Online ISSN
1751-8733
Print ISSN
1751-8725
IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation
Volume 4, Issue 8, August 2010
Volumes & issues:
Volume 4, Issue 8
August 2010
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- Author(s): F. Martín and R.W. Ziolkowski
- Source: IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Volume 4, Issue 8, p. 975 –976
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-map.2010.9076
- Type: Article
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- Author(s): G.V. Eleftheriades
- Source: IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Volume 4, Issue 8, p. 977 –981
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-map.2009.0584
- Type: Article
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A design procedure is presented for synthesising artificial transmission lines (metamaterial lines) that exhibit four alternating backward (left-handed) and forward (right-handed) bands. Specifically, analytic expressions are given that directly yield the loading lumped elements needed for synthesising a desired Bloch phase at four specified frequencies and at a specified Bloch impedance level. This procedure becomes useful for designing structures such as dual-band periodic leaky-wave antennas, dual-band/quad-band negative-index lenses, as well as quad-band microwave passive components and resonant antennas. - Author(s): V. González-Posadas ; J.L. Jiménez-Martı́n ; A. Parra-Cerrada ; L.E. Garcı́a-Muñoz ; D. Segovia-Vargas
- Source: IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Volume 4, Issue 8, p. 982 –990
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-map.2009.0571
- Type: Article
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In this study, the use of dual-composite right–left-handed (D-CRLH) transmission lines is proposed for the design of diplexers. The D-CRLH diplexers present advantages over conventional diplexers such as smaller size (especially in the ultra high frequency band). The design procedure and the design equations are presented in this paper. The non-linear phase response of a D-CRLH transmission line has been used to design diplexers at any arbitrary frequencies. Finally, two diplexers have been designed and manufactured: one for quite near frequencies and the other for further ones. The simulation results show good agreement with the measurements. A sensitivity analysis has been provided to show the robustness of this kind of circuits. - Author(s): J. Zhang ; S.W. Cheung ; T.I. Yuk
- Source: IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Volume 4, Issue 8, p. 991 –999
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-map.2009.0581
- Type: Article
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This study presents a design of n-bit phase shifters inspired by the composite right/left-handed transmission line (CRLH TL) unit cells. The phase shifters designed have the advantages of small size, high power-handling capability, low insertion loss, arbitrary phase-shift range and arbitrary step size. PIN diodes mounted on the fingers of the CRLH TL unit cell are used as switches to control the phase incursion of the input signal. Different phase shifts are achieved by using different switch states determined by the controlling bits. As an illustration, three n-bit phase shifters of lengths 2-bit, 3-bit and 6-bit are designed to operate in the frequency band of 9–10 GHz and have the phase-shift ranges from 0° to 67.5° at a step of 22.5°, from 0° to 157.5° at a step of 22.5° and from 0° to 360° at a step 5.625°, respectively. Power-handling capability is analysed using the surface–current density on the CRLH TL cells. Simulation and measurement results agree closely with each other and show that the phase shifters have much higher power-handling capabilities than that of the PIN diodes used and low insertion losses across the operating frequency band. - Author(s): F.Y. Ng-Molina ; T.M. Martín-Guerrero ; C. Camacho-Peñalosa
- Source: IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Volume 4, Issue 8, p. 1000 –1006
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-map.2009.0588
- Type: Article
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Composite right/left-handed (CRLH) unit cells can be used to develop new distributed circuits with novel functionalities. In particular, their use in distributed amplifiers leads to an improvement in their power performance. An analysis of the intrinsic power performance of distributed amplifiers based on CRLH unit cells is presented in this contribution. As a result, optimum values for the unit cell phase shifts in different amplifier configurations are determined. A three-stage pHEMT CRLH unit cell-based distributed amplifier has been built and measured. The experimental results validate the main conclusions derived from the simplified analysis and suggest that a dual-fed configuration might provide an optimum output power with significant gain values. - Author(s): J. Selga ; A. Rodrı́guez ; M. Gil ; J. Carbonell ; V.E. Boria ; F. Martı́n
- Source: IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Volume 4, Issue 8, p. 1007 –1015
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-map.2009.0551
- Type: Article
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The first approach towards the automatic layout generation of resonant-type metamaterial transmission lines by using space mapping optimisation is reported. Specifically, the so-called aggressive space mapping (ASM) technique is applied for synthesising microstrip lines loaded with complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs). From a certain set of elements of the circuit model of the unit cell of such lines (which is typically derived from system specifications), the topology (layout) of the CSRR-loaded microstrip line, providing the same electromagnetic response as the circuit model (within certain error limits), is generated automatically. This synthesis technique is of paramount importance for the design of metamaterial-based (or inspired) circuits implemented by means of electrically small resonators such as CSRRs and SRRs. Although the reported technique is applied here to the synthesis of a negative permittivity structure (CSRR-loaded line), the basics towards the extension of the technique to other artificial transmission lines are clearly established. - Author(s): P. Jin and R.W. Ziolkowski
