IEE Proceedings - Nanobiotechnology
Volume 153, Issue 4, August 2006
Volume 153, Issue 4
August 2006
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- Author(s): C. Backhouse
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Nanobiotechnology, Volume 153, Issue 4, page: 59 –59
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-nbt:20069024
- Type: Article
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- Author(s): M. Yokokawa ; S.H. Yoshimura ; Y. Naito ; T. Ando ; A. Yagi ; N. Sakai ; K. Takeyasu
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Nanobiotechnology, Volume 153, Issue 4, p. 60 –66
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-nbt:20050018
- Type: Article
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Newly developed fast-scanning atomic force microscopy (AFM) allows the dissection of molecular events such as DNA–enzyme reactions at the single-molecule level. With this novel technology, a model is proposed of the DNA cleavage reaction by a type IIP restriction endonuclease ApaI. Detailed analyses revealed that ApaI bound to DNA as a dimer and slid along DNA in a one-dimensional diffusion manner. When it encountered a specific DNA sequence, the enzyme halted for a moment to digest the DNA. Immediately after digestion, the ApaI dimer separated into two monomers, each of which remained on the DNA end and then dissociated from the DNA end. Thus, fast-scanning AFM is a powerful tool to aid the understanding of protein structures and dynamics in biological reactions at the single-molecule level in sub-seconds. - Author(s): K.-H. Han and A.B. Frazier
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Nanobiotechnology, Volume 153, Issue 4, p. 67 –73
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-nbt:20050019
- Type: Article
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The paper presents the characterisation of a continuous paramagnetic capture (PMC) mode magnetophoretic microseparator for separating red and white blood cells from whole blood based on their native magnetic properties. The PMC microseparator separates the blood cells using a high-gradient magnetic separation method without the use of additives such as magnetic tagging. The microseparator is fabricated using microfabrication technology, enabling the integration of micro-scale magnetic flux concentrators in an aqueous micro-environment. Experimental results show that the PMC microseparator can continuously separate out 91.1% of red blood cells from whole blood within 5 min, using an external magnetic flux of 0.2 T from a permanent magnet. Monitoring of white blood cells dyed with a fluorescent probe shows that 87.7% of white blood cells are separated out by the 0.2 T external magnetic flux applied to the PMC microseparator. - Author(s): C.D. Mansfield ; A. Man ; R.A. Shaw
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Nanobiotechnology, Volume 153, Issue 4, p. 74 –80
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-nbt:20050028
- Type: Article
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We describe how infrared spectroscopy of dry films (IRDF) can provide diagnostic information, and how we expect integration with laminar fluid diffusion interface (LFDI) sample pre-processing to generate new analytical and diagnostic tests. LFDI pre-processing provides sample clean-up and analyte separation. The sensitivity of IRDF to certain analytes is enhanced through the depletion of sample constituents that otherwise obscure relevant spectral features, permitting the deposition of films with larger sample volumes and, hence, of greater effective optical pathlength for the targeted analytes. An integrated LFDI–IRDF technology holds promise both as a method for rapid point-of-care quantitative analysis of biological fluids and as the engine of discovery for a wide range of novel diagnostic methods based upon metabolic profiling. In particular, successful integration will provide a versatile and cost effective technology platform that will allow for the accurate quantification of low-concentration analytes that are otherwise inaccessible and will provide the basis for diagnostic and prognostic methods that would otherwise be impossible. The specific question addressed by the proof-of-concept study summarised here is whether the spectra of LFDI processed samples can provide analytical methods that are more accurate than otherwise possible without LFDI pre-processing. The enrichment of serum creatinine is accomplished, with subsequent enhancement of its spectral contribution permitting quantification of this clinically important analyte beyond that achievable with no pre-processing. Finally, to illustrate the potential in diagnostic applications, two recently initiated studies are outlined, one involving chronic kidney disease and the other for chronic and acute coronary artery disease. - Author(s): J.P. Wikswo ; A. Prokop ; F. Baudenbacher ; D. Cliffel ; B. Csukas ; M. Velkovsky
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Nanobiotechnology, Volume 153, Issue 4, p. 81 –101
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-nbt:20050045
- Type: Article
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Systems biology, i.e. quantitative, postgenomic, postproteomic, dynamic, multiscale physiology, addresses in an integrative, quantitative manner the shockwave of genetic and proteomic information using computer models that may eventually have 106 dynamic variables with non-linear interactions. Historically, single biological measurements are made over minutes, suggesting the challenge of specifying 106 model parameters. Except for fluorescence and micro-electrode recordings, most cellular measurements have inadequate bandwidth to discern the time course of critical intracellular biochemical events. Micro-array expression profiles of thousands of genes cannot determine quantitative dynamic cellular signalling and metabolic variables. Major gaps must be bridged between the computational vision and experimental reality. The analysis of cellular signalling dynamics and control requires, first, micro- and nano-instruments that measure simultaneously multiple extracellular and intracellular variables with sufficient bandwidth; secondly, the ability to open existing internal control and signalling loops; thirdly, external BioMEMS micro-actuators that provide high bandwidth feedback and externally addressable intracellular nano-actuators; and, fourthly, real-time, closed-loop, single-cell control algorithms. The unravelling of the nested and coupled nature of cellular control loops requires simultaneous recording of multiple single-cell signatures. Externally controlled nano-actuators, needed to effect changes in the biochemical, mechanical and electrical environment both outside and inside the cell, will provide a major impetus for nanoscience. - Author(s): N.-T. Nguyen ; S. Lassemono ; F.A. Chollet ; C. Yang
