In this work, a green method was introduced for preparing silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using gum tragacanth extracted from Astragalus verus Olivier. The absence of a chemical reducing agent that may be toxic is an advantage of this method. The Ag NPs were prepared in different tragacanth concentrations, pH values, and temperatures. XRD, FT-IR, and UV–vis spectroscopy analyses confirmed the structure of the synthesised Ag NPs. TEM and FESEM images showed that the prepared Ag NPs have spherical shapes. The FESEM images determined that a pH of 10 and a synthesis temperature of 50°C would be the optimal condition for preparing Ag NPs in this method. The change in concentration of tragacanth does not have much effect on the quality of Ag NPs. Obtained data from DLS revealed that the average diameter of Ag NPs is about 40 nm. The antibacterial activity of the prepared nanoparticles was evaluated against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial species. The results of the antibacterial tests showed that the prepared Ag NPs possess a desirable antibacterial activity.

This work substantiates the impact of Gaussian doping on the electrical performance of double gate junctionless field-effect transistor (DG-JLFET). To get a better understanding of the influence of non-uniform doping, the device is compared with uniform-doped DG-JLFET with various concentrations. The device is later used to demonstrate its usability in six-transistor static random access memory (6T SRAM) bitcell by studying the performance metrics, i.e. stability noise margin and write delay. A comparison of performance metrics is also given with uniformly doped DG-JLFET-based-6T SRAM. Improvement in static noise margin was observed with Gaussian doping without compromising with write access time.

An easy alkali treatment method is designed to enhance the activity of Co_0.01Zn_0.99S (CZS). After alkali treatment, the surface area of CZS increases by 2.8 times (12.8 versus 3.4 m²g⁻¹), and the oxidation potential (E _VB) of valence band also increases greatly (2.55 versus 2.19 V). After treatment, the UV-light activity has increased by 3.4 times for the degradation of dye. This simple, low-cost method may be extended to mass production for practical applications.

The physics and performance of monolayer MX₂ heterojunction n TFETs are studied using a quantum simulation. The imaginary wave vector reveals that WTe₂ is the most promising source material. Results of heterojunction TFETs with WTe₂ source material and of WTe₂ homojunction TFET reveal that WTe₂–MoS₂ heterojunction TFET is the most promising candidate with a 620 μA/μm drive current for a 0.3 volt gate swing. The energy gap between the valence band of source material and the conduction band of channel material, , is the key parameter for high drive current. The WTe₂–MoS₂ heterojunction has the smallest value that results in small band bending near the heterojunction, which creates the shortest tunnel path and therefore yields the highest drive current. The WTe₂–MoS₂ TFET has an average turn-on slope of 15.6 mV/dec, an on/off current ratio of , a drive current of 620 μA/μm, a transconductance of 10.98 mS/μm, a total capacitance of 0.829 fF/μm, a switching delay of 0.401 ps, and a cutoff frequency of 2.1 THz. The performance metrics closely comply with the ITRS 2026 LOP and LSTP device requirements. Its value of 11.97 μA/μm is large enough to compete with MOSFETs.

Novel fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) were fabricated using the hydrothermal carbonisation method by peat, which is a very abundant and low-cost natural material in the world. The transmission electron microscopy images revealed that the peat-derived CDs (PCDs) are well-crystalline with an average size of 4 nm. Fourier transform infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectra suggested large amounts of oxygenous functionality which made the synthesised PCDs water-soluble. The optical characterisations turned out that PCDs showed a stable and excellent excitation-dependent photoluminescence (PL), while the quantum yield was calculated to be 18.3%. As the PL of the PCDs could be efficiently quenched by ferric ions with a low-detection limit of 20 nM, the as-prepared PCDs could be employed as a highly fluorescent probe for ferric ions. Furthermore, the obtained PCDs have been successfully used for fluorescent imaging and Fe³⁺ detecting at cell level.

A green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous Lonicera japonica leaf extract (AgNPs-LLJ) was reported and their anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects were investigated. In comparison, AgNPs were also synthesised using the liquid phase chemical reduction method (AgNPs-N₂H₄·H₂O). The synthesised AgNPs were identified using multiple analytical techniques. The results showed that both AgNPs were spherical particles with an average particle size of 20–30 nm for AgNPs-LLJ and 10–20 nm for AgNPs-N₂H₄·H₂O. The anti-inflammatory ability of AgNPs was shown by the effective inhibition against 5-lipoxygenase with IC₅₀ values of 5.08 μg/mL for AgNPs-LLJ and 59.12 μg/mL for AgNPs-N₂H₄·H₂O, indicating that AgNPs-LLJ had much more obvious anti-inflammatory effect. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity research on RAW264.7 mouse macrophages showed that AgNPs-LLJ had no cytotoxicity at the concentration of 40 μg/mL compared with control. Their antibacterial effects on Escherichia coli (EC) and Staphlococcus aureus (SA) were studied by agar well diffusion method. The maximum antibacterial circles of AgNPs-N₂H₄·H₂O on EC and SA were 15 and 14 mm, respectively, whereas it was 5.0 and 5.0 mm for AgNPs-LLJ, respectively. The authors conclude that AgNPs-LLJs have a potential to be a nanomedicine for nanobiomedical applications.

