Online ISSN
1751-8695
Print ISSN
1751-8687
IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution
Volume 6, Issue 12, December 2012
Volumes & issues:
Volume 6, Issue 12
December 2012
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- Author(s): A. Rabiee ; M. Parvania ; M. Vanouni ; M. Parniani ; M. Fotuhi-Firuzabad
- Source: IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, Volume 6, Issue 12, p. 1189 –1201
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2011.0683
- Type: Article
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p.
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This study presents a comprehensive control framework to ensure desired loading margin (LM) while minimising the corresponding control cost. The proposed framework is divided into corrective control (CC) and preventive control (PC) subproblems. The CC subproblem deals with the condition that a power system encounters voltage instability as a result of severe contingencies. This control is merely devised to restore system stability. The PC subproblem is brought up when the system operates in a stable region but its LM is insufficient. In this manner, the system-operating point is changed such that the desired LM is achieved. One of the features of the proposed methodology is to consider participation of demand-side resources as an effective control facility that reduces control costs considerably. Active and reactive redispatch of generating units and involuntary load curtailment (ILC) are employed along with voluntary demand-side participation as control facilities in CC and PC subproblems. The proposed control framework is examined through case studies conducted on the IEEE 14-bus and the IEEE 118-bus test systems. The results presented demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed framework. - Author(s): R. Vicini ; O. Micheloud ; H. Kumar ; A. Kwasinski
- Source: IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, Volume 6, Issue 12, p. 1202 –1208
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2012.0286
- Type: Article
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This study discusses how increased deployment of electric vehicles (EVs) acts as a catalyst for development of transformer and home energy management systems in order to reduce the impact of EV battery charging on distribution transformers. The analysis uses actual load consumption data from Austin, Texas, during a typical summer day. It also considers a case of high-density penetration of electric vehicle in line with plans announced as part of Austin's Pecan Street smart grid initiative. The presented discussion describes first that because of air conditioner use, both during day and at night, power consumption remains relatively constant throughout the day, which creates issues even when considering charging EVs at night. In particular, the analysis anticipates that in such areas with high density of EVs and where air conditioner load is also present at night, distribution transformer life may be reduced unless EV charging is managed adequately. - Author(s): A. Medina and R. Cisneros-Magaña
- Source: IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, Volume 6, Issue 12, p. 1209 –1217
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2012.0248
- Type: Article
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1209
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In this study, a time-domain methodology for the harmonic state estimation (HSE) assessment of power networks is proposed. The time domain HSE solution is based on the application of the Kalman filter, Poincaré map and extrapolation to the limit cycle using a numerical differentiation procedure. The noisy state variables measurements to be used for HSE are taken from a simulation of the network harmonics propagation. The estimated harmonic magnitudes are obtained applying the discrete Fourier transform. The results obtained with the proposed time-domain HSE methodology are validated against the actual system response and against the solution obtained with the power systems computer aided design/electromagnetic transients including direct current (PSCAD/EMTDC) simulator, widely accepted by the power industry, a close agreement between the results is obtained. - Author(s): F. Coffele ; C. Booth ; A. Dyśko ; G. Burt
- Source: IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, Volume 6, Issue 12, p. 1218 –1224
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2012.0381
- Type: Article
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Increased penetration of distributed generation (DG) will impact on power network protection systems. Many publications present solutions to protection problems such as blinding, false tripping and loss of grading for networks incorporating DG, but neglect to fully quantify and demonstrate the problems that are being addressed. This study fills a gap in the understanding of the particular problem of protection blinding through presenting a detailed study of the impact of DG on overcurrent protection using a typical UK rural distribution network. This study considers all relevant factors, such as: fault level, DG penetration level, DG location, DG technology, fault type, fault location and fault resistance. The main emphasis and value of this study is in the use of justified and realistic network data, fault (including arc fault) models, utility protection settings policies, real-time simulation and actual protection relays (employed as hardware in the loop), all of which enhance the credibility and validity of the reported findings. The simulations quantify when blinding can occur and demonstrate that, for phase faults, DG is very unlikely to cause blinding, whereas for earth faults (EFs), DG actually increases the sensitivity of EF protection. - Author(s): L. Lovisolo ; J.A. Moor Neto ; K. Figueiredo ; L. de Menezes Laporte ; J.C. dos Santos Rocha
