IET Power Electronics
Volume 6, Issue 6, July 2013
Volumes & issues:
Volume 6, Issue 6
July 2013
Takagi–Sugeno–Kang type probabilistic fuzzy neural network control for grid-connected LiFePO4 battery storage system
- Author(s): Faa-Jeng Lin ; Ming-Shi Huang ; Ying-Chih Hung ; Chi-Hsuan Kuan ; Sheng-Long Wang ; Yih-Der Lee
- Source: IET Power Electronics, Volume 6, Issue 6, p. 1029 –1040
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-pel.2012.0327
- Type: Article
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A Takagi–Sugeno–Kang type probabilistic fuzzy neural network (TSKPFNN) control is proposed to control a grid-connected LiFePO4 battery storage system in this study. First, the modelling of the battery and bidirectional AC–DC converter are described in detail. Then, the active and reactive power controls using phase-lock loop are briefly introduced. Moreover, to improve the control performance of the grid-connected LiFePO4 battery storage system, the TSKPFNN control, which combines the advantages of Takagi–Sugeno–Kang type fuzzy logic system and three-dimensional membership function, is developed. The network structure, online learning algorithm using delta adaptation law and convergence analysis of the TSKPFNN are described in detail. Furthermore, a 32-bit fixed-point digital signal processor, TMS320F28035, is adopted for the implementation of the proposed intelligent controlled battery storage system. Finally, some experimental results are illustrated to show the validity of the proposed TSKPFNN control for the grid-connected LiFePO4 battery storage system.
Cascaded cross-switched multilevel inverter in symmetric and asymmetric conditions
- Author(s): Mohammad Farhadi Kangarlu ; Ebrahim Babaei ; Mehran Sabahi
- Source: IET Power Electronics, Volume 6, Issue 6, p. 1041 –1050
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-pel.2012.0563
- Type: Article
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This study proposes and analyses a new cascaded multilevel inverter in both symmetric and asymmetric conditions. Firstly, the topology is presented in general form and then it is optimised. For any given number of voltage levels, the proposed topology reduces the number of switches. In the symmetric condition, the proposed topology offers capability of charge balance control method while reducing the number of switches. Also, unlike the other reduced switch topologies, the proposed topology does not increase the total standing voltage of the switches in comparison with the conventional cascaded H-bridge (CHB) multilevel inverter. In the asymmetric condition, the proposed topology has highest output voltage resolution while keeping the total standing voltage equal to the CHB topology. In other words, in both symmetric and asymmetric conditions the number of switches in the proposed topology is lower than that of the CHB topology. However, both the proposed topology and also the CHB topology have the same total standing voltage on the switches. Other asymmetric topologies use higher number of switches and have higher total standing voltage in comparison with the proposed asymmetric topology. A modified phase-shifted-pulse width modulation is also presented for the proposed symmetric topology. The proposed topology is verified with simulation and experimental results.
Pulse density modulated control patterns for inductively powered implantable devices based on energy injection control
- Author(s): Ho Yan Leung ; Daniel McCormick ; David M. Budgett ; Aiguo Patrick Hu
- Source: IET Power Electronics, Volume 6, Issue 6, p. 1051 –1057
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-pel.2012.0694
- Type: Article
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High power inductively powered implantable devices (5–15 W) such as an artificial heart demand continuous power over widely varying coupling and loading conditions. An energy injection converter is suitable for driving the power transfer coil of an inductive power transfer system for this application because of its ability to control power flow over a large coupling range without any additional power stages. In addition it allows this to be done while maintaining soft-switching at all times. Here the authors propose a new control method based on pulse density modulation patterns. The proposed control is compared with other energy injection control methods, and it is found to have superior performance in terms of control action and linearity. It is also shown to improve the practical control range and decreases the component stress with improved resonant waveforms. The comparison of different control methods was performed through simulation and verified through practical implementation.
