In the present day, there is an enormous demand in the supply of energy to all users. Since the voltage stability for the distribution system is not steady under any circumstances, therefore, to solve the problem of voltage instability the entire distribution system must simplified properly. Thus, some active support is provided for balancing the demand for electrical energy supply. Hence, the problem of voltage instability has been solved by considering phasor measuring units (PMUs) using antlion optimisation proposed in this study. The cost of PMU has been analysed along with other factors such as observability for effectively placing the PMUs with the identification of the weakest node. The problem is solved by using a non-linear model and the effectiveness of the proposed approach is tested using IEEE-15, IEEE-33, IEEE-69 Radial Distribution Systems and Croatia distribution grid. The result shows that the suggested algorithm is more effective in getting the optimal PMU placements considering multi-objective. Hence, the maiden state estimation values for distribution topologies are used.

The proposed training system helps the examined people to generate motor images based on the example maps of the activity of neuronal cell fractions presented to them. The study involved 16 students at the Laboratory of Neuroinformatics and Decision Systems of the Technical University of Opole. The group was divided into two equal subgroups, one of which was acquainted with the operation of the system, while the other – considered as a control – was not. Electroencephalographic signals were recorded when users were imagining the upper limb movement for two subgroups before and after the imagery training in order to verify the introduction of the proposed training system. The area used for data acquisition as part of the monitoring session implemented with the use of the Emotiv EPOC Flex device is a sensorimotor cortex. As it results from the carried-out literature analysis, it was the first attempt to use the 32-channel Emotive EPOC Flex device in the scope of the training system construction in the field of motor imagery.

The principle of centrifugal force produced by flowing fluid through the semicircular section of a pipe line is not sufficient to explain the characteristic of the centrifugal force type flow transducer developed from this principle. In this study, a modified form of this flow transducer is developed using a modified force sensing technique. This modified force principle explains the characteristic of the flow transducer to a very good extent. The modified force produced in the modified transducer system is composed of four components namely, centrifugal force, momentum force, damping force and restoring force. These forces produce the identical downward and upward movements of the lever ends of a common balance which is initially made horizontal at zero flow by using similar sensing U-tube and dummy U-tube. These movements are sensed by two identical inductive sensors. The static characteristic equation of the prototype unit of the transducer using the modified force sensing technique is derived mathematically in the study. The equation coefficients are calculated from the design parameters and are found to be matched with the same obtained from the average characteristic of repeated experiments performed under the same laboratory environment. Thus the proposed modified model appears to be established.

The proposed study compares the electrical, thermal and mechanical performances of thermally aged cellulose pressboard material impregnated in mineral oil, synthetic ester fluid and mixed oil. The electrical insulation characteristics of oil-impregnated pressboard (OIP) are studied by means of surface discharge inception voltage (SDIV) using an ultra-high frequency technique and surface potential measurement analysis. It indicates that OIP aged in mineral oil has higher surface potential due to higher charge trap density compared to that of the mixed oil and synthetic ester fluid. Mechanical and thermal characteristics of the aged OIP are studied by means of tensile strength measurement and thermo-gravimetric analysis, respectively. The change in the chemical composition of OIP is studied by means of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, which indicates lower plasma temperature with mineral oil-based OIP indicating higher degradation state. To further understand the microscopic structure of the thermally aged OIP in different oils, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction studies have been performed. The pressboard thermally aged in synthetic ester fluid and the mixed oil has better electrical, thermal and mechanical properties as compared with the pressboard aged in mineral oil.

Respiratory rate is an essential indicator of serious illness. Compared to heart rate or systolic blood pressure, its change is more evident, hence is a better means to discern stable patients from those at risks. In addition, the respiration rate is a crucial indication of sleep quality associated with sleep disorders such as obstructive sleep apnea. Oronasal pressure, as a clinical respiratory signal for sleep analysis, can be used in polysomnography both in labs of hospital and homes. Besides, it is often taken as a reference signal in research as opposed to the estimated respiration rate. This study aims to provide an automated respiratory rate estimation system with signals taken from oronasal pressure transducer that can cope with noises and is adaptive to various respiratory frequencies. A robust approach is presented here that employs Ensemble empirical mode decomposition method to remove signal noise, together with Butterworth band-pass filter to obtain the breathing frequency by means of zero-crossing. Among 97.6% of the test data, the study yields a root mean square error of 1.031. Compared to other methods, the current approach provides a more accurate respiration rate estimation in the application of orinasal pressure to sleep analysis.