- Source: IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, Volume 6, Issue 12, p. 1225 –1234
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2011.0553
- Type: Article
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This study investigates the detection and localisation of faults provoking short-duration voltage variations – sags (dips) and swells – in small power distribution networks. It aims to accomplish those tasks by capturing fault records, voltage and current waveforms, at just one point in the system, the substation. The main objective is to classify the fault type and locate the fault origin occurring in a given region of a power delivery network. For that purpose, fault inception is triggered by a sensitive phase-locked loop. Then, the captured signals are decomposed using damped sinusoids of arbitrary temporal support by means of an adaptive decomposition algorithm. Subsets of the parameters defining the damped sinusoids are used for classifying the fault type and indicating the fault location. The fault-type classification is obtained by using support vector machines, whereas the fault location is obtained by means of an artificial neural network. The simulation results for a simple but actual power distribution system with three possible places for fault occurrence are presented. The exact fault-type classifications were obtained while a correct localisation of 85% of the faults was accomplished. - Author(s): Z.Y. Xu ; X. Zhang ; X.Q. Yan ; A. Wen
- Source: IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, Volume 6, Issue 12, p. 1235 –1242
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2011.0692
- Type: Article
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The optimal single line compensating model is presented and analysed for short 1000-kV UHV parallel lines, to limit secondary arc current and recovery voltage. According to this study, for perfectly transposed 1000-kV lines shorter than 183 km, 750-kV parallel lines shorter than 280 km and 500-kV parallel lines shorter than 500 km, the secondary arc current can be compensated in single line model, and hence achieving the successful selective pole reclosing. Simulations on real time digital simulator (RTDS) have been carried out to evaluate the compensation scheme proposed in this study. - Author(s): H.M.I. Pousinho ; J. Contreras ; J.P.S. Catalão
- Source: IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, Volume 6, Issue 12, p. 1243 –1251
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2012.0101
- Type: Article
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This study proposes a stochastic mixed-integer linear programming approach to maximise the total expected profit of a price-maker Hydro Generating Company. Start-up and shutdown procedures, discrete hydro unit-commitment constraints, ramp rates, minimum and maximum power output constraints, and head effects, are all taken into account in an efficacious way. Uncertainties are modelled considering sets of scenarios to describe the residual demand curves. The proposed approach is successfully applied to a Portuguese hydro system in cascaded configuration. Conclusions are duly drawn. - Author(s): K.J. Sagastabeitia ; I. Zamora ; A.J. Mazón ; Z. Aginako ; G. Buigues
- Source: IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, Volume 6, Issue 12, p. 1252 –1261
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2012.0195
- Type: Article
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This paper presents a new method of detecting low-current faults in high impedance grounded distribution networks, in both compensated and ungrounded medium voltage networks. Based on monitoring the residual variations of line and phase asymmetries, the proposed algorithm can be used in combination with other steady-state data-based methodologies, in order to detect the existence of a single-phase ground fault, as well as identify the faulty feeder and phase. Although it could also be used in compensated networks by means of other techniques (such as the injection of zero-sequence currents in the neutral), the algorithm described in this paper has been developed by using superposed voltages, so as to make its application possible in compensated and ungrounded distribution networks. Furthermore, the reliability of this algorithm has been extensively tested in Matlab/Simulink, considering a wide range of resistive faults, and its practical applicability has also been described. - Author(s): P. Juanuwattanakul and M.A.S. Masoum
- Source: IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, Volume 6, Issue 12, p. 1262 –1271
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2011.0841
- Type: Article