- Source: IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Volume 4, Issue 8, p. 1016 –1025
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-map.2009.0609
- Type: Article
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Variations of the electrically small, resonant near-field parasitic Z antenna are investigated. By introducing multiple near-field resonant parasitic elements, multiband systems are developed. Simulations reveal how the couplings between these multiple parasitic elements impact their individual internal matching networks and radiation mechanisms. The impact of each configuration on its potential fabrication is taken into account. Dual-band designs are reported that achieve operation at the satellite communication frequency, 430 MHz, at the global positioning satellite (GPS) L1 frequency (1575.42 MHz) and at the GPS L1 and L2 (1227.60 MHz) frequencies. A quad-band design that operates at 430 MHz and at all of the GPS L1, L2 and L5 (1174.45 MHz) frequencies is also reported. The simulated performance characteristics of each design, including their level of matching to a 50 Ω source, their radiation efficiencies, their bandwidths and their radiation patterns are given. - Author(s): S. Tricarico ; F. Bilotti ; L. Vegni
- Source: IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Volume 4, Issue 8, p. 1026 –1038
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-map.2009.0595
- Type: Article
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The authors present the design of a multi-functional dipole antenna based on the employment of artificial magnetic metamaterials. A regular dipole antenna is placed in front of a metamaterial slab, whose effective permeability is described through the Lorentz dispersion model. Since the electromagnetic behaviour of the layer changes with the frequency, the dipole antenna may work in different operation modes. Specifically, around the resonant frequency of the effective permeability, the slab acts as an artificial magnetic conductor, while, when the effective permeability is close to zero, it behaves as a spatial filter allowing, for a given polarisation, the transmission of only a few angular components around the broadside. The proposed design is shown to be robust to the variations of the main electrical and geometrical parameters of the metamaterial slab and suitable for an actual implementation through real-life magnetic inclusions. Interesting applications of such an antenna can be found in radio base stations of mobile communication systems and in multi-functional radiators mounted in complex platforms, where space occupancy and electromagnetic interference between different sources have to be minimised. - Author(s): N. Apaydin ; E. Irci ; G. Mumcu ; K. Sertel ; J.L. Volakis
- Source: IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Volume 4, Issue 8, p. 1039 –1047
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-map.2009.0590
- Type: Article
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The author presents small antennas that exploit a new class of slow-wave modes. These modes were originally observed in anisotropic volumetric media and were recently realised using a pair of coupled microstrip transmission lines (TLs) printed on a uniform substrate. The simplicity of the coupled printed lines and slow-group velocity of the photonic crystal modes provided an avenue for designing small conformal antennas. The author reviews the degenerate band edge (DBE) mode antennas and extends their bandwidth by supporting dual resonances. This is done by inserting lumped elements along and between the printed TLs. The resulting coupled double loop (CDL) antenna has 14.7% bandwidth and is as small as λ0/9.8×λ0/9.8 (λ0/16 thick) in footprint. Alternatively, magnetic photonic crystal (MPC) mode is realised using the same DBE-printed structure and by inserting small ferrite sections within the otherwise uniform substrate. This new MPC antenna was realised on a high-contrast (ɛr=10.2) dielectric section and attained a gain of 3.1 dB (73% efficiency) and 8.1% bandwidth on a footprint as small as λ0/9.8×λ0/10.4 (λ0/16 thick). - Author(s): C.J. Sánchez-Fernández ; O. Quevedo-Teruel ; J. Requena-Carrión ; L. Inclán-Sánchez ; E. Rajo-Iglesias
- Source: IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Volume 4, Issue 8, p. 1048 –1055
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-map.2009.0594
- Type: Article
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Along this document, an innovative dual band microstrip patch antenna is proposed for implantable medical devices. Particularly, the covered bands are MICS (402–405 MHz) and ISM (2.4–2.48 GHz). The antenna has a multilayer configuration where the feeding line and the radiating elements are located at different levels. The radiating elements of the antenna are a split ring resonator (SRR) coupled to a Spiral. Both elements are short-circuited to the ground plane to achieve size reduction. In addition, the effects of human body geometry and dielectric properties on the characteristics of the proposed design are studied. Three models of the human body are investigated: one-layer, three-layer and a realistic human body based on the Voxel Man dataset. Finally, simulated results have been validated by measuring return losses of the antenna embedded in mimicking gels, radiation patterns (in anechoic chamber) and radiation efficiency (in reverberation chamber). - Author(s): J.-C. Iriarte ; I. Ederra ; R. Gonzalo
