The problem of congestion control with balanced-energy is important for application of WSNs, since the limited resources and many-to-one communication model often result in congestion and unbalanced energy consumption. In this study, a hierarchy-based congestion control and energy-balanced scheme is proposed. The network model is firstly initialised into a hierarchical topology, by which these neighbour nodes of a node will be explicitly divided into three kinds, i.e., the same hierarchical nodes, the upstream nodes, and the downstream nodes. Then, in the proposed congestion avoidance method, the node will use other lower hierarchy neighbour nodes to forward data when its downstream node will be congested. After that, the congestion control mechanism will detect the congestion via the queue length, forwarding and receiving rate, and inform its upstream nodes to find other next hop to release the congestion. The balanced energy consumption strategy will balance the energy consumption of lower hierarchy nodes by using the node with the most remaining energy. Meanwhile, by using the same hierarchy nodes, the remaining energy of all the nodes in the same hierarchy is balanced. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively deal with the network congestion and unbalanced energy consumption.

This study discusses how the third generation partnership project (3GPP) network can be used to enhance machine-to-machine (M2M) communication by developing a service capability framework that enables external third party application vendors to co-ordinate with 3GPP network operators to facilitate M2M communications using a standardised interface to 3GPP services. This framework also enables enhancements for group communication and monitoring applications.

Efficient and reliable routing protocol is one of the key technologies in wireless sensor networks, and it has been concerned by a lot of researchers. In light of the random selection of cluster head in low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy protocol algorithm, the residual energy of nodes, node location and node density are not considered. Through theoretical deduction and mathematical calculation, the study found that it is a NP – hard problem. A swarm intelligence algorithm was introduced into the clustering algorithm of wireless sensor network, and an efficient and reliable clustering algorithm for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) based on quantum artificial bee colony algorithm was proposed. Considering the residual energy of nodes, node location and node density, and the energy consumption of the network is balanced. Experiments show that the proposed routing protocol outperforms other work in most cases by reducing the network energy consumption for WSNs by more than 13%, which indicates the feasibility of the authors’ approach for efficient and reliable routing protocol in wireless sensor networks.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) possess formidable design challenges in Energy constrained operation, Communication range, Memory and processing power constraints, Bandwidth constrained links, Dynamic network topologies and Network traffic patterns. These new-found types of networks are largely dictated by application requirements and characterized by severe resource constraints in terms of available energy, computational and communication capabilities. Routing is one of the significant design considerations in WSNs, more especially under severe energy constraints. In this paper the Energy Efficient Distributed Receiver (EEDR) based routing protocol for WSNs is proposed. The proposed work employs the concept of initiating the route from the receiver side instead of sender side. The procedure aims to opt the best route from the multiple routes based on the quality of the multiple channels. The main outcomes of EEDR protocol are (1) Finding a stable route between the source and the destination, (2) adaptation to dynamic conditions of the links with very small delay, (3) Reducing the power consumption of node, (4) Improving the lifetime of the node. The simulation results shows that, for EEDR protocol, the node energy consumption is very less, reduced end-to-end delay and increased throughput. EEDR also ensures loop free routing with reduced hop count.