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Volume 142
Issue 1
IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution
Volume 142, Issue 1, January 1995
Volumes & issues:
Volume 142, Issue 1
January 1995
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- Author(s): E.D. Farmer ; B.J. Cory ; B.L.P.P. Perera
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 142, Issue 1, p. 1 –8
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:19951578
- Type: Article
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A new strategy for the separate pricing of transmission and distribution services in electricity supply is formulated and evaluated. The proposed methodology is a multivariate transmission generalisation of the method of peak load pricing previously applied to the optimal time-of-use pricing of generation on a power system with diverse generation technologies and with elastic demand. The method allocates both capacity and operational costs on a time-of-use basis, in an optimal manner, that avoids cross-subsidisation both between differing supply system participants and differing times of usage. The method is shown to promote the optimal development of the transmission, distribution or interconnecting systems, rewarding justified investments in transmission capacity and discouraging overinvestment. It also leads to appropriate returns on invested capital without significant 'revenue reconciliation'. This contrasts with SRMC (short run marginal cost) pricing as is shown by a comparative revenue evaluation. It is concluded that the method has wide potential application in electricity supply. These include the separate pricing of transmission and distribution services, the 'wheeling' and trading of electrical energy over intervening networks and use-of-system pricing in 'common-carrier' and 'second tier' trading. - Author(s): D.J. Bowler ; P.L. Primrose ; R. Leonard
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 142, Issue 1, p. 9 –16
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:19951600
- Type: Article
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Traditional approaches to appraising the introduction of reliability centred maintenance (RCM) are shown to exhibit severe limitations. In particular, the economic implications surrounding its adoption are repeatedly misstated, with the consequence that organisations may be investing in unprofitable RCM ventures. Previously quoted benefits are examined and, contrary to established opinion, it is shown that these 'generalised' statements, once redefined, are able to be quantified. The paper then proceeds to describe a financial methodology, developed by NGC and UMIST, by which the introduction of RCM can be evaluated. Moreover, it shows that, by regarding RCM as an investment decision, rather than an 'act of faith', the economic viability of a potential application can be determined before vital resources are committed. Finally, it is demonstrated that when the methodology is applied within the context of the electricity transmission industry, the economic case underlying the adoption of RCM can be realistically appraised. - Author(s): R.R. Zalapa and B.J. Cory
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 142, Issue 1, p. 17 –23
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:19951611
- Type: Article
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A methodology is proposed in steady state to determine the output or setting of existing VAr/voltage control devices so that the allocation of reactive reserves guarantees that the system does not move towards voltage collapse as demand changes and that it will cope under credible contingency conditions. The procedure is to define 'reactive areas' by identifying 'weak' circuits and then to assess the distance to voltage collapse by the Q-distances illustrated. For security, an outage screening algorithm is employed and VAr rescheduling performed to limit any violations in a robust manner. The proposed global strategy has been prototyped on a computer by integrating algorithmic software and symbolic programming. Although the methodology is basically algorithmic, the use of knowledge-based systems technologies made the prototyping a simple task. The methodology is particularly useful for the operational planning phase of large power systems. - Author(s): Z.Q. Wu and K.L. Lo
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 142, Issue 1, p. 24 –28
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:19951570
- Type: Article
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The problem of optimal choice of fixed and switched capacitors in radial distributors with distorted substation voltages is formulated and solved by decomposition through isolated subproblems. The maximum sensitivities selection (MSS) method, which is used to solve the optimisation problem of the subproblems with discrete variables, is proposed. The results of a test distributor show that harmonic voltages in the substation voltage affects the capacitance of the optimal shunt capacitors. By combining system harmonic forecasting with the method in this paper, the harmonics amplification due to shunt capacitors can be reduced to the minimum level. - Author(s): H.F. Wang ; F.J. Swift ; B.W. Hogg ; H. Chen ; G. Tang
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 142, Issue 1, p. 29 –32
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:19951572
- Type: Article
