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Online ISSN 1751-9578 Print ISSN 1751-956X

IET Intelligent Transport Systems

Volume 4, Issue 1, March 2010

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Volume 4, Issue 1

March 2010

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  • Selected papers from the 15th World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS)

    • Editorial: Selected papers from the 15th World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS)
      Enhancing speed management by in-car speed assistance systems
      • Author(s): V. Marchau ; N. van Nes ; L. Walta ; P. Morsink
      • Source: IET Intelligent Transport Systems, Volume 4, Issue 1, p. 3 –11
      • DOI:  10.1049/iet-its.2009.0038
      • Type: Article
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      • p. 3 –11 (9)
        Intelligent speed adaptation (ISA) systems support drivers to comply with the legal speed limits. This functionality is expected to become increasingly important in speed management if integrated well with more traditional speed management measures. Based on state-of-the-art scientific literature, this study describes the current knowledge on the effects of ISA and the willingness of stakeholders to adopt ISA. Although the expected effects of the various ISA types are promising and stakeholders are willing to adopt ISA, the large-scale deployment of ISA is still lacking. The main challenges with respect to ISA deployment relate to its social and political feasibility. Overall, a more active role of public authorities is recommended on ISA deployment, especially for ISA systems that actively intervene in the driving task.
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      Travel assistance device: utilising global positioning system-enabled mobile phones to aid transit riders with special needs
      • Author(s): S.J. Barbeau ; P.L. Winters ; N.L. Georggi ; M.A. Labrador ; R. Perez
      • Source: IET Intelligent Transport Systems, Volume 4, Issue 1, p. 12 –23
      • DOI:  10.1049/iet-its.2009.0028
      • Type: Article
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      • p. 12 –23 (12)
        Recent advancements in mobile technology allow global positioning system (GPS)-enabled cell phones to provide a variety of real-time location-based services. This study reports on the design, implementation and testing of such a service, the travel assistance device (TAD), that aids transit riders with special needs in using public transportation. TAD is a program that provides the rider with customised real-time audio, visual and tactile prompts for exiting the transit vehicle by announcing ‘Get ready ’ and ‘Pull the cord now!’ Additionally, TAD provides alerts to riders, their caretakers and travel trainers if a rider deviates from the planned route. A website allows easy access for the creation of new trip itineraries and allows authorised personnel to monitor the rider's location in real-time from any computer. While the TAD was designed to aid transit riders with special needs to increase their level of independence and their care-takers' level of security, any rider new to a transit system can use TAD for planning and executing trips with confidence and ease.
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      Middleware to enhance mobile communications for road safety and traffic mobility applications
      • Author(s): C. Manasseh  and  R. Sengupta
      • Source: IET Intelligent Transport Systems, Volume 4, Issue 1, p. 24 –36
      • DOI:  10.1049/iet-its.2009.0019
      • Type: Article
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      • p. 24 –36 (13)
        Middleware has emerged as an important architectural component in supporting distributed applications. The role of middleware is to present a unified programming model to application writers and to mask out problems of heterogeneity and distribution. It is motivated by the convergence of the embedded sensor and mobile communication revolutions in the automobile industry. The vehicle fleet is morphing into a vast mobile sensor fleet. The authors provide a middleware architecture and implementation that addresses the needs of a distributed system of mobile sensors comprised of vehicles and intersections producing traffic-related data for traffic safety and operations. The authors discuss the technical challenges that the middleware addresses and describe a prototype implementation. Traffic management, intersection safety and vehicle-to-vehicle safety applications are three applications described and implemented on the middleware. The authors conclude their paper with conducting performance measures that relate to the cost of overhead incurred from using the middleware. The measurements show the middleware is efficient enough for the road safety and congestion relief applications presented.
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      Automating mode detection for travel behaviour analysis by using global positioning systems-enabled mobile phones and neural networks
      • Author(s): P.A. Gonzalez ; J.S. Weinstein ; S.J. Barbeau ; M.A. Labrador ; P.L. Winters ; N.L. Georggi ; R. Perez
      • Source: IET Intelligent Transport Systems, Volume 4, Issue 1, p. 37 –49
      • DOI:  10.1049/iet-its.2009.0029
      • Type: Article
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      • p. 37 –49 (13)
        Travel surveys collect trip data such as origin, destination, mode, duration, distance and purpose of trips, as well as socioeconomic and demographic data for analysis. Transportation planners, policymakers, state departments of transportation, metropolitan planning organisations, industry professionals and academic researchers use survey data to better understand the current demand and performance of the transportation infrastructure, and to plan in preparation for future growth. Next-generation travel surveys will utilise global positioning systems (GPS) to collect trip data with minimal input from survey participants. Owing to their ubiquity, GPS-enabled mobile phones are developing into a promising survey tool. TRAC-IT is a mobile phone application that collects real-time GPS data and requires minimal input from the user for data such as trip purpose, mode and vehicle occupancy. To ease survey burden on participants and enable real-time, mode-specific location-based services, new techniques must be explored to derive more information directly from GPS data. As part of travel survey collection, TRAC-IT is able to passively determine trip mode using GPS-enabled mobile phones and neural networks. The mode detection technique presented in this article can be optimised using a critical point, pre-processing algorithm to reduce the size of required GPS datasets obtained from GPS-enabled mobile phones, thus reducing data collection costs while conserving precious mobile phone resources such as battery life.
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      Mitigation of expressway traffic congestion through transportation demand management with toll discount
      • Author(s): J. Xing ; H. Takahashi ; H. Kameoka
      • Source: IET Intelligent Transport Systems, Volume 4, Issue 1, p. 50 –60
      • DOI:  10.1049/iet-its.2009.0032
      • Type: Article
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      • p. 50 –60 (11)