Analytical winding size optimisation for different conductor shapes using Ampère's Law
- Author(s): Rafal P. Wojda and Marian K. Kazimierczuk
- Source: IET Power Electronics, Volume 6, Issue 6, p. 1058 –1068
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-pel.2011.0415
- Type: Article
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In this study, an analytical optimisation of the foil, strip, square and solid-round-wire winding inductors conducting sinusoidal current is performed. The Ampère law is used to derive analytical equations for the AC-to-DC winding resistance ratio of different shape inductor windings valid at low and medium frequencies. These equations are used to perform optimisation of windings to obtain the global minimum of the winding AC resistance of the foil and strip wire windings and the local minimum of the winding AC resistance for the square and solid-round-wire windings. Derivations of AC-to-DC winding resistance ratio and winding AC resistance based on Ampère's law for the solid-round-wire windings are compared to Dowell's equation. Results of the predicted winding AC resistance based on Ampère's law for the solid-round-wire windings are validated by experimental results.
A soft-switching post-regulator for multi-outputs dual forward DC/DC converter with tight output voltage regulation
- Author(s): Bin Su ; Huiqing Wen ; Junming Zhang ; Zhengyu Lu
- Source: IET Power Electronics, Volume 6, Issue 6, p. 1069 –1077
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-pel.2012.0516
- Type: Article
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An improved soft-switching post-regulator topology for multi-outputs dual forward DC/DC converter is presented. A delay-trailing modulation method is proposed. ZVSZCS on/zero-current-switching off conditions can be realised on both the primary MOSFETs and the secondary rectifying diodes. Excellent decoupling among different outputs and tight output voltage regulation are achieved. The efficiency is improved due to single power-conversion stage and share in the primary components. The operating principle and main feature of this improved topology are analysed. Key design issue including zero-voltage-switching operation, maximum duty ratio of the primary side MOSFETs and parameter determination for the primary magnetising inductor and the secondary additional redistribution capacitor are discussed. Finally, an experimental prototype with two outputs (300–400 V input, 48 V, 6.5 A and 24 V, 11 A outputs) is built to verify the theoretical analysis. The measured efficiency at normal operation input voltage (400 V) is improved by about 0.5–2%, and the measured efficiency under light loads is improved by more than 2%.
Accurate model for the forward converter with peak current-mode control
- Author(s): Shen-Yuar Chen and Manh Tran Van
- Source: IET Power Electronics, Volume 6, Issue 6, p. 1078 –1087
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-pel.2012.0530
- Type: Article
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In this study, an accurate model for the forward converter with peak current-mode control is clearly shown in order to analyse the effect of the magnetising inductor. From the current loop of the proposed model, it can be found that the magnetising inductor current has the same effect of preventing the converter from sub-harmonic oscillation as that of the external ramp. In addition, the feed forward gain of the circuit has been modified owing to the effect of the magnetising inductor. Finally, the validity and accuracy of the small-signal model containing a magnetising inductor are verified with the results of the experiment.
Research on cascaded three-phase-bridge multilevel converter based on CPS-PWM
- Author(s): Zhi-G. Lu ; Li-L. Zhao ; Wan-P. Zhu ; Chun-J. Wu ; Yu-S. Qin
- Source: IET Power Electronics, Volume 6, Issue 6, p. 1088 –1099
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-pel.2012.0510
- Type: Article
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Cascaded multilevel converters are emerging as a new breed of power converter options for high-voltage and high-power applications. A cascaded three-phase-bridge (C3PB) multilevel topology is proposed in this study. The new multilevel converter topology is derived from an optimum combination of three-phase voltage source converter modules and it needs fewer switches and dc capacitors than Δ-connected cascaded H-bridge converter under the similar operation condition. The characteristics of the C3PB converter are presented through analysing its current relationship, voltage relationship and power allocation in detail; the analysis results show that all the converter modules equally share the output power. Based on carrier phase-shifted pulse-width modulation (CPS-PWM) technique, simulation results of two-level and three-level inverter are given to verify the theoretical analysis; meanwhile, CPS-PWM and power decoupling control method are employed to validate the three-level C3PB rectifier. Finally, based on Digital Signal Processor (DSP) + Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) control board, a lab prototype is built to verify the validity and feasibility of the proposed C3PB converter along with the proposed control method.