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This study proposes a new iterative algorithm to improve the performance of multiphase distribution networks by proper placement and sizing of distributed generation (DG) units and single-phase capacitors. The approach consists of utilising the positive-sequence voltage ratio Vcollapse/Vno-load to identify the weakest three-phase and single-phase buses for the installation of DG units and shunt capacitors, respectively. DG penetration levels are increased by evaluating their impacts on voltage profile, grid losses and voltage stability margin while considering the voltage limits at all buses. Detailed simulations are performed for the placement and sizing of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) and single-phase capacitors in the IEEE multiphase 34 node test feeder using the DIgSILENT PowerFactory software. The impacts of DFIG on voltage profile, active power loss, maximum loading factor and voltage unbalance factor are highlighted. - Author(s): K. Jia ; D. Thomas ; M. Sumner
- Source: IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, Volume 6, Issue 12, p. 1272 –1280
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2011.0788
- Type: Article
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1272
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A new impedance-based active earth fault location algorithm for utilisation in a high impedance-earthed distribution system is presented. This method which involves a simple insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) switch action can be applied in real-time to fault location, because of its relatively low processing requirements. In this study, the method is explored through simulation and validated using experimental tests. The experimental tests were applied to a cable distribution system with both linear and non-linear loads. The simulations were then extended to a six-zone marine distribution system. - Author(s): C. Muñoz ; E. Sauma ; J. Contreras ; J. Aguado ; S. de La Torre
- Source: IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, Volume 6, Issue 12, p. 1281 –1291
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2011.0552
- Type: Article
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Power generation from renewable sources has greatly increased in the last decade. Accordingly, the planning of power system expansions must incorporate the special features of these types of energy sources. Long-term power transmission expansion planning usually does not take these differences among energy sources into account because of the long period considered. However, modelling the special features of renewable sources may influence the optimal transmission plan. In this study, the authors propose a methodology for long-term power transmission expansion planning that incorporates the costs associated with the operation of wind power plants. In particular, the authors model the transmission expansion planning problem as a mixed-integer linear program in which the variability of the wind resource, the impact of wind power operation in the system security and the impact of wind power operation in the reserve market are incorporated. The authors illustrate the methodology using a 34-node version of the main Chilean network. - Author(s): A. Bidram ; M.-E. Hamedani-golshan ; A. Davoudi
- Source: IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution, Volume 6, Issue 12, p. 1292 –1300
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2012.0018
- Type: Article
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This study extracts effective loading constraints for synchronous machine-based distributed generators (SMDGs) in a micro-grid to ensure their post-fault first swing stability. The notion of trajectory sensitivity is used to determine the sensitivity of the SMDGs rotor angles and velocities with respect to the mechanical input power. Then, appropriate loading constraints for SMDGs are calculated for a set of pre-specified faults. The proposed methodology can be used for a micro-grid with an arbitrary number of SMDGs, under various fault scenarios, as well as both grid-connected and autonomous (islanded) modes of operation. The proposed methodology is verified using time-domain simulation of a modified benchmark system of the IEEE standard 399-1997.
Comprehensive control framework for ensuring loading margin of power systems considering demand-side participation
Transformer and home energy management systems to lessen electrical vehicle impact on the grid
Time-domain harmonic state estimation based on the Kalman filter Poincaré map and extrapolation to the limit cycle
Quantitative analysis of network protection blinding for systems incorporating distributed generation
Location of faults generating short-duration voltage variations in distribution systems regions from records captured at one point and decomposed into damped sinusoids
Optimal compensating scheme for limiting secondary arc current of 1000-kV UHV short parallel lines
Short-term optimal scheduling of a price-maker hydro producer in a pool-based day-ahead market
Low-current fault detection in high impedance grounded distribution networks, using residual variations of asymmetries
Increasing distributed generation penetration in multiphase distribution networks considering grid losses, maximum loading factor and bus voltage limits
Impedance-based earth fault location for a non-directly grounded distribution systems
Impact of high wind power penetration on transmission network expansion planning
Loading constraints for first swing stability margin enhancement of distributed generation
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