The advanced technology Internet of Things (IoT), a recent development in wireless sensor networks, provides a way to connect surrounding physical objects to the Internet in a dynamic way. There is an advantage of using IoT technology protocols as it requires less network bandwidth, minimum code space and hence reduces access time. Major IoT provider companies have several IoT products in the gadget market to make consumers’ life effortlessly easy. Several research gaps regarding the scalability of IoT with other platforms have been identified by reviewing the existing literature and also explained essential information about the integration of IoT with cloud computing. Major technology big giants Apple, Google, and Amazon's products are differentiated on the basis of measurement parameters such as their prices, streaming options, customisable appearance methods, major partnership companies related information appearing. A prototype of Apple's Home Kit and Samsung SmartThings is developed to show the characteristics of smart home products for the user, which helps in better decision making of IoT platform providers.

The internet engineering task force working group has proposed IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-power and Lossy (RPL) networks for the energy-constrained networks on the Internet of things. This protocol has limitations and does not pay particular attention to mobile nodes. We introduce a new method to improve the RPL protocol with the aim to provide continuous connectivity for mobile nodes. Using additional fields to RPl control packets, a parent is responsible for mobility detection and informs a mobile node for maintaining the energy of it and reduces network overheads. A mobile node chooses a new parent based on metrics namely expected transmission count, received signal strength indicator and residual energy, before disconnection from previous parent. Memory has also been defined that maintains a list of previous parents and when selecting a new parent, a mobile node gets help from this list to select stable parents. They used the Cooja simulator to evaluate the performance of the proposed protocol and the results compared with the RPL and mRPL from the aspect of packet delivery ratio, network overhead, end-to-end delay, energy consumption, and end-to-end throughput under different scenarios. The simulation results showed the effectiveness of the proposed method.

For the requirement of low power consumption in wireless sensor networks, from the point of view of prolonging the life cycle of the whole network and improving the utilisation rate of the network, this study proposes a LEACH-EA protocol based on LEACH algorithm. In order to increase the probability of being elected as a cluster head node so that more nodes in the network can share the transmission energy equally, the residual energy factor and the influence factor of node distance are added to the cluster head election threshold. Considering the energy loss of single-hop transmission and the limitation of single-hop transmission on the maximum transmission distance of equipment, the ant colony algorithm is used to find the optimal transmission path for nodes iteratively. Finally, by comparing with LEACH, MODLEACH, LEACH-GA, simulation experiments show that LEACH-EA protocol has significantly improved in network life cycle, total network data transmission and cluster head number. The network utilisation rate of LEACH-EA is 431.3, 135.7 and 38.6% higher than the other three algorithms, respectively.

A natural or unexpected man-made emergency may occur at any time and which affects the economy as well as human life of the country. The most important task in an emergency is to collect the essential information about the emergency places and do a proper analysis to take effective action. In those situations, mobile gadgets are very much helpful to collect the information in a significant way. The mobile devices have certain limitations such as less battery power, lack of Internet connectivity for data transmission or less computational resources. So the energy hungry applications can be offloaded to the cloud to reduce the workload of the mobile devices. To overcome these problems, the authors propose an emergency management system named as , which follows peer-to-peer communication using Bluetooth technology. first detects the available mobile devices present in a network using mobile probing service (MPS) and then it chooses the suitable mobile device among them using mobile ranking service (MRS). also determines the best network resources while roaming in heterogeneous access networks (HANs). The experimental results of authors– proposed approach shows the increased performance and out-performs in terms of receiving time as compared to the baseline algorithm.

In today's world, power is one of the resources that needs effective utilisation similar to the bandwidth utilisation. As the battery life of the nodes in the cellular networks is not a problem, there is not much extensive research toward energy consumption in the cellular networks. Nevertheless, currently the focus is toward conserving the power being utilised by various components in the cellular network. Hence, an energy-efficient channel allocation (E2CA) procedure for cellular networks with fifth-generation network characteristics is proposed in this study, where the energy consumption is reduced with the concept of sleep mode for base station (E2CA-SM). The SM is more popular in sensor networks when compared with cellular networks. The proposed E2CA-SM algorithm shows low-energy consumption during peak and non-peak hours of cellular traffic. It is shown that the energy consumption per packet is 35.5% less when compared with multi-traffic, with queue, learning automata-based reservation, 32% when compared with E2CA. The system is modelled using single-dimension Markov's model. There will be a trade-off between blocking, dropping probability, and energy consumption, which is tackled in this study.

Social opportunistic networks are a subclass of opportunistic networks which rely upon the predictability and established patterns of human social behaviour to facilitate the sharing of information by performing message routing. While the forwarding step purely depends upon the movement paradigm of nodes in the network, the said movement makes the network unreliable due to frequent disconnections and delay, and spasmodically connected environment. Various protocols have been developed so far for routing in such networks, whose primary aim is to ensure efficient and reliable message delivery. This study proposes a heuristic-based scheme for routing messages from the source to the destination using the Ant Algorithm. Problems related to frequent disconnections and inefficient routing are overcome in the proposed protocol through features such as pheromones. This protocol is thoroughly examined via simulation and analysis to assess the performance with other routing protocols in social opportunistic networks under various parameters. The performance criterion for the comparisons includes overhead ratio, average residual energy, average latency, number of dead nodes and average buffer time. The examinations have shown that the authors algorithm is superior to protocols such as Prophet, Epidemic and ProWait on the basis of average latency and buffer time.