IEE Proceedings - Electric Power Applications
Volume 150, Issue 6, November 2003
Volumes & issues:
Volume 150, Issue 6
November 2003
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- Author(s): N.L. Brown and L. Haydock
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Electric Power Applications, Volume 150, Issue 6, p. 629 –635
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-epa:20030847
- Type: Article
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The HB (Haydock Brown) machine combines permanent magnet and wound coil excitation to provide a single-stage brushless alternator. It offers efficient and compact solutions for small-scale engine-driven generator requirements. The simple construction conceals a rather unusual magnetic circuit that displays complex interactions between excitation sources in the presence of saturation and leakage fields. The paper describes the machine's configuration and operation. A design procedure based on a lumped-parameter magnetic equivalent-circuit model is introduced and a full-scale prototype with a nominal rating of 6 kVA is demonstrated. - Author(s): M. Nedeljković and Z. Stojiljković
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Electric Power Applications, Volume 150, Issue 6, p. 636 –638
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-epa:20030910
- Type: Article
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636
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In the paper a new method of current control for thyristor rectifiers with slow varying voltage generator type loads (battery chargers/dischargers, DC motors etc.) is described. The proposed control method is based on calculating the thyristor firing angle from a predicted voltage–time area on the DC side inductor. Thyristors are fired when the sum of the measured instant value of the DC current and the predicted current rises due to the voltage–time area on the DC side inductor becoming equal to the preset reference value. The proposed control method is tested and verified on a laboratory prototype system. - Author(s): B.-R. Lin and T.-C. Wei
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Electric Power Applications, Volume 150, Issue 6, p. 639 –646
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-epa:20030734
- Type: Article
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p.
639
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A current-controlled switching mode rectifier with a reduced switch count is presented. The proposed rectifier is based on the neutral-point-clamped topology. Only eight power switches with voltage stress of half DC-link voltage and four clamped diodes are employed in the proposed rectifier instead of 12 power switches and six clamped diodes used in the conventional neutral-point-clamped rectifier. The purposes of the proposed control strategy are to keep the factor correction at unity, to reduce current harmonics and to regulate DC bus voltage. The analysis and mathematical model of the rectifier is derived and the control strategy is provided. The effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is verified by the experimental results. - Author(s): M.A. Mueller and N.J. Baker
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Electric Power Applications, Volume 150, Issue 6, p. 647 –654
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-epa:20030642
- Type: Article
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p.
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Variable reluctance permanent magnet machines exhibit shear stresses higher than conventional machine topologies. However, analysis and design of these machine topologies is not straightforward owing to the nature of the flux paths in the machine. In a transverse flux machine flux flows in all three dimensions and the machine structure is non-conventional. The vernier hybrid machine is another member of this family, but the flux paths are restricted to two dimensions, and can therefore be constructed using laminations. Significant leakage flux paths exist in the vernier hybrid machine, which must be modelled accurately during machine design. The use of flux-linkage maps to determine the performance of a linear vernier hybrid machine is described. Experimental results are presented to verify the model. The technique can be applied to any variable reluctance permanent magnet machine topology. - Author(s): E. Spooner and L. Haydock
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Electric Power Applications, Volume 150, Issue 6, p. 655 –662
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-epa:20030909
- Type: Article
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The vernier hybrid machine is a member of the family of variable-reluctance permanent-magnet machines. It develops high specific torque by means of a magnetic gearing effect but it suffers from low power factor. The construction of the machine is simple. Analytical formulae are derived for specific torque and power factor. The formulae may be used to find a suitable compromise between the desire for high specific torque and for good power factor. Static torque tests taken from a small laboratory machine are in satisfactory agreement with theory. - Author(s): S. Green ; D.J. Atkinson ; B.C. Mecrow ; A.G. Jack ; B. Green
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Electric Power Applications, Volume 150, Issue 6, p. 663 –672
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-epa:20030911
- Type: Article
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663
