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Volume 143
Issue 6
IEE Proceedings - Science, Measurement and Technology
Volume 143, Issue 6, November 1996
Volumes & issues:
Volume 143, Issue 6
November 1996
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- Author(s): J.M. Pearce ; B.A.T. Al Zahawi ; D.W. Auckland ; F. Starr
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Science, Measurement and Technology, Volume 143, Issue 6, p. 345 –350
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-smt:19960780
- Type: Article
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p.
345
–350
(6)
A 1 kW domestic combined heat and power (DCHP) system generating heat and electricity in the home is proposed and analysed. Electricity and gas consumption in a number of houses were measured and the resulting energy profiles used to predict the potential energy cost savings. The results show that 30% of a home's electrical demand could be generated, cutting electricity costs by about a quarter. Also, while the most important characteristic of domestic CHP is high total efficiency, increasing the conversion rate of fuel energy to electricity beyond 20% generates little extra savings. CO2, sulphur dioxide and NOx emissions would also be reduced. - Author(s): D.M. Rowe and G. Min
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Science, Measurement and Technology, Volume 143, Issue 6, p. 351 –356
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-smt:19960714
- Type: Article
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p.
351
–356
(6)
One of main requirements in the design of a thermoelectric module is to determine the optimum module geometry, based upon available thermoelectric material and manufacturing technology, which meets the given application specifications. In order to assist in determining the appropriate module geometry for thermoelectric generation, its relationship to the power output and conversion efficiency is examined. A practical procedure for optimising module geometry guided by the ‘economic factor’ is described, together with formulae and graphs which form the foundations of thermoelectric module design. - Author(s): PengChen and Y. Wang
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Science, Measurement and Technology, Volume 143, Issue 6, p. 357 –361
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-smt:19960279
- Type: Article
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p.
357
–361
(5)
A Compton backscatter tomographical imaging model with minimal constraints imposed on the measurement apparatus is presented as a potential contender for on-line portable imaging. The line-scan method based on scattered photon energy spectra can obtain a fairly high scan speed and spatial resolution. As such, radiation scattering imaging (or density reconstruction) is viewed as a nonlinear inverse problem. A solution algorithm is investigated for the density reconstruction problem with two criteria: maximum entropy and least-squares error between the original measurement data and projection due to reconstruction. Image reconstruction from simulations demonstrates the feasibility of the method. - Author(s): A.P. Duffy ; M. Johnson ; D.J. Hill ; T.M. Benson
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Science, Measurement and Technology, Volume 143, Issue 6, p. 362 –368
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-smt:19960619
- Type: Article
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p.
362
–368
(7)
Dielectric loaded cavities are used widely in such diverse applications as communications systems and microwave heating. Generally, they may have nontrivial geometries with multiple lossy dielectrics, feed points, etc., making detailed analytical study intractable. The paper presents a numerical modelling analysis, based on the transmission line modelling (TLM) method, of a realistically dimensioned generic resonator structure. The benefits to be gained in the understanding of the behaviour of the resonator structure from this type of approach are highlighted. Comparisons of experimental results with those obtained using the TLM show very good agreement for the location of the resonances, identification of mode interaction and the magnitude of the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) in the resonator feed point. This establishes TLM as a valuable diagnostic aid and preprototype design tool for dielectric loaded resonant cavities. - Author(s): J. Lobry
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Science, Measurement and Technology, Volume 143, Issue 6, p. 369 –376
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-smt:19960734
- Type: Article
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p.
369
–376
(8)
Geometrical symmetry often occurs in computational electromagnetics. However, it is generally not taken into account when the excitations do not share this symmetry. A rationale is required, and group theory gives the only valuable tool for this purpose. It provides a symmetric decomposition of any problem that allows its study on a reduced part of the initial geometry. This way of treating field problems generally leads to substantial computational savings. The symmetry concept is applied in the paper to 3-D linear eddy-current analysis, where the numerical scheme used is a mixed FEM–BEM method. Detailed examples are presented to demonstrate the efficiency of the use of symmetry. - Author(s): M. Raugi
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Science, Measurement and Technology, Volume 143, Issue 6, p. 377 –383
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-smt:19960620
- Type: Article
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p.
377
–383
(7)
A time domain method for the steady-state analysis of nonlinear electromagnetic fields is presented. Considering a stepwise time variation of the nonlinear parameters, a linear time varying system is derived from the nonlinear one. The time domain periodic solution of this system is determined analytically. Then, the nonlinear constitutive equations of the time varying parameters are imposed, obtaining a nonlinear system giving the actual time periodic values of the parameters. The method has been used to determine the time periodic solution of a volume integral equation method for the analysis of eddy current problems. In this case, the order of the nonlinear system of equations that govern the solution is determined by the discretisation of the ferromagnetic regions only. - Author(s): A. Büyükaksoy ; A.H. Serbest ; A. Kara
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Science, Measurement and Technology, Volume 143, Issue 6, p. 384 –388
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-smt:19960795
- Type: Article
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p.