Analysis and design of isolated flyback voltage-multiplier converter for low-voltage input and high-voltage output applications
- Author(s): Zhang Zhiguo and Zhou Lin
- Source: IET Power Electronics, Volume 6, Issue 6, p. 1100 –1110
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-pel.2012.0552
- Type: Article
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An isolated flyback voltage-multiplier (VM) converter is presented in this study in light of the basic line frequency voltage-multiplying rectifier. The proposed circuit with a high conversion ratio operates in discontinuous conduction mode and combines the merits of the VM with flyback converters. It is very suitable to be used in low-voltage input and high-voltage output applications where compact size and a high conversion ratio are needed. The operations and prominent characteristics of the circuit are described, and the dynamic and steady-state transfer function of the output-voltage/input-voltage is also derived. A laboratory prototype has been built based on the analysis. The validity of analysis for this circuit is verified by experimental results.
Maximum power point tracking of single-ended primary-inductor converter employing a novel optimisation technique for proportional-integral-derivative controller
- Author(s): Ahmad El Khateb ; Nasrudin Abd Rahim ; Jeyraj Selvaraj ; Mohammad Nasir Uddin
- Source: IET Power Electronics, Volume 6, Issue 6, p. 1111 –1121
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-pel.2012.0416
- Type: Article
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This study presents an optimisation technique for proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller to achieve maximum-power-point tracking (MPPT) of single-ended primary-inductor converter (SEPIC). A new weight function is developed to optimise the PID parameters based on gradient-descent (GD) method by adding low-pass filter term. The proposed optimisation method does not stick in the local minima, which happens frequently with the traditional weight function used in GD method, where the low-pass filter term suppresses the noise and smooths the iteration process. The prototype of the proposed optimised PID-based SEPIC converter for photovoltaic inverter applications is built using DSP-based TMS320F28335. The performance of the proposed optimised PID-based MPPT scheme is tested in both simulation and experiment at different operating conditions. A performance comparison of the proposed GD method with the conventional GD PID is also made in real-time. It is found that the proposed optimised PID-based SEPIC converter is superior to the conventional GD PID controller in terms of power transfer and efficiency. Furthermore, the proposed optimised PID controller for two-level inverter can achieve a better total harmonic distortion (THD) level as compared to the multi-level inverter frequently used by researchers for the same purpose.
Enhanced three-phase multilevel inverter configuration
- Author(s): Charles Ikechukwu Odeh
- Source: IET Power Electronics, Volume 6, Issue 6, p. 1122 –1131
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-pel.2012.0605
- Type: Article
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This study reports a three-phase multilevel inverter (MLI) topology. The MLI configuration generates voltage levels similar to the corresponding well-known conventional diode-clamped, flying capacitors and cascaded H-bridge inverters but with fewer power circuit components and simplicity. By optimising the proposed switching patterns through analysis, the total harmonic distortion of the inverter output line voltage waveforms have been reduced. The validity of the proposed cascade MLI is verified through simulation and experiments.
