltaic performance (η) than that of P25 was achieved.
If you thought power-generating windows were a gimmick, thinks again. US energy analyst NanoMarkets forecast the building integrated photovoltaics market will top$lβbn by 2017 and solar cell glazing replacing window glass with a semi- transparent photovoltaic panel is a fast growing industry sector. One company poised to cash in is UK based Oxford Photovoltaics, Researchers from the University of Oxford spin-off have developed thin film. dye sensitised solar cells that can be printed onto glass and other surfaces. The glazing panels are semi-transparent. made in a variety of colours and tints, and chief executive Kevin Arthur reckons the manufacturing coal of the product is half that of todays lowest cost thin film technology.
Cu-doped tin sulphide (SnS) films with a thickness of about 300 nm have been grown on glass substrates by thermal evaporation technique. Different Cu-doped SnS films were obtained by controlling the Cu evaporation time to roughly alter Cu-doping concentration in SnS films (from 5.7 to 23 atom%). Then they were annealed at a temperature of 250°C and a pressure of 5.0×10−3 Pa for 90 min. The structural, optical and electrical properties of the films were characterised by X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, ultraviolet–visible–near infrared spectrometer and Hall-effect measurement system. All the films are polycrystalline SnS with orthorhombic structure, and the crystallites in the films are all exclusively oriented along (111) direction. Annealing can optimise the crystallinity of all the films. With the increase of Cu-doping concentration, the grain size of the films becomes larger and larger, but the roughness decreases. Meanwhile, the evaluated direct bandgap Eg of the SnS:Cu films initially decreases, reaches a minimum value of 1.38 eV with 15 atom% Cu and then increases thereafter. The carrier concentration of the films increases sharply, while the resistivity of the films decreases straightly. All the films are of p-type conductivity. Using the optimised conditions, it is possible to prepare SnS:Cu thin films suitable for absorbers of thin film solar cells.
Recently, the important issues relating to the photovoltaic cell have featured low cost and high efficiency. To make a low-cost and high-efficiency photovoltaic cell, there are many aspects such as the development of inexpensive wafers, process simplification and improvement of optical and electrical properties. In this study, the two-step texturing method using a microblaster was developed to decrease the reflection of incident lights. Bridge-type electrode structures are suggested to expand the effective surface area and decrease the series resistance of finger electrodes. The authors decided to use 10 µm size powders since the efficiency of the solar cell could rather be reduced by using 50 µm size powders because of their extremely rough surface. And the surface of the wafer after microblaster etching was treated with a chemical etching method using HNA (HF:HNO3:CH3COOH=4:9:7) solution, a dry etching method using reactive ion etching and a oxide etching method.
This study proposes a novel equivalent circuit model for solar cells and modules. The proposed model approximates the non-linear I–V characteristic of a photovoltaic cell or module by a number of linear circuit branches connected in parallel. The number of these linear circuit branches is adjustable according to the required accuracy. An algorithm based on an equal-area criterion for determining the parameters of the equivalent circuit is also proposed. This algorithm, if incorporated into the software that simulates the proposed model, allows variations of solar irradiance and cell temperature to be taken into account during the simulation. Two numerical examples simulated by electromagnetic transient programme software are presented to demonstrate the performance of the model.
The development of battery-buffered photovoltaic (PV) power conditioning systems (PCSs) is challenged by its cost/W. It compels the users to optimise the system's configuration in order to maximise the power generation. An alternative solution to this problem based on a charge collector (CC), which has the ability of maximising the charge collection of battery is shown here. The design of the CC is derived from the linear approximation model resolving prior probability distribution and dynamic DC/DC topology with micro-controller to meet the low-cost application. A simulation system has been made and analysed to verify the better performances of the CC over the traditional ones, and an empirical PV PCS example based on the laboratory prototype has been conducted to highlight the CC's natures. Results from the demonstrations, including LED lighting projections of PV PCS, show that the proposed low-cost CC with 4 ms settling time has about more than 20% efficiency and less than 50% sensitivity to system's parameters compared with the simple controller.
Graphene counter electrodes (GCEs) prepared by electrophoretic deposition (EPD) have been investigated. Half cells were fabricated to examine the electrochemical properties of GCEs with different deposition times. Accordingly, dye-sensitised solar cells (DSSCs) were fabricated with those GCEs in order to examine the conversion efficiencies and effect of GCEs with different deposition times. The possibility of GCEs by EPD as a counter electrode of DSSCs is suggested.