In this work, UV irradiation was introduced to promote the etching process of ZnO nanorods towards nanotubes. The ZnO nanorods with different diameters were grown on Au cylindrical spirals via hydrothermal decomposition, and then in the presence of UV irradiation, they were chemically etched to nanotubes. The results indicate that the ZnO nanorods with the larger diameter are easily etched to nanotubes due to enough oxygen vacancies (a kind of defect) within the centre parts, but the ZnO nanorods with the smaller diameter are difficult to form tubular structures because of the insufficient oxygen vacancies. With the introduction of UV irradiation, more oxygen vacancies are produced in the ZnO nanorods and hence, the nanorods with the larger diameter are etched more quickly, and the nanorods with the smaller diameter are etched more easily. Additionally, the UV light with the shorter wavelength is more beneficial for the formation of the ZnO nanotubes than the one with the longer wavelength. The results benefit the wet etching of ZnO nanorods towards nanotubes, especially those with smaller diameters.

A novel reverse-conducting lateral insulated-gate bipolar transistor (RC-LIGBT) merged with an independent LDMOS region and LIGBT region is proposed, which is named M-RC-LIGBT. The forward conduction of the M-RC-LIGBT is divided into three steps, firstly it works in laterally-diffused-metal-oxide semiconductor (LDMOS) mode with single electron, and then it works in LDMOS and LIGBT modes with electron and hole, and finally it is dominated by the LIGBT mode. There is no abrupt current observed in the forward conduction, thus the snapback phenomenon is eliminated. At the reverse conduction, the M-RC-LIGBT integrates an inner diode, and the P-body acts as the anode and the N-collector acts as the cathode of the diode, respectively, thus the reverse conduction ability is achieved. As the results show, the M-RC-LIGBT has superior forward and reverse conduction properties, the V _Fand V _R are 0.94 and 0.82 V, respectively, which are decreased by 61 and 18% when compared to the conventional RC-LIGBT, respectively.

Carbon dots (CDs) with N- and Cl-contained groups supported mesoporous hydroxyapatite (mHA) composites were prepared, respectively. The effect of the interfacial reaction between CDs and mHA on the photocatalytic activity was investigated. It was found that the composites exhibited different compositions and absorption properties owing to the interfacial reaction. As a consequence, while CDs with Cl-contained groups (Cl-CDs) showed the highest activity, mHA/Cl-CDs composite exhibited the lowest activity. Conversely, the composite of mHA and CDs with N-contained groups using ammonia as source (N-CDs-1) had the highest activity, although the activity of N-CDs-1 was lower that of Cl-CDs. It can be concluded that the interfacial reaction played an essential role in governing the activity of the composites. The findings were valuable in constructing CDs-based composites with excellent photocatalytic performance.

Silver nanoparticles have traditionally been synthesised using physical and chemical methods, often requiring expensive equipment and reagents that pose risks to the environment. This work provides a green method for the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaf extracts from upland cress: Barbarea verna. Natural reducing agents within the leaf extracts of upland cress reduce silver ions from silver nitrates, resulting in the formation of silver nanoparticles. The silver nanoparticles were purified using centrifugation and extraction using Triton X-114. The resulting nanoparticles were characterised using UV–Vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Silver nanoparticles were shown to have a diameter of 30–40 nm with a characteristic UV–Vis absorption peak at 420 nm. Antimicrobial properties of the synthesised silver nanoparticles were also confirmed using S. epidermis and E. coli bacteria.

In this work, a facile and green approach for the synthesis of polydopamine/reduced graphene oxide nanosheets with incorporated copper ions (Cu/PDA/RGO) has been reported using bioadhesive PDA. During the process, the coating of PDA occurred through self-assembly and oxidative polymerisation, involving both the reduction of GO nanosheets and immobilisation of Cu ions. The Cu/PDA/RGO nanosheets showed effective and efficient antibacterial performance against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The antibacterial mechanism of the Cu/PDA/RGO nanosheets was also investigated. The death of E. coli cells could be attributed to the disruption of their cell membranes and increased levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, due to the direct contact between the Cu/PDA/RGO nanosheets and cells, the production of high level ROS ultimately led to the death of S. aureus cells. This research provides a new idea for the synthesis of antibacterial agents.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles is cost effective and encourages the use of non-toxic chemicals. The biological sources of reductants have trouble free protocols and when applied for human health associated field, is an easy approach for maintaining aseptic environment during the synthesis of nanoparticles. Microalgae are used as a source of natural colours and exhibit extensive applications as natural colorants in nutraceuticals, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. The use of Navicula cincta microalgae in the biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles is unexplored and underexploited. In this work, silver nanoparticles synthesised using algal extract by sunlight method were characterised by UV–Visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and particles size analyser. The antimicrobial activity of nanosilver against seven bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella flexneri, Vibrio cholera and Salmonella typhi and four fungi Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus and Rhizopus stolonifer are investigated using agar well diffusion technique and compared with standard antibiotics namely Chloramphenicol and Nystatin.