- Source: IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Volume 4, Issue 8, p. 1056 –1062
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-map.2009.0589
- Type: Article
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This paper deals with the use of Electromagnetic Band gap-based high-efficiency planar ceramic antennas. The improvement of the overall performances with respect to the use of a standard high dielectric substrate is shown. Good impedance matching and radiation performances are obtained in addition to a reasonably high efficiency with values over 50% at the operational frequency. The antenna has been breadboarded and measured and good agreement has been obtained between simulations and measurements. - Author(s): S. Sajuyigbe ; M. Ross ; P. Geren ; S.A. Cummer ; M.H. Tanielian ; D.R. Smith
- Source: IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Volume 4, Issue 8, p. 1063 –1072
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-map.2009.0543
- Type: Article
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This work investigates the gains realisable through the use of artificially structured materials, otherwise known as metamaterials, in the wide angle impedance matching (WAIM) of waveguide-fed phased-array antennas. The authors propose that the anisotropic properties of a metamaterial layer, when designed appropriately, can be employed to achieve impedance matching at a wide contiguous range of phased-array antenna transmission angles. Simulation and numerical results show that an optimised impedance match over a broad angular range can be readily achieved using a doubly uniaxial (magnetic and electric) anisotropic layer, an outcome not found accomplishable when an optimised isotropic dielectric layer is used. The authors propose the possibility of using metamaterials to achieve anisotropic WAIM layer configurations, and the authors show, using two simple uniaxial designs, that a metamaterial layer over the phased-array gives performance characteristics similar to its homogeneous anisotropic effective medium counterpart. - Author(s): A. Polemi and S. Maci
- Source: IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Volume 4, Issue 8, p. 1073 –1080
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-map.2009.0613
- Type: Article
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In a recent sequence of papers, a parallel-plate ridge gap waveguide has been introduced, that consists of a metal ridge in a metamaterial magnetic conductor surface, covered by a metallic plate at a small height above it. The gap waveguide is relatively simple to manufacture, especially at millimetre and sub-millimetre wave frequencies when compared with other solutions. The metamaterial surface is designed to provide a frequency band where parallel-plate modes are in cut-off, thereby allowing for a confined gap wave to propagate along the ridge. In a previous work, the authors have presented an approximate analytical solution for the confined quasi-TEM dominant mode of the ridge gap waveguide, when the surrounding metamaterial surface is in the form of a bed of nails. In this study, the authors investigation continues by providing an analytical expression of the modal dispersion equation of the first higher order ridge mode and of the characteristic impedance of the dominant mode. As in the previous paper, the field problem is divided in three regions, the central region above the ridge and the two surrounding side regions above the nails. Transverse mode-matching applied to a few modes representation in each region, results in a closed form expression of the dispersion equation of the first higher order mode. After summarising the formulation for the dominant quasi-TEM mode, the dispersion equation of the first higher order mode is derived, in order to give a criterion to maximise the unimodal bandwidth. Furthermore, three different closed form expressions of the dominant mode characteristic impedance are derived and compared with approximate expressions already used in literature. - Author(s): Y. Dong and T. Itoh
- Source: IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Volume 4, Issue 8, p. 1081 –1091
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-map.2009.0592
- Type: Article
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A family of substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) negative-order resonances and their applications to miniaturised antennas and filters are investigated and presented. These metamaterial resonators are realised by etching the interdigital slot on the surface of SIW with varied boundary conditions. The slot acts as a series capacitor along with the waveguide inherent shunt inductor achieving a composite right/left-handed functionality. These resonances are generated below the characteristic waveguide cut-off frequency and are independent of the dominant TE10 mode. The properties of these different resonances, which are characterised by half-wavelength or quarter-wavelength resonances, are discussed and compared. According to their characteristics, different applications are investigated. First, miniaturised waveguide slot antennas based on the first-order resonance are discussed. These antennas provide relatively high radiation efficiency and regular radiation patterns while keeping a low profile. Secondly, compact waveguide filters are proposed and presented. The simulated and measured results for these filters are provided. These metamaterial filters are showing advantages in terms of low-profile, high stopband rejection, easy fabrication and integration with other circuits. - Author(s): M. Navarro-Cía ; M. Beruete ; F. Falcone ; I. Campillo ; M. Sorolla Ayza