Bridgeless electrolytic capacitor-less valley-fill AC/DC converter for offline Twin-Bus light-emitting diode lighting application
- Author(s): Hongbo Ma ; Cong Zheng ; Wensong Yu ; Bin Gu ; Jih-Sheng (Jason) Lai ; Quanyuan Feng
- Source: IET Power Electronics, Volume 6, Issue 6, p. 1132 –1141
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-pel.2012.0708
- Type: Article
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To match the key features of light-emitting diode (LED) lighting source and further save power, LED lighting driver also requires long life, while maintaining high efficiency, high power factor, pulse-width modulation dimming and low cost. However, a typical LED lighting driver has the following drawbacks: (i) utilise bulky electrolytic capacitor as storage capacitor with short lifetime; (ii) employ a low-frequency diode bridge as the rectifier cell; and (iii) engage multiple stages cascade structure for multiple LED strings. To overcome the aforementioned shortages, this study proposed a bridgeless electrolytic capacitor-less AC/DC converter for offline LED lighting application. In the proposed converter, the conventional diode rectified bridge is replaced by Totem-pole bridgeless configuration for reducing the number of semiconductors in the line-current path. Meanwhile, the valley-fill circuit is introduced to further reduce the capacitor size. As comparison to its counterpart, the proposed circuit requires only one quarter of the capacitor energy when considering the energy amount (CV 2) as the capacitor sizing criterion. Furthermore, the isolation type of the studied circuit is compatible with Twin-Bus configuration for achieving higher overall system efficiency. Finally, the experimental results, taken from a laboratory prototype rated at 50 W, are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed converter.
Power loss analysis of active clamp forward converter in continuous conduction mode and discontinuous conduction mode operating modes
- Author(s): Shen Xu ; Taizhi Zhang ; Yunpeng Yao ; Weifeng Sun
- Source: IET Power Electronics, Volume 6, Issue 6, p. 1142 –1150
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-pel.2013.0019
- Type: Article
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In order to improve the light-load efficiency of active clamp forward converter with synchronous rectifier (SR), power loss analysis of the converter operating in continuous conduction mode (CCM) and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) are presented in this study. The light-load efficiency of normal ACF converter with SR is low because the output inductor current can go negative when operating in CCM. Considering the fixed frequency control only, to shift the converter's operating mode from CCM to DCM at a critical point of output current at light-load is a solution for efficiency improvement. Based on the CCM and DCM power dissipation models proposed in this study, the power loss characteristics of the converter are analysed, and the critical shift point of output current can be derived, which has also been verified by an experimental prototype.
100 mV–1.2 V fully-integrated DC–DC converters for thermal energy harvesting
- Author(s): Giovanni Bassi ; Luigi Colalongo ; Anna Richelli ; Zsolt Miklós Kovacs-Vajna
- Source: IET Power Electronics, Volume 6, Issue 6, p. 1151 –1156
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-pel.2012.0625
- Type: Article
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Two fully-integrated DC/DC converters for energy harvesting applications are presented. The startup-voltages of the converters are, respectively, 140 and 100 mV, the output voltage exceeds 1.2 V, with a power efficiency of about 20%. The architectures for boosting such extremely low voltages are based on an ultra-low-voltage oscillator cross connected to a capacitive converter. The overall circuits do not require any external components and can be fully integrated in a standard complementary metal oxide semiconductor low-voltage technology. The converters have been designed in United Microelectronics Corporation 180 nm process.
Zero-Voltage-Transition auxiliary circuit with dual resonant tank for DC–DC converters with synchronous rectification
- Author(s): Hong-Tzer Yang ; Jian-Tang Liao ; Xiang-Yu Cheng
- Source: IET Power Electronics, Volume 6, Issue 6, p. 1157 –1164
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-pel.2012.0650
- Type: Article
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DC–DC converters are needed to supply power with high efficiency in various applications in industry. However, the conventional DC–DC converters cannot achieve higher efficiency mostly owing to the switching and conduction losses. On the basis of existing topologies, in this study a novel ZVT auxiliary circuit with dual resonant tank for the DC–DC converters with synchronous rectification (SR) is proposed. The proposed ZVT auxiliary circuit aims at reducing losses of conventional DC–DC converters by using zero-voltage-switching, zero-current-switching and SR with reduced reverse recovery time of junction diodes. To verify the proposed circuit, a Buck converter integrated with the proposed dual resonant tank is implemented in this study. The simulated and experimental results obtained have demonstrated that the proposed dual resonant tank can be practically implemented in conventional DC–DC converters to provide better performance as compared with existing topologies.