        The result of four transportation demand management (TDM) implementations in three major traffic concentration periods of 2007–2008 with discounts on tolls for electronic toll collection vehicles, as intended to mitigate traffic congestion in an uninterrupted flow section of the Tomei Expressway is described. As a result of the TDM implementation, the peak-hour demand is estimated to decrease by 2–5%. Although traffic congestion continues to occur, partly because of the increased daily traffic demand and the insufficient shift of traffic demand from peak hours to off-peak hours, it is estimated that the total delay is reduced by 27–35% relative to the case in which there is no TDM implementation, resulting in a reduction in CO2 emission of 6–8% and 65 ton-c for the four TDM implementations. It is seen that the average shift rate of traffic increases with the amount of the toll discount. Apparently, it is also difficult to expect a high shift rate of traffic if the amount of the discount is less than approximately 1000 yen. The estimated midpoint arc elasticity of the toll-discount time period ranges from −0.30 to −0.72, depending upon the holiday type and the details of the discount time period.
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      Study of the acceptability of a parking deposit system as an alternative road pricing scheme
      • Author(s): A. Ando ; T. Morikawa ; T. Miwa ; T. Yamamoto
      • Source: IET Intelligent Transport Systems, Volume 4, Issue 1, p. 61 –75
      • DOI:  10.1049/iet-its.2009.0030
      • Type: Article
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      • p. 61 –75 (15)
        While road pricing (RP) is considered one of the most effective means of traffic demand management (TDM), its poor acceptability has been the greatest impediment to its implementation. The authors propose a ‘parking deposit system’ (PDS) as an alternative RP scheme, and the aim of this study is to examine PDS's superiority focusing primarily on acceptability. To mutually verify the acceptability of PDS and conventional RP, the authors conducted a survey in the city of Nagoya, the third-largest incorporated city and the fourth most populous urban area in Japan. This survey distributed a comprehensive questionnaire to visitors and business establishments, in and around the city, eliciting a significant response. In this study process, the authors firstly built the decision-making structure model of RP/PDS by public/business establishment to clarify the decision-making mechanism in detail. Secondly, the approval models were built to estimate the differentia of the acceptability between RP and PDS. From this study PDS can be thought to have the higher acceptability, and to be useful measure as an alternative RP scheme.
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      FESOLE–fuzzy expert system for determining the optimal level of enforcement
      • Author(s): O. Přibyl
      • Source: IET Intelligent Transport Systems, Volume 4, Issue 1, p. 76 –81
      • DOI:  10.1049/iet-its.2009.0011
      • Type: Article
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      • p. 76 –81 (6)
        Electronic payment for using road infrastructure is an area that is gaining importance in the realm of intelligent transportation systems (ITS). While preparing such an electronic fee collection system, the level of enforcement needed must be determined. This is not a trivial task, because it is affected by many technical and monetary factors. At the same time, it cannot be expected that all decision makers are deeply involved in this field and are able to make an optimal decision depending on the recommendations of external experts. In order to decrease the possibility of manipulating this decision process by lobbyists and to save the money used for external consultants, a decision support system is needed. This paper describes a fuzzy expert system for determining the optimal level of enforcement –FESOLE. It bridges a missing part in the research concerning ITS. The author focuses mainly on the major technical features of this model. A fuzzy expert system is used to approach this problem. It can extract and exploit the knowledge of human experts and convert it to a robust computational model. Suitability of this methodology for a given task is also demonstrated.
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      Cooperative federated filtering approach for enhanced position estimation and sensor fault tolerance in ad-hoc vehicle networks
      • Author(s): A. Edelmayer ; M. Miranda ; V. Nebehaj
      • Source: IET Intelligent Transport Systems, Volume 4, Issue 1, p. 82 –92
      • DOI:  10.1049/iet-its.2009.0017
      • Type: Article
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      • p. 82 –92 (11)
        The present study addresses a solution to the position and orientation estimation problem of vehicles in ad-hoc vehicle networks using decentralised filtering. Specifically, a distributed filter operating in a cooperative federated structure for enhancing the estimation accuracy of vehicles state over unreliable wireless communication networks subject to uncertain and limited measurements is proposed. The filter relies on a variety of position measurements obtained from the on-board vehicle positioning system, from other cooperating vehicles in the vicinity, as well as from the immediate roadside environment via communication. Direct distance measurements between vehicles, furthermore, between vehicles and the stationary elements of the infrastructure can be used, if available, as highly accurate reference measurements. The study demonstrates how successfully the novel idea of cooperative federated filtering in addressing the demands of both fault tolerance and enhanced estimation accuracy in ad-hoc vehicle networks can be used.
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      Self-organising congestion evasion strategies using ant-based pheromones
      • Author(s): W. Narzt ; U. Wilflingseder ; G. Pomberger ; D. Kolb ; H. Hörtner
      • Source: IET Intelligent Transport Systems, Volume 4, Issue 1, p. 93 –102
      • DOI:  10.1049/iet-its.2009.0022
      • Type: Article
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      • p. 93 –102 (10)
        Social insects perform complex, self-organising tasks within a collective by using pheromone-based indirect communication (swarm intelligence). Inspired by these potentials of nature, this concept is possibly also a paradigm for controlling traffic, for collectively recognising, disintegrating and avoiding traffic congestion without central control instances. Vehicles equipped with location and communication technology act like individual insects and virtually deposit digital pheromones on the road indicating the intense of traffic and enabling other vehicles to indirectly benefit from the trail. This study investigates a technical implementation of swarm intelligence applied to the traffic system and evaluates different evasion strategies for vehicles. Using a micro-simulation environment capable of simulating real city networks, various traffic experiments empirically prove the hypothesis of a self-organising effect concerning the traffic flow in pheromone-based systems.
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