- Source: IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Volume 4, Issue 8, p. 1092 –1097
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-map.2009.0491
- Type: Article
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The design and measurement of a novel dual-band polariser for millimetre-waves based on cavity effects and extraordinary transmission resonance is presented in this paper. A further analysis of a linear extraordinary transmission polariser recently proposed and its stack suggests the feasibility of designing different polarisation responses by changing the orientation of the middle wafer in a 3-wafers-stack. The measurements have been recorded by an AB-MillimetreTM Quasi-optical Vector Network Analyzer under Fresnel illumination and a vertical dual-band polariser is achieved by a configuration of three wafers in which the central one has been rotated 90°. This result should find application in the design of new generation of polarising miniaturised devices, not only in the sub-terahertz range, but also in the optical regime. - Author(s): A.L. Borja ; J. Carbonell ; V.E. Boria ; J. Cascón ; D. Lippens
- Source: IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Volume 4, Issue 8, p. 1098 –1104
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-map.2009.0583
- Type: Article
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In this study, two split ring resonator-based coplanar waveguide cells operating in C-band are studied. Particularly, the lines have been loaded with double shunt strips or series gaps. The use of double strips allows controlling the electric plasma frequency, and at the same time permits one to have a good excitation of the resonators. On the other hand, the employment of double series gaps provides a right-handed behaviour, contrary to conventional metamaterial structures for which a backward propagation is obtained. Several parametric studies show the possibility to significantly increase the selectivity, and in particular the possibility to have an effective control on the out-of-band rejection levels by means of the loading elements characteristics. In a second stage, enhanced out-of-band rejection properties have been obtained by the use of cascaded basic cells and rigorous optimization processes. As a consequence, the proposed filters can be foreseen for practical applications relying on the trade-off found between selectivity, insertion losses and out-of-band rejection. - Author(s): G. Goussetis and A.P. Feresidis
- Source: IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Volume 4, Issue 8, p. 1105 –1110
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-map.2009.0586
- Type: Article
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Multiresonant high impedance surfaces (HIS) without grounding vias that perform as artificial magnetic conductors (AMC) in multiple frequency bands and furthermore exhibit electromagnetic band gaps (EBG) in the same bands are presented. This is achieved by introducing perturbed frequency selective surface (FSS) arrays printed on grounded dielectric substrates. Arrays of linear dipoles are employed as an example. Perturbations are introduced by means of reducing the length of every other array element. Starting from the characteristics of a perturbed free-standing FSS, the authors present the effect of the perturbation on the excited currents and on the reflection properties of a corresponding AMC. Conclusions about the performance limitations are derived. Subsequently, a parametric study on practical HIS is presented and an optimised design with dual-band AMC and EBG response is demonstrated. Method of moments-based software has been developed and utilised for the fast and accurate analysis of such arrays. Experimental results validate the performance of the optimised structure. - Author(s): C.L. Holloway ; P. Kabos ; M.A. Mohamed ; E.F. Kuester ; J.A. Gordon ; M.D. Janezic ; J. Baker-Jarvis
- Source: IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Volume 4, Issue 8, p. 1111 –1122
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-map.2009.0555
- Type: Article
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In previous work, we derived generalised sheet-transition conditions (GSTCs) for the average electromagnetic fields across a metafilm/metasurface, which, when properly designed, can have certain desired reflection and transmission properties. A metafilm (also referred to as a metasurface) is the two-dimensional equivalent of a metamaterial and is essentially a surface distribution of electrically small scatterers characterised by electric and magnetic surface susceptibilities. This GSTC has been used to calculate the reflection and transmission coefficients of the metafilm, which depend upon the surface susceptibilities, themselves expressed in terms of the electric and magnetic polarisabilities of the scatterers. Conditions on these surface susceptibilities of the scatterers required to obtain total transmission and/or total reflection have also been obtained. These conditions can require either the electric or magnetic surface susceptibilities to become negative (analogous to the situation for negative-index bulk metamaterials). By controlling the polarisabilities of the scatterers in the metafilm (and thus the surface susceptibilities), a ‘smart’ or ‘controllable’ surface can be realised. Applications of such a controllable metafilm/metasurface would include controllable antennas, switches, sensors, resonators and waveguides. In this study, the authors present both analytic and measurement results to demonstrate the realisation of a controllable metafilm composed of resonant magnetodielectric particles. To this end, they present analytical results for plane-wave incident and waveguide measurements of the reflection and transmission properties of a controllable metafilm composed of spherical magneto-dielectric (yttrium iron garnet or YIG) particles. The good correlations between the measured and analytical results of the reflection and transmission characteristics of the metafilm presented here show that a ‘smart surface’ metafilm is realisable. - Author(s): K. Herbertz and S. Lucyszyn
