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Volume 131
Issue 4
IEE Proceedings A (Physical Science, Measurement and Instrumentation, Management and Education, Reviews)
Volume 131, Issue 4, June 1984
Volumes & issues:
Volume 131, Issue 4
June 1984
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- Author(s): L.J. Bond
- Source: IEE Proceedings A (Physical Science, Measurement and Instrumentation, Management and Education, Reviews), Volume 131, Issue 4, page: 185 –185
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-a-1.1984.0032
- Type: Article
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185
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- Author(s): M.F. Lewis ; C.L. West ; J.M. Deacon ; R.F. Humphryes
- Source: IEE Proceedings A (Physical Science, Measurement and Instrumentation, Management and Education, Reviews), Volume 131, Issue 4, p. 186 –215
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-a-1.1984.0033
- Type: Article
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Surface-acoustic-wave (SAW) delay lines employing photolithographically fabricated transducers were first described in 1965. Since then there has been a continuous stream of publications on the physics of SAW propagation, and on the applications of these planar acoustic elements as high-frequency electrical components. By 1975 the principles of many potentially useful SAW devices had been described, and the first dispersive delay lines were being employed in pulse compression radar. In the paper the advances made in more recent years are reviewed, which have seen the development of numerous SAW devices for military and civil applications, and the realisation of their mass-production capability in the TV IF filter. The paper also describes the latest trends towards smaller and cheaper devices, lower insertion losses and more sophisticated performance, which will be the hallmarks of future generations of SAW devices. - Author(s): P. Defranould
- Source: IEE Proceedings A (Physical Science, Measurement and Instrumentation, Management and Education, Reviews), Volume 131, Issue 4, p. 216 –224
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-a-1.1984.0034
- Type: Article
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216
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This paper presents a review of the state of the art on bulk acoustic delay lines, the main feature of which is to achieve large delays, up to 100 μs, in very small size packages. The structure uses piezoelectric thin-film transducers working at microwave frequencies (1 to 10 GHz). Basic design considerations show the range of specifications, mainly bandwidth, insertion loss and delay time, which can be reached by such devices. The fabrication process of the zinc oxide on sapphire structure is described, including thin-film deposition, impedance matching and packaging operations. We give the specifications of some typical delay lines working in transmission and reflection modes. Finally, we mention some applications of these delay lines to calibration and radar signal processing. - Author(s): P.N.T. Wells
- Source: IEE Proceedings A (Physical Science, Measurement and Instrumentation, Management and Education, Reviews), Volume 131, Issue 4, p. 225 –232
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-a-1.1984.0035
- Type: Article
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225
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The propagation speed of ultrasound in biological soft tissues is about 1500 ms−11, and the attenuation rate is about 1 dBcm−1 MHz−1. Using piezoelectric ceramic transducers, pulse-echo techniques are widely used in diagnosis, particularly with time/position and real-time two-dimensional displays in obstetrical, abdominal and cardiological investigations. Doppler techniques are used for fetal heart motion detection and for blood-flow studies. In duplex scanning, real-time imaging is used to guide the positioning of the pulsed Doppler sample volume. Orthogonal transmission imaging, ultrasonic computed tomography and acoustic microscopy are being developed. Speckle, tissue characterisation and image-processing techniques are being investigated. The ultrasonic exposures used in diagnosis appear to be safe. Ultrasonic physiotherapy exploits beneficial biological effects, and destructive effects form the basis of the application of low- and high-frequency techniques in surgery. - Author(s): R.C. Preston and A.J. Livett
- Source: IEE Proceedings A (Physical Science, Measurement and Instrumentation, Management and Education, Reviews), Volume 131, Issue 4, p. 233 –240
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-a-1.1984.0036
- Type: Article
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Absolute measurement of the acoustic output of medical ultrasonic equipment in the megahertz frequency range is discussed, together with the methods developed at NPL for the determination of the total ultrasonic power using a radiation pressure balance and the measurement of spatial and temporal field quantities with miniature piezoelectric hydrophones. The principles of the radiation pressure balance and the absolute calibration of hydrophones, which form the basis of the NPL ultrasonic standards programme, are described. Finally, beam calibration systems, which have been specially developed for the rapid and quantitative evaluation of ultrasonic fields, are briefly discussed. - Author(s): R. Dukes and E.A. Culpan
- Source: IEE Proceedings A (Physical Science, Measurement and Instrumentation, Management and Education, Reviews), Volume 131, Issue 4, p. 241 –251
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-a-1.1984.0037
- Type: Article
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p.