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The aerospace industry is currently considering a constant voltage, variable frequency supply for aircraft power systems. This variable frequency system is based on a generator directly driven from the aero-engine, in which the frequency is dependent on engine speed. A number of safety critical loads are placed on this system, and it is essential that failure of any one load does not affect the operation of another. The paper develops the concept of fault tolerant input converters for an electric fuel pump. The converters always act as a unity power-factor load, and can tolerate a range of failures, whilst maintaining both the operation of the pump and minimal impact on the electrical supply. Two converter types are proposed and compared for this application. The operation of these two unity power factor converters from a variable frequency supply is demonstrated. The effect of faults in the selected converters on converter operation and the supply itself is then discussed. - Author(s): H.I. Sewell ; M.P. Foster ; C.M. Bingham ; D.A. Stone ; D. Hente ; D. Howe
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Electric Power Applications, Volume 150, Issue 6, p. 673 –679
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-epa:20030765
- Type: Article
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673
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A novel methodology for the high-speed analysis of LCC voltage output resonant power converters is presented. Termed rectifier transformed fundamental mode analysis, the procedure employs describing functions for determining equivalent passive circuit models for the combined rectifier, output filter and load circuitry. The resulting passive network is then used to predict voltages and currents throughout the converter. A refinement algorithm is also described that further enhances the accuracy of the analysis. Unlike previously published techniques, the proposed procedure is shown to accurately predict converter operation in the boost mode; a mode that normally requires the incorporation of an additional step-up transformer to realise output voltages that are higher than the input voltage in the converter topology under consideration. The accuracy of the procedure, and the enhancement that results from the refinement process, is demonstrated by comparing predictions of the maximum output voltage of LCC converters as a function of load, and the regulation at a fixed switching frequency as a function of the parallel rectifier capacitance with measurements from prototype converters, including operation in boost mode. The results confirm that the methodology is capable of correctly predicting the steady-state behaviour of voltage output LCC series resonant converters, particularly around the resonant frequency where previously published techniques can exhibit significant error. - Author(s): M.L. Martins ; H. Pinheiro ; J.R. Pinheiro ; H.A. Gründling ; H.L. Hey
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Electric Power Applications, Volume 150, Issue 6, p. 680 –688
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-epa:20030907
- Type: Article
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p.
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A family of zero voltage transition (ZVT) DC-DC PWM converters which uses a series resonant L-C network connected in series with the auxiliary switch, called a self-commutated auxiliary network, is presented. Thus, a simple and reliable means of achieving ZCS conditions to auxiliary switch commutations for wide line and load ranges is provided. Furthermore, this auxiliary network is placed in parallel with the main power converter maintaining the ZVT characteristics, so that neither voltage nor current place additional stresses on main devices. The improved ZVT PWM boost converter is analysed and its feasibility and reliability is confirmed by experimental results obtained from a 1 kW, 100 kHz laboratory prototype. - Author(s): Y.S. Jung and S.J. Kwon
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Electric Power Applications, Volume 150, Issue 6, p. 689 –694
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-epa:20030668
- Type: Article
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p.
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The inductor current of a current mode controlled ZVS half bridge pulse width modulation (PWM) converter contains high-frequency components. The low-frequency model of the converter, however, cannot predict the high-frequency components. The output voltage equation for the ZVS half-bridge PWM converter is derived from the steady-state analysis, and the sampling gain presented in the current control loop is investigated to improve the prediction performance of the low-frequency model of a ZVS half-bridge PWM converter. - Author(s): D.Y. Lee ; H.J. Noh ; D.S. Hyun ; I. Choy
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Electric Power Applications, Volume 150, Issue 6, p. 695 –702
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-epa:20030908
- Type: Article
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p.
695
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A sensorless control scheme using simple duty feedback technique in DC/DC converters is presented. The proposed duty feedback control (DFC) has characteristics which show the same operational performance as current mode control by using duty feedback technique without current sensor. Also, it shows faster dynamic response performance than conventional sensorless current mode (SCM) control where input source is perturbed by step change or where DC input source includes the harmonics. In addition, the proposed control scheme displays good noise immunity and has a simple control circuit, as it consists of one feedback loop system and can be applied to all DC/DC converters. The concept and control principles of the proposed control scheme are explained in detail and the validity of the proposed control scheme is verified through several interesting simulated and experimental results. - Author(s): D. Dolinar ; P. Ljušev ; G. Štumberger
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Electric Power Applications, Volume 150, Issue 6, p. 703 –711
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-epa:20030755
- Type: Article
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p.