- Source: IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Volume 4, Issue 8, p. 1123 –1131
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-map.2009.0593
- Type: Article
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A prototype tuneable planar electromagnetic bandgap filter has been developed for implementing a voltage-controlled bandwidth, intended for adaptive spectral control. A tuneable single-cell defect that allows tuning of the bandwidth is introduced into the structure using monolithic microwave integrated circuit technology. A combination of three-dimensional electromagnetic modelling of the planar structure and equivalent circuit modelling techniques is presented to validate this work. The simulation and measured results are in very close agreement. - Author(s): M. Lapine ; L. Jelinek ; R. Marqués ; M.J. Freire
- Source: IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Volume 4, Issue 8, p. 1132 –1139
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-map.2009.0598
- Type: Article
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The authors analyse the properties of metamaterial lens composed of capacitively loaded ring resonators, with the help of an efficient rigorous model suitable for calculating the properties of finite metamaterial samples. This approach takes into account the discrete structure and finite extent of realistic metamaterials. The authors show that the discrete model reveals the effects, which can be missed by a continuous model based on effective parameters and that the results are in close agreement with the experimental data. - Author(s): O. Malyuskin and V. Fusco
- Source: IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, Volume 4, Issue 8, p. 1140 –1148
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-map.2009.0585
- Type: Article
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The authors discuss the imaging properties and transfer of amplitude and phase-modulated signals through a phase conjugating lens (PCL). The authors outline the mechanisms of the near-field and far-field subwavelength imaging of Hertzian dipole sources using PCL, particularly the authors show that one-dimensional subwavelength resolution of multiple sources is possible in the far-field using a PCL augmented with specially designed scatterers located in both the adjacent vicinity of the sources and in the mirror symmetric positions in the image plane. These scatterers enable evanescent-to-propagating spectrum and its dual, propagating-to-evanescent, field conversion. Thus, the subwavelength information encoded into propagating waves on the source side can be extracted on the image side. Next, for the first time the transfer of amplitude and phase modulated signals through a PCL augmented with evanescent-to-propagating spectrum conversion is discussed and it has been demonstrated that multiple amplitude or phase modulated dipole sources can be distinguished in the far-field with subwavelength resolution without the necessity for numerical post-processing of the received data. From the study conducted here, it is concluded that a system of transmitters/receivers augmented with a PCL and appropriate scatterers operates without the need for any numerical processing of the receive data in order to separate channel information from very close proximity stations.
Editorial: Microwave metamaterials: application to devices, circuits and antennas
Design of generalised negative-refractive-index transmission lines for quad-band applications
Dual-composite right–left-handed transmission lines for the design of compact diplexers
Design of n-bit phase shifters with high power-handling capability inspired by composite right/left-handed transmission line unit cells
Power and gain considerations in distributed amplifiers based on composite right/left-handed transmission lines
Towards the automatic layout synthesis in resonant-type metamaterial transmission lines
Multiband extensions of the electrically small, near-field resonant parasitic Z antenna
Multi-functional dipole antennas based on artificial magnetic metamaterials
Miniature antennas based on printed coupled lines emulating anisotropy
Dual-band microstrip patch antenna based on short-circuited ring and spiral resonators for implantable medical devices
Design and characterisation of a high efficiency ceramic EBG patch antenna
Wide angle impedance matching metamaterials for waveguide-fed phased-array antennas
Closed form expressions for the modal dispersion equations and for the characteristic impedance of a metamaterial-based gap waveguide
Substrate integrated waveguide negative-order resonances and their applications
Selective dual-band subwavelength-hole-arrays-based polariser
Synthesis of compact and highly selective filters via metamaterial-inspired coplanar waveguide line technologies
Perturbed frequency selective surfaces for multiband high impedance surfaces
Realisation of a controllable metafilm/metasurface composed of resonant magnetodielectric particles: measurements and theory
Electromagnetic bandgap filter with single-cell monolithic microwave integrated circuit-tuneable defect
Exact modelling method for discrete finite metamaterial lens
Imaging of dipole sources and transfer of modulated signals using phase conjugating lens techniques
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