Multilevel inverter based on cascaded association of Buck EIE inverters
- Author(s): Natalia Costa ; Fernando Melo ; Luiz de Freitas ; Ernane Coelho ; Luiz C.G. Freitas
- Source: IET Power Electronics, Volume 6, Issue 6, p. 1165 –1174
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-pel.2012.0684
- Type: Article
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The multilevel inverters are pointed in the literature as one of the most suitable solutions for high-power applications, in medium and high voltage levels. These inverters are based on the association of converters, either in parallel or in series, aiming at processing smaller amount of the total output power in each converter. Generally, the output voltage and/or current are a staircase waveform and the output voltage has low harmonic distortion because of the used passive filters and/or modulation techniques. In this context, a novel approach on cascaded multilevel inverters is presented in this study. The proposed topology is based on the cascaded association of Buck EIE inverters, developed from the EIE active commutation cell. The output voltage is totally controlled and it follows a desired reference signal, which assures a low harmonic distortion without the necessity of using passive filters on the output of the converter. The level of voltage stress over the power semiconductor devices, especially switches and diodes, are kept low even for high voltage applications. Detailed circuit description is given as well as a complete theoretical analysis. The mathematical model for the three-level Buck EIE inverter is also presented and, in order to confirm the operation of the proposed topology, experimental results are here addressed.
Family of high-boost Z-source inverters with combined switched-inductor and transformer cells
- Author(s): Minh-Khai Nguyen ; Young-Cheol Lim ; Sung-Jun Park ; Duck-Shick Shin
- Source: IET Power Electronics, Volume 6, Issue 6, p. 1175 –1187
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-pel.2013.0033
- Type: Article
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This study proposes a new family of high-boost Z-source inverters (ZSIs) with combined switched-inductor and transformer cells. By changing the transformer turn ratio, the number of switched-inductor cells and shoot-through duty cycle, the proposed inverter produces high voltage gain. Compared with the conventional high-boost ZSI topologies for the same input and output voltage, the proposed inverter uses a higher modulation index to improve the output waveform. An alternate-cascaded technique is applied to the proposed inverter to distribute the stresses on the passive components. This study presents the operating principles and analysis. To verify the performance of the proposed inverter, simulation and experimental results are shown with various transformer turn ratios.
Asymmetrical multilevel converter topology with reduced number of components
- Author(s): Ebrahim Babaei ; Mohammad Farhadi Kangarlu ; Mohammad Ali Hosseinzadeh
- Source: IET Power Electronics, Volume 6, Issue 6, p. 1188 –1196
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-pel.2012.0497
- Type: Article
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In this study, firstly a new basic unit is proposed for multilevel converters. The proposed basic units are used as building blocks to form a cascaded multilevel converter. In other words, the proposed topology consists of cascaded basic units. The proposed basic unit and the proposed multilevel converter use lower number of switching devices and gate driver circuits. In the proposed topology, two design parameters are available: the number of cascaded basic units and the number of dc voltage sources in each basic unit. These two parameters can be used to design the desired multilevel converter based on the operational conditions. Therefore the proposed topology offers good flexibility in designing. An algorithm for determining the values of the dc voltage sources is given in order to generate maximum number of voltage levels. The comparison results with some recently introduced topologies show that the proposed topology effectively reduces the components count. The simulation results obtained in PSCAD/EMTDC as well as the experimental results of a 51-level inverter based on the proposed topology are presented to verify its performance.