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The tracking control design of an induction motor, based on input–output linearisation with magnetic saturation included is addressed. The magnetic saturation is represented by a nonlinear magnetising curve for the iron core and is used in the control, the observer of the state variables, and in the load torque estimator. An input–output linearising control is used to achieve better tracking performances. It is based on the mixed ‘stator current – rotor flux linkage’ induction motor model with magnetic saturation considered in the stationary reference frame. Experimental results show that the proposed input–output linearising tracking control with saturation included behaves considerably better than the one without saturation, and that it introduces smaller position and speed errors, and better motor stiffness on account of the increased computational complexity. - Author(s): T.C. Green ; C.A. Hernández-Arámburo ; A.C. Smith
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Electric Power Applications, Volume 150, Issue 6, p. 712 –724
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-epa:20030848
- Type: Article
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p.
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Inverter supply is known to create additional power losses in an induction machine over those occurring with grid supply. The extent and nature of that increase are examined here for a switching frequency representative of current practice. Data are obtained from a time-stepped finite element analysis (FEA) model of the machine, coupled to circuit equations that include a model of the switching action of the inverter. A variable time-step algorithm is used to ensure accurate representation of the switching waveforms at reasonable computational effort. Further improvement in speed is achieved by not performing a full FEA update of elemental reluctivities at every time-step but instead only when required by a change in magnetic flux. The power loss found in simulation is verified through experimental tests for both the machine and inverter. The examination of losses categorises those losses by cause, location and frequency band. The causes modelled are motor ohmic and iron losses and inverter conduction and switching losses. Iron losses are further divided into hysteresis, classic eddy-current and anomalous losses. Pulse-width modulation (PWM) at 5 kHz gave an identifiable but relatively unimportant increase in ohmic loss in the machine. In contrast, iron losses increased significantly. Eddy current loss in the rotor increased significantly (by up to 150% near the head of the bar) while in the stator, a significant increase in iron loss was caused by the phase-band leakage flux generated at the switching frequency. - Author(s): H. Kifune ; Y. Hatanaka ; M. Nakaoka
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Electric Power Applications, Volume 150, Issue 6, p. 725 –732
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-epa:20030558
- Type: Article
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p.
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A prototype of a series-load resonant and quasi-resonant hybrid-type soft-switching high frequency inverter is proposed for induction heating applications, together with its operating principle. The bridge legs of the inverter treated here have the salient feature of a power regulation function under a constant switching frequency which is based on pulse phase shift modulation due to the current leading leg and the current lagging leg. Because quasi-resonant current flowing through each active power switch becomes a trapezoidal waveform or quasi-square waveform due to the quasi-series resonant operation, it is expected that the conduction loss increase by the peak current through each power semiconductor switching device in the full bridge arm be basically suppressed as compared with that of the conventional series load resonant high frequency inverter. The design procedure of circuit components to achieve a soft-switching of this high frequency inverter, the reduction effect of switch peak voltage stress and its power regulation performance are described and discussed in detail. The effectiveness of the 5 kW–21 kHz soft-switching pulse phase shift modulated high frequency inverter using the IGBT power modules is proved on the basis of the power regulation performance and power conversion efficiency. - Author(s): F. Botterón ; R.F. de Camargo ; H.L. Hey ; J.R. Pinheiro ; H.A. Gründling ; H. Pinheiro
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Electric Power Applications, Volume 150, Issue 6, p. 733 –742
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-epa:20030913
- Type: Article
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p.