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The paper presents a rule-based variable-gain power system stabiliser (PSS) for power systems, which has been implemented in the laboratory by transputers for real-time control tests. This stabiliser has been developed from the conventional PSS, but with a variable gain, which is adjusted on-line to meet the damping requirement of power systems. The real-time adjustment of the stabiliser gain is based on two control rules by detecting the oscillation status in the systems. The object of this arrangement is to achieve a stabiliser which is robust to the changes of the operating conditions of power systems and can suppress the oscillation detected in the system more effectively and with less detrimental influence on the transient performance of power systems. Results of laboratory tests are presented in the paper to show the effectiveness of this rule-based variable-gain power system stabiliser. - Author(s): A., Jr. Santos and G.R.M. da Costa
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 142, Issue 1, p. 33 –36
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:19951586
- Type: Article
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The paper describes a new approach to the optimal-power-flow problem based on Newton's method which it operates with an augmented Lagrangian function associated with the original problem. The function aggregates all the equality and inequality constraints. The first-order necessary conditions for optimality are reached by Newton's method, and by updating the dual variables and the penalty terms associated with the inequality constraints. The proposed approach does not have to identify the set of binding constraints and can be utilised for an infeasible starting point. The sparsity of the Hessian matrix of the augmented Lagrangian is completely exploited in the computational implementation. Tests results are presented to show the good performance of this approach. - Author(s): S.A. Soliman ; A.M. Al-Kandari ; K. El-Nagar ; M.E. El-Hawary
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 142, Issue 1, p. 37 –44
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:19951587
- Type: Article
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The authors present the application of the technique of least absolute value (LAV) dynamic filtering to optimal tracking of power system harmonics. The proposed technique uses digitised samples of the voltage and current waveform at a power system bus, where a harmonics standard is contemplated. The proposed technique can easily handle time-varying harmonic parameters. Two models are developed and tested. In the first, the measurements matrix varies with time, with an identity transition matrix. In the second model, the state transition matrix is a function of the sampling rate and the number of harmonics chosen. The algorithm is tested using a simulated and actual recorded data set. A sample set of results is reported. - Author(s): D.K. Ranaweera ; N.F. Hubele ; A.D. Papalexopoulos
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 142, Issue 1, p. 45 –50
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:19951602
- Type: Article
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A description and original application of a type of neural network, called the radial basis function network (RBFN), to the short-term system load forecasting (SLF) problem is presented. The predictive capability of the RBFN models and their ability to produce accurate measures that can be used to estimate confidence intervals for the short-term forecasts are illustrated, and an indication of the reliability of the calculations is given. Performance results are given for daily peak and total load forecasts for one year using data from a large-scale power system. A comparison between results from the RBFN model and the back-propagation neural network are also presented. - Author(s): T.T. Nguyen
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 142, Issue 1, p. 51 –58
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:19951484
- Type: Article
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The paper is devoted to the development of a neural network architecture which implements the Newton-Raphson algorithm for solving the set of nonlinear equations of power-system load-flow analysis. The principal context is that of online network analysis in energy management systems with particular reference to the optimal power-flow function. The author shows that the complete Newton-Raphson load-flow formulation maps into an array of two-layer neural networks. The development starts from a formulation for solving as a minimisation problem the linearised equation system to which the Newton-Raphson sequence leads at each iteration. For that purpose, an objective function in quadratic form is derived. A neural network structure is given which implements the steepest descent method for minimising this objective function. It is shown that the weighting coefficients of neural networks are formed from element values in the Jacobian matrix of Newton-Raphson load-flow analysis. When the Jacobian matrix is nonsingular, the quadratic objective function derived has a unique and global minimum. A principal feature of the extensive parallel processing capability of the architecture developed is that the computing time of load-flow analysis is independent of the number of nodes in the power network for which analysis is carried out. For a sample section of a power network, and by software simulation, the architecture which the paper seeks to report gives solutions which are identical with those from a standard sequential processor load-flow program. - Author(s): K.H. Hussein ; I. Muta ; T. Hoshino ; M. Osakada
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 142, Issue 1, p. 59 –64
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:19951577
- Type: Article