Real and reactive power control of hybrid excited wind-driven grid-connected doubly fed induction generators
- Author(s): Krishnasamy Vijayakumar ; Natarajan Kumaresan ; Nanjappa Gounder Ammasai Gounden ; Sarath B. Tennakoon
- Source: IET Power Electronics, Volume 6, Issue 6, p. 1197 –1208
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-pel.2012.0709
- Type: Article
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This study proposes a simple topology which consists of a single sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) inverter and battery banks with wind-driven doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) to dispatch a controllable power to the grid. The excitation of the rotor is established using an SPWM inverter supplied through a set of batteries with the stator connected to the grid. The proposed system supplies the desired real and reactive power to the grid by appropriately charging/discharging the batteries depending on excess/deficit power from the wind. A closed-loop controller has been developed for this purpose which involves varying the rotor voltage magnitude and frequency. The entire control strategy proposed in this study has been implemented using TMS320LF2407A DSP controller and detailed procedure for such implementation is presented. The steady-state analysis and phasor diagram representation of the system have been developed and presented. Experimental results obtained on a three-phase, four-pole, 50 Hz, 5 kVA DFIG together with the closed-loop controller under steady-state and dynamic operating conditions, confirm the usefulness of the proposed system. The experimental results have been compared with predicted values and a very close agreement between the two is observed.
Capacitor voltage balancing of a three-phase neutral-point clamped bi-directional rectifier using optimised switching sequences
- Author(s): Abdul Hamid Bhat ; Nitin Langer ; Deepak Sharma ; Pramod Agarwal
- Source: IET Power Electronics, Volume 6, Issue 6, p. 1209 –1219
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-pel.2012.0395
- Type: Article
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In this study, a modulation strategy is presented using minimum number of switching transitions of optimised switching sequences for balancing of DC-bus capacitor voltages of a three-phase neutral-point clamped bi-directional converter. This new approach is derived from the fact that in front end AC–DC converters, the location of supply voltage vector and reference current vector (magnitude and lag angle) vary depending upon the amount of reactive power compensation and the load current to be supplied by converter. Accordingly, the effect of small and medium vectors (using space vector pulse-width modulation) for same switching state varies in each sector and its regions resulting in DC-bus capacitor voltage unbalancing. This observation along with the detailed analysis of current pattern for both the capacitors within each sector and its regions and its effect on neutral-point voltage deviation forms the basis of proposed approach of maintaining optimised space vector sequences and changing the number of sampling periods within each sector and its regions, thus resulting in DC-bus capacitor voltage balancing. As a result, modified reference current vector spends different amount of time in alternate sectors (moves faster and slower in alternate sectors) but total time for one complete cycle is same as actual current vector. The converter exhibits excellent performance in terms of other critical parameters like unity input power factor, low input current THD, minimum switching losses, reduced ripple factor of the regulated DC output voltage and particularly, the neutral-point voltage deviation under dynamic load conditions both for rectification and inversion modes of operation.
Analytical modelling of single-phase stacked multicell multilevel converters exploiting Kapteyn (Fourier–Bessel) series
- Author(s): Vahid Dargahi and Saeedeh Dargahi
- Source: IET Power Electronics, Volume 6, Issue 6, p. 1220 –1238
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-pel.2012.0346
- Type: Article
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This study proposes a mathematical model for stacked multicell (SM) converters (SMCs), to be exploited in the analytic determination of the natural voltage balancing dynamics of the SMCs, that is, investigation of the start-up behaviour, dynamic response and natural voltage balancing phenomenon. The crux of the proposed strategy is based on the closed-form analytic solution derivation for the switching functions used in the switching of the SMCs operated under phase disposition (PD) and phase-shifted carrier (PSC) pulse-width modulation (PD–PSC-PWM) technique. Hence, the suggested approach develops an analytic solution for the Fourier series and associated Fourier coefficients pertinent to the switching functions of the SMCs by obtaining the switching instants of the PD–PSC-PWM modulator in terms of ‘Kapteyn series’ when the frequency of the triangular carrier waveform (f c) and that of the sinusoidal reference waveform (f r) have an integer ratio, that is, f c f r −1 = k, k ∈ ℕ. This strategy results into a model (‘first-order differential equation based model’) which can be readily developed for the SMCs with any number of levels expediting the investigation of their performance. Numeric computation results of the proposed analytic model for the SMCs and simulation results as well as measurements taken from an experimental set-up are presented in order to validate the suggested approach and derived model.
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