384
–388
(5)
The diffraction of obliquely incident plane waves by a half-plane having anisotropic conductivity is investigated. The half-plane is assumed to be perfectly conducting in one direction and to have finite conductivity in the transverse direction. The material of the half-plane is simulated by a resistive-type boundary condition with the resistivity being a constant tensor. By using the Fourier transform technique, the problem is formulated into a pair of simultaneous Wiener–Hopf equations which are decoupled by means of a polynomial transformation and then solved by standard techniques. - Author(s): J.L. Maksiejewski
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Science, Measurement and Technology, Volume 143, Issue 6, p. 389 –394
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-smt:19960648
- Type: Article
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p.
389
–394
(6)
A previous paper (Maksiejewski, 1993) discussed the assessment of the lightning response of bimetallic cylindrical conductors. The author shows that the considerations for bimetallic conductors cannot be applied fully for conductors with very thin outer layers, as in the case of coated conductors. The specific problems connected with the calculations for the coated steel conductors used in lightning protection are described. The results extend the application of the author's previous paper. The thermal calculations for coated conductors require the phenomenon of thermal diffusion to be taken into account. Zinc coated steel conductors (galvanised steel conductors) of dimensions recommended by the British Standard code of practice as a lightning conductor, i.e. with diameter 8.0 mm, are discussed. The analysis shows that, for a 5% peak current probability level, galvanised steel conductors of this size are more than adequate for protection against negative lightning strokes. However, galvanised steel conductors of the above dimensions are barely adequate for protection against positive lightning strokes. - Author(s): J.-P. Crine ; J.-L. Parpal ; C. Dang
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Science, Measurement and Technology, Volume 143, Issue 6, p. 395 –398
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-smt:19960470
- Type: Article
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p.
395
–398
(4)
The role of fatigue in the electrical endurance of crosslinked polyethylene and polypropylene and in water treeing in crosslinked polyethylene is discussed. Analysis of existing experimental results shows that the number of AC field cycles is a much better normalising parameter of electrical aging than time. It also suggests that the water-tree length and density increase logarithmically with the number of cycles, apparently independently of the test frequency. - Author(s): M.A. Dami ; M. Akroune ; R. Aouli ; A. Mouillet
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Science, Measurement and Technology, Volume 143, Issue 6, p. 399 –405
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-smt:19960784
- Type: Article
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p.
399
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(7)
The computation of electrical machines using the characterisation of electric alloys proposed by several authors gives performances not verified by experiments on actual machines. By means of finite-element-method software, the authors show that the electromagnetic context where electrical alloys are built into rotating electrical machines is completely different from the actual characterisation system. A new testing device is proposed to take into account the phenomena highlighted. - Author(s): K. Mosley and P. Gumley
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Science, Measurement and Technology, Volume 143, Issue 6, p. 406 –412
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-smt:19960712
- Type: Article
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p.
406
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When used as electrical insulation, ceramics in general do not degrade electrically under the influence of time or AC electric stress. However, at high temperatures, conductor (electrode) material can diffuse into the ceramic causing reductions in its electrical strength and resistivity. Experimental work carried out to assess the effect of time on the 50 Hz AC electrical strength of various ceramics at temperatures between 800 and 1140°C is described. Results were obtained for lifetimes of up to 5000 hours. All the ceramics tested, dense alumina, pyrophyllite, alumina and magnesia cement, are available commercially. The influence of electrode materials (heating element alloys) on insulation life is evaluated. Recommendations are made on design procedures for oxide ceramic insulation systems. - Author(s): M.M. Pejović ; V.Lj. Marković ; G.S. Ristić ; S. Mekić
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Science, Measurement and Technology, Volume 143, Issue 6, p. 413 –415
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-smt:19960650
- Type: Article
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p.
413
–415
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The formative time in a nitrogen-filled tube at pressure of 1.3 mbar was determined using Laue distributions and histograms of the time delay of electrical breakdown. It was shown that using these methods the formative time can be determined when it is of the same order of magnitude as the statistical time delay. The obtained values are in good agreement with the values which were measured by memory oscilloscope.
Electricity generation in the home: evaluation of single-house domestic combined heat and power
Design theory of thermoelectric modules for electrical power generation
Multicriterion Compton backscatter imaging
Analysis of microwave resonators using transmission line modelling
Use of group theory in symmetrical 3-D eddy-current problems
Time domain method for the nonlinear steady-state analysis of electromagnetic fields
Diffraction coefficient for a half-plane with anisotropic conductivity
Thermal response of coated steel conductors under surge currents taking the skin effect into account
Influence of fatigue on some electrical aging mechanisms of polymers
New approach to characterisation of electric alloys under rotating magnetic flux density
Determination of safe working 50 Hz AC electrical stresses for ceramics at high temperatures
Determination of formative time of electrical breakdown in nitrogen-filled tube
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