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Nanobiotechnology, Volume 153, Issue 4, p. 102 –106
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-nbt:20050013
- Type: Article
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A novel microfluidic sensor for measuring dynamic gas-liquid interfacial tension is reported. The device consists of a microfluidic chip with a microchannel network and an optical detection system. The sample is introduced into a main channel, while air is injected through a T-junction. Owing to the fixed flow rate ratio used for the sensor, surface tension is the only parameter determining bubble formation frequency, which can be measured by optical detection. Although the bubble is represented by a pulse in the output signal, the formation frequency is simply the frequency of the output signal. Measurements were carried out for aqueous solutions with different concentrations of the ionic surfactant cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide. Surface tensions of these solutions were calibrated with a commercial tensiometer. The measurement results show a clear relationship between surface tension and formation frequency. The sensor can be used to identify the critical micelle concentration of the surfactant. The sensor potentially allows the use of a minute amount of sample compared with the relatively large amount required for existing commercial systems. - Author(s): M. Lindemann and M. Winterhalter
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Nanobiotechnology, Volume 153, Issue 4, p. 107 –111
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-nbt:20050027
- Type: Article
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p.
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We present an example of the use of self-assembly of biomolecules to create nanostructured building blocks. The resulting individual compartments can be tailored to fulfil specific functions: catalysis of a chemical reaction in a confined environment, detection on a molecular level and feedback with the outside. For example, such individually designed components can be assembled to build up macroscopic chemically active filters. The main component is membrane channels acting as molecular sieves, able to control the permeation across the capsule wall. We introduce briefly a new microdevice to characterise membrane channels with a future potential for high-throughput screening of channel properties based on automation, parallelisation and the use of microfluidics. Subsequently, we outline a possible application for channel-forming proteins: encapsulation of charged polymers or proteins into liposomes and restriction of diffusion through transmembrane channels to small ions, creating a Donnan potential. This Donnan potential can be used for external manipulation of nanocontainers by coupling of the capsule to an external electric field, or for the selective uptake of small charged molecules into the capsule. - Author(s): M. Nolte and A. Fery
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Nanobiotechnology, Volume 153, Issue 4, p. 112 –120
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-nbt:20050017
- Type: Article
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This article reviews the progress in the field of polyelectrolyte multilayer membranes with special attention to freestanding membranes. These can be prepared both in the form of hollow capsules and as flat membrane sheets. While (bio) functionality, or bioactivity as it is known, from solid supported multilayers is maintained, additional applications arise for the freestanding membranes in the fields of encapsulation, separation and micromechanics. The production processes and functionalities achieved for capsules and flat sheets. The integration of membranes into larger scale structures is essential for their use and an overview of existing strategies is given. In particular, the way in which arrays of micro-compartments can be built up is shown, and their potential for sensing and combinatorial chemistry discussed. Recent results on the applications of such systems as membrane sensors in the case of flat membrane sheets are also discussed. - Author(s): K. Heo ; J. Yoon ; K.S. Jin ; S. Jin ; M. Ree
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Nanobiotechnology, Volume 153, Issue 4, p. 121 –128
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-nbt:20050020
- Type: Article
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Porous materials are potential candidates for applications in various fields, such as bionanotechnology, gas separation, catalysts and micro-electronics. In particular, their applications in bionanotechnology include biosensors, biomedical implants and microdevices, biosupporters, bio-encapsules, biomolecule separations and biomedical therapy. All these bionanotechnology applications utilise the shape, size and size distribution of pores in porous materials. Therefore the controlled creation of pores with desired shape, size and size distribution is most important in the development of nanoporous materials. Accordingly, the accurate evaluation of pore structure is necessary in the development of nanoporous materials and their applications. This article reviews recent developments in analytical techniques to characterise the pore structures of nanoporous materials.
Editorial: Special Issue on Integration
Fast-scanning atomic force microscopy reveals the molecular mechanism of DNA cleavage by ApaI endonuclease
Paramagnetic capture mode magnetophoretic microseparator for blood cells
Integration of microfluidics with biomedical infrared spectroscopy for analytical and diagnostic metabolic profiling
Engineering challenges of BioNEMS: the integration of microfluidics, micro- and nanodevices, models and external control for systems biology
Microfluidic sensor for dynamic surface tension measurement
Membrane channels as a tool to control nanoreactors
Freestanding polyelectrolyte multilayers as functional and construction elements
Characterisation of pore structures in nanoporous materials for advanced bionanotechnology
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