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As the maximum power operating point (MPOP) of photovoltaic (PV) power generation systems changes with changing atmospheric conditions (e.g. solar radiation and temperature), an important consideration in the design of efficient PV systems is to track the MPOP correctly. Many maximum power tracking (MPT) techniques have been considered in the past but techniques using microprocessors with appropriate MPT algorithms are favoured because of their flexibility and compatibility with different PV arrays. Although the efficiency of these MPT algorithms is usually high, it drops noticeably in cases of rapidly changing atmospheric conditions. The authors have developed a new MPT algorithm based on the fact that the MPOP of a PV generator can be tracked accurately by comparing the incremental and instantaneous conductances of the PV array. The work was carried out by both simulation and experiment, with results showing that the developed incremental conductance (IncCond) algorithm has successfully tracked the MPOP, even in cases of rapidly changing atmospheric conditions, and has higher efficiency than ordinary algorithms in terms of total PV energy transferred to the load. - Author(s): O. Battauscio ; M. Chiampi ; D. Chiarabaglio
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 142, Issue 1, p. 65 –72
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:19951489
- Type: Article
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The paper deals with the experimental validation of a numerical model for the steady-state analysis of multiconductor busbar systems. The computational approach employs the finite element technique to solve the two-dimensional electromagnetic field problem and deduce a complex impedance matrix. Such a matrix, inserted in the circuit equations, enables prediction of the system behaviour. The analysis has been developed on an industrial three-phase busbar system having three conductors per phase, considering different supply conditions. The experiments have confirmed the validity of the proposed model. - Author(s): V. Taylor ; M. Faulkner ; A. Kalam ; J. Haydon
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 142, Issue 1, p. 73 –80
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:19951588
- Type: Article
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Spread spectrum techniques perform well in high-noise environments such as power lines, and their use in radar ranging is well known. Existing power line carrier (PLC) equipment may be used to transmit a direct sequence signal down a faulted EHV line. The fault position may then be calculated from correlation analysis of the reflected waveforms. This fault-location process has been simulated on a digital computer by taking into account the frequency variation of the PLC interface and line parameters over the spread spectrum bandwidth. The effect of waveform characteristics and fault location are examined for a 100 km double transposed line with a single phase to ground fault. Results indicate that permanent faults may be located to within 0.5 km. - Author(s): J.L. Naredo ; A.C. Soudack ; J.R. Marti
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 142, Issue 1, p. 81 –87
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:19951488
- Type: Article
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p.
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Fast transients on power transmission systems, such as those produced by lightning and faults, are usually modelled by the Telegrapher's Equations. Because of corona, these equations are often nonlinear. It has long been recognised that the method of characteristics provides considerable advantages in dealing with these equations. To the best of the authors' knowledge, the first successful application of the eigenvector method of characteristics to nonlinear transients on lines is reported in this paper. In its present stage, the method described here can handle only single-phase lines with a static representation of corona. Nevertheless, this method lends itself to extensions that permit the handling of polyphasic lines, as well as the inclusion of dynamic corona models. - Author(s): A.R. Wood and J. Arrillaga
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, Volume 142, Issue 1, p. 88 –96
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-gtd:19951501
- Type: Article
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p.
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A linear and direct method of determining the major components of noncharacteristic waveform distortion at the terminals of an HVDC convertor is presented. The method is a development of the frequency-domain transfer function technique, and relates the AC current and DC voltage to distortion in the firing angle, AC voltage and DC current. The consequential effects of the commutation period and its dynamic variation are included. It is demonstrated that the dynamic variation of the commutation period is an important factor. The model is validated for low-order frequencies by comparison with results obtained by dynamic simulation for a simple test case.
Optimal pricing of transmission and distribution services in electricity supply
Economic evaluation of reliability-centred maintenance (RCM): an electricity transmission industry perspective
Reactive reserve management
Optimal choice of fixed and switched capacitors in radial distributors with distorted substation voltage
Rule-based variable-gain power system stabiliser
Optimal-power-flow solution by Newton's method applied to an augmented Lagrangian function
New dynamic filter based on least absolute value algorithm for on-line tracking of power system harmonics
Application of radial basis function neural network model for short-term load forecasting
Neural network load-flow
Maximum photovoltaic power tracking: an algorithm for rapidly changing atmospheric conditions
Experimental validation of a numerical model of busbar systems
Digital simulation of fault location on EHV lines using wideband spread spectrum techniques
Simulation of transients on transmission lines with corona via the method of characteristics
HVDC convertor waveform distortion: a frequency-domain analysis
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