241
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Acoustic emission offers the possibility of inspecting the whole volume of large structures from a limited number of access points. The paper discusses the historical development of the technique and describes the instrumentation and analytical methods used for interpretation. Experience has shown that, contrary to early statements, acoustic emission is not a universal inspection tool and the latter portion of the paper describes applications where the technique does have some chance of success. - Author(s): K.J. Bowker and R.C. Owen
- Source: IEE Proceedings A (Physical Science, Measurement and Instrumentation, Management and Education, Reviews), Volume 131, Issue 4, p. 252 –264
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-a-1.1984.0038
- Type: Article
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252
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Ultrasonic NDT is used extensively in the CEGB and, in recent years, demands for its wider application and for higher quality inspections have prompted considerable developments. Traditional ultrasonic inspection equipment can now be complemented by sophisticated analogue and digital devices which take advantage of modern electronics and computer technology. Developments in both data collection and data processing for ultrasonic NDT are critically reviewed and illustrated by a variety of systems and their uses. - Author(s): L.J. Bond and M. Punjani
- Source: IEE Proceedings A (Physical Science, Measurement and Instrumentation, Management and Education, Reviews), Volume 131, Issue 4, p. 265 –274
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-a-1.1984.0039
- Type: Article
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Nondestructive testing is moving from being an art to a quantitative science. The paper first reviews the ultrasonic NDT literature; this is followed by consideration of the contribution which can be made to the understanding of analytically intractable wave-defect interaction problems by the use of numerical modelling based on explicit finite-difference schemes. Examples are presented of a developing family of ultrasonic NDT techniques which extract additional information from the wave field by combining time-of-flight and mode conversion information with ultrasonic spectroscopy. Immersion schemes, based on leaky Rayleigh waves for surface and near-surface defects are considered. These techniques are shown to extend the scope of ultrasonic NDT with improved reliability of detection and the potential to provide quantitative defect characterisations. - Author(s): J.A. Cooper ; R.J. Dewhurst ; S. Moody ; S.B. Palmer
- Source: IEE Proceedings A (Physical Science, Measurement and Instrumentation, Management and Education, Reviews), Volume 131, Issue 4, p. 275 –281
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-a-1.1984.0040
- Type: Article
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275
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A high-voltage spark-discharge source acting as an impulsive ultrasonic generator has been designed and tested. Ultrasound generated by this source has been detected and compared with ultrasound generated by a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser pulse focused to produce a plasma on the surface of the metal sample. The two sources have been shown to exhibit similar ultrasound generation characteristics. Additionally, a surface breaking crack has been detected using spark-source-generated acoustic waves, and surface damage caused by the spark source has been investigated. - Author(s): H.K. Wickramasinghe
- Source: IEE Proceedings A (Physical Science, Measurement and Instrumentation, Management and Education, Reviews), Volume 131, Issue 4, p. 282 –291
- DOI: 10.1049/ip-a-1.1984.0041
- Type: Article
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p.
282
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After nearly ten years of research and development, the acoustic microscope has now reached the point where its resolution is far superior to that of the optical microscope. Several commercial firms are now in the process of manufacturing scanning acoustic microscopes, and it will not be long before these are available on the open market. In the paper, we review the basic operating principles of the microscope and describe some of the achievements made over the past decade. The paper is concluded by a discussion of possible areas for future advance.
Ultrasonics
Recent developments in SAW devices
Bulk acoustic microwave delay lines: design, fabrication and performance
Medical ultrasonics
Medical ultrasonic standards at NPL
Acoustic emission: its techniques and applications
Review of recent developments in ultrasonic NDT systems in the CEGB
Review of some recent advances in quantitative ultrasonic NDT
High-voltage spark discharge source as an ultrasonic generator
Acoustic microscopy: present and future
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