An energy efficient high-speed adaptive finite impulse response filter with novel architecture is developed. Synthesis results along with novel architecture on different complementary metal–oxide semiconductor (CMOS) families are presented. Analysis is performed using Artix-7, Spartan-6 and Virtex-4 for most popular adaptive least mean square filter for different orders such as N = 8, 16, 32. The presented work is done using MATLAB (2013b) and Xilinx (14.2). From the synthesis results, it can be found that CMOS (28 nm) achieves the lowest power and critical path delay compared to others, and thus proves its efficiency in terms of energy. Different parameters are considered such as look up tables and input–output blocks, along with their optimised results.

A band stop filter developed on a denim textile substrate is presented. The filter geometry is composed of interconnected half-wavelength parallel coupled resonators, in a novel microstrip filter configuration. Simulated results were obtained through the wave concept iterative method and Ansoft Designer software, for comparison purposes. In addition, prototypes were fabricated and measured for validating the simulation results. Good agreement is reported between simulated and measured results.

The Hartley transform is a mathematical transformation which is closely related to the better known Fourier transform. The properties that differentiate the Hartley Transform from its Fourier counterpart are that the forward and the inverse transforms are identical and also that the Hartley transform of a real signal is a real function of frequency. The Whitened Hartley spectrum, which stems from the Hartley transform, is a bounded function that encapsulates the phase content of a signal. The Whitened Hartley spectrum, unlike the Fourier phase spectrum, is a function that does not suffer from discontinuities or wrapping ambiguities. An overview on how the Whitened Hartley spectrum encapsulates the phase content of a signal more efficiently compared with its Fourier counterpart as well as the reason that phase unwrapping is not necessary for the Whitened Hartley spectrum, are provided in this study. Moreover, in this study, the product–convolution relationship, the time-shift property and the power spectral density function of the Hartley transform are presented. Finally, a short-time analysis of the Whitened Hartley spectrum as well as the considerations related to the estimation of the phase spectral content of a signal via the Hartley transform, are elaborated.

Particle size is a key quality parameter of a powder detergent as it determines its performance, the bulk density and the look and feel of the product. Consequently, it is essential that particle size is controlled to ensure the consistency of performance when comparing new formulations. The majority of study reported in the literature relating to particle size control, focuses on the spray produced by the atomisation technique. One approach advocated to achieve particle size control is the manipulation of the ratio of the mass slurry rate and mass flow rate of gas used for atomisation. Within this study, ratio control was compared with an automatic cascade loop approach using online measurements of the powder particle size on a small-scale pilot plant. It was concluded that cascade control of the mean particle size, based on manipulating the mass flow rate of gas, resulted in tighter, more responsive control. The effect of a ratio change varied with different formulations and different slurry rates. Furthermore, changes in slurry rate caused complications, as the impact on particle size growth in the dryer is non-linear and difficult to predict. The cascade loop enables further study into the effect of particle size on detergent performance.

A permanent current in addition to the main clocked current is sometimes used to increase the maximum clock rate of a bipolar latch. Although it speeds up the activation of a clocked differential stage, it deteriorates the latch function by the additional current in the inactive phase of each differential stage. Thus, a keep-alive current must be kept small with respect to the main clocked current. In this Letter, a compensation technique is shown avoiding the erroneous output of a keep-alive current. It still speeds up the activation of the main transistor pair, but results in a constant symmetric offset without affecting the differential value of the output voltage. In simulations of flip-flops and clocked comparators, this compensated keep-alive current has a much larger effect on the maximum clock rate than the uncompensated keep-alive current used so far.

Coplanar waveguide (CPW) has a huge demand for designing band-pass filter (BPF). In this study, the filter designed by open-ended CPW series stub which acts as a resonant circuit thus giving a band-pass response. As the number of open stub discontinuity is increased, the frequency response and roll-off rate of the proposed BPF has improved gradually. Electromagnetic simulated and measured results show a very good agreement with each other. The proposed filter is designed to obtain a frequency range of 1.97–4 GHz (S-band) having rising edge and falling edge selectivities of 35.9 and 45.7 dB/GHz, respectively.