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The paper proposes two novel limiting algorithms for three-phase four-leg voltage source inverters to constrain the command vector inside the polyhedron defined by the boundaries of the inverter linear operating range. The first algorithm uses an inscribed ellipsoid on the polyhedron, and the second one is based on the polyhedron boundary planes. A detailed description is given which sets out the key points required for a digital implementation of space vector and limiting algorithms. In addition, the output voltages and the inductor currents are dynamically regulated by means of a MIMO servo controller in dq0 co-ordinates. These controllers are designed using an optimal discrete linear quadratic regulator technique, which ensures stability for the system at all operating conditions. To provide smooth transitions among the different modes of operation, nonlinear MIMO anti-windup algorithms are proposed to dynamically update the controller servo variables. Finally, experimental results on a 15 kVA PWM inverter fully controlled by a DSP controller, TMS320F241, have been used to validate the feasibility of the proposed algorithm and to demonstrate the performance of the overall system performance. - Author(s): O. Kükrer ; H. Kömürcügil ; N.S. Bayındır
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Electric Power Applications, Volume 150, Issue 6, p. 743 –746
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-epa:20030732
- Type: Article
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A simplified control strategy is proposed for single-phase uninterruptible power supplies in continuous time. In this strategy the controller has command feedforward and feedback components. Only proportional controllers are employed in the inductor current and output voltage control loops. This controller yields zero output impedance of the UPS, provided that estimated filter parameters match their actual values. Robustness of the control system is investigated. Simulation and experimental results are presented for linear and non-linear loads. - Author(s): L. Ma ; M. Sanada ; S. Morimoto ; Y. Takeda
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Electric Power Applications, Volume 150, Issue 6, p. 747 –751
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-epa:20030930
- Type: Article
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Although good precision has been realised in iron loss calculation for static electrical apparatus, such as transformers, difficulties have been encountered in the case of rotating machines. Due to complex structures, varying flux distributions, rotational field and flux density harmonics, less satisfactory results are achieved for the prediction of iron loss in rotating machines. The influence of the rotational field as well as flux density harmonics on the iron loss calculation based on finite element method are considered in this paper. To account for the effect of additional iron losses due to the appearance of rotational flux density vectors and harmonics, revisions to the conventional method are made to reduce the prediction error. Calculations and experiments have been carried out on two interior permanent magnet synchronous motors with different kinds of winding and a synchronous reluctance motor. Experimental results have verified that improved precision of iron loss calculation can be achieved by using the proposed method. - Author(s): A. Tenhunen ; T.P. Holopainen ; A. Arkkio
- Source: IEE Proceedings - Electric Power Applications, Volume 150, Issue 6, p. 752 –756
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-epa:20030192
- Type: Article
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An impulse method to calculate the frequency response of the electromagnetic forces acting between the rotor and stator of a cage induction motor when the rotor is in whirling motion is presented. Time-stepping finite element analysis is used to solve the magnetic field and the forces are calculated from the airgap field based on the principle of virtual work. The impulse response method is applied to the finite element analysis by moving the rotor from its central position for a short period of time. This displacement excitation disturbs the magnetic field, and this produces forces between the rotor and stator. Using spectral analysis techniques, the frequency response function is calculated using the excitation and response signals. The forces are calculated from the frequency response function. The forces calculated by impulse response method are compared with those calculated by a conventional computation. The results show very good agreement. The use of the impulse method to calculate the forces in electrical machines is also discussed.
New brushless synchronous alternator
Fast current control for thyristor rectifiers
Three-phase high power factor rectifier with two NPC legs
Modelling the performance of the vernier hybrid machine
Vernier hybrid machines
Fault tolerant, variable frequency, unity power factor converters for safety critical PM drives
Analysis of voltage output LCC resonant converters, including boost mode operation
Family of improved ZVT PWM converters using a self-commutated auxiliary network
Accuracy improvement of low-frequency small signal model of current mode controlled zero voltage switching half-bridge PWM converter
Sensorless control scheme using simple duty feedback technique in DC/DC converters
Input–output linearising tracking control of an induction motor including magnetic saturation effects
Losses in grid and inverter supplied induction machine drives
Quasi-series-resonant-type soft-switching phase shift modulated inverter
New limiting algorithms for space vector modulated three-phase four-leg voltage source inverters
Control strategy for single-phase UPS inverters
Iron loss prediction considering the rotational field and flux density harmonics in IPMSM and SynRM
Impulse method to calculate the frequency response of the electromagnetic forces on whirling cage rotors
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