Electric vehicles (EVs) appear to offer a promising solution to support sustainable transportation and the reduction of CO₂ emissions in the metropolitan areas. To satisfy the EV load demand of the new EV models with larger battery capacities, public direct-current fast-charging stations (DCFCSs) are essential to recharge EVs rapidly. A stochastic planning method of the DCFCSs is presented considering user behaviour and the probabilistic driving patterns in order to predict EVs charging demand. According to the stochastic method, a coordinated charging demand and storage charging demand are proposed with the objective of minimising peak load from EVs and charging-infrastructure costs. The proposed planning method can prevent additional grid-reinforcement costs due to EV demand during peak hours. In the coordinated charging demand, the peak load from EVs is managed by controlling the DCFCSs. Instead, in the battery energy storage (BES) charging demand, an optimal BES is proposed as an alternative solution to reduce the peak demand of EVs as well as DCFCSs operational costs. Finally, an economic analysis is carried out to evaluate the technical and economic aspects related to DCFCSs, the BES life-cycle costs as well as the financial performance of BES costs versus grid-reinforcement costs.

Urban passenger mobility challenges can be sustainably eased with electric trains. However, due to the visual impact, safety and, electrification cost concerns, some routes or section(s) of a route are not electrified. In such cases, battery powered trams present a promising alternative. Rail vehicles are heavy but, they have a low coefficient of rolling friction. Consequently, they draw high power during acceleration as compared to the power demand during cruising. Thus, a high capacity high-voltage traction battery is required to provide accelerating power. To minimise total electrified distance and traction battery size, a battery and accelerating-contact line (BACL) hybrid tram system in which a tram accelerates from a station drawing power from a short contact line and cruises with traction battery is presented. Simulated in MATLAB, the BACL hybrid tram system with 1.8 km total electrified distance has equivalent performance to the conventional battery and contact line hybrid tram system with 12.2 km total electrified distance. Compared to independently battery powered tram, battery size is reduced by 62.5%. Suggested applications for the BACL tram system are on short, fairly flat, idle lines with few stops.