The bi-directional energy flow between prosumers (wind energy) and smart grid (SG) provides pertinent benefits, such as (i) load-sharing, (ii) peak-load shaving, (iii) load reduction with energy market programs, (iv) ancillary services-based energy transactions, and (v) mutual beneficial frameworks based on rewards and penalties. However, the load variations of SG, intermittent wind speed in energy district (ED) of prosumers, and stochastic energy price are the major constraints that must be considered in wind energy prosumers (WEPs) interaction with utility. Further, the interfacing and interactions of WEPs with SG incur an enormous volume of data to be processed, stored, accessed, and managed. Therefore, the authors proposed a stochastic bi-directional energy management model (BEMM) to manage the aforementioned constraints. Moreover, the BEMM is empowered with cloud-based service level agreement (C-SLA) that provides massive storage capabilities to the enormous data incurred due to WEPs interactions with SG. Two sub-models of BEMM are incorporated, namely stochastic wind estimation model and stochastic energy pricing model. The wind estimation model deals the stochasticity of wind speed for energy generation, while energy price model manages and controls the uncertainty of pricing tariffs based on real-time pricing and day-a-head pricing mechanisms for efficient energy trade between SG and WEPs under the principle of C-SLA.

The phrase water-energy nexus is commonly used to describe the inherent and critical interdependencies between the electric power system (EPS) and the water distribution system (WDS). In this study, the analytical framework capturing the interactions between these two critical infrastructures is examined and a mathematical model to describe the associated dynamics is developed. Based on the time scale of these associated dynamics, the EPS simulation is conducted using time-series power flows following unit commitment and optimal power flow solutions. The WDS control optimisation–simulation model formulated here is solved using a genetic algorithm solution technique interfaced with EPANET. An integrated simulation engine of the interdependent infrastructure systems was created to conduct long-term simulations. The simulation engine was applied using representative WDS and EPS networks. The implemented control optimisation benefits both systems by reducing the effect of severe contingencies. The results of the simulations conducted prove the applicability of the proposed methodology for long-term, water-energy nexus contingency simulations having both power outages and droughts.

This study presents a passive islanding detection technique based on the approach of total variation filtering (TVF) for inverter-based distributed generation under noisy environment. Contamination of noise in the signal makes the islanding detection threshold less reliable. Therefore, the modal voltage signal is analysed through TVF-based decomposition procedure and several statistical features are obtained from its output. For decision making, the features are compared with the pre-specified threshold. To tackle the challenge of islanding detection in the presence of the high-quality factor load, phase angle of the positive sequence voltage is considered as the second level of detection criterion. The proposed scheme is validated on IEEE 34-bus standard distribution system. The scheme is tested under islanding as well as all possible non-islanding network disturbances. Hardware-in-loop results are also presented in support of the theory. A comparative analysis of the proposed algorithm with the well-established S-transform is presented. The proposed scheme is found to be working effectively and can detect islanding condition within three cycles of its inception.

The electric power system is intrinsically a cyber-physical system (CPS) with power flowing in the physical system and information flowing in the cyber-network. Testbeds are crucial for understanding the cyber-physical interactions and provide environments for prototyping novel applications. This study proposes a four-layer architecture for CPS testbeds with emphases on communication network emulation and networked physical components. A configurable software-defined network is employed to bridge physical components with wide-area applications for closed-loop control. In order to distribute physically coupled devices into multiple software simulations, this study proposes a data broker setup based on a distributed messaging environment to achieve low-latency data streaming. The decoupled design with data streaming allows for building testbed components as modules and running them in a distributed manner. Case studies verify the data broker setup for low-latency sensing and actuation, as well as the communication emulation setup for the desired network latency. Also illustrated is a replay attack scenario using synchrophasors in the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) 181-bus system for demonstrating the closed-loop cyber-physical simulation capability of the testbed.

In addition to conventional load side and source side management techniques, some approaches for management of local resources have been proposed for networks in recent years. For a load section including several loads and local sources, there is no approach in which full-selective contribution of the sources has taken into account. This study deals with a full-selective method for realising different desirable contributions of the local sources in a AC nano-grid. The full-selective contribution for active and reactive powers delivery is achieved using an electric power hub (EPH) and an efficient algorithm, both suggested in this work. The EPH composed of some power control units, by which one can share each load between the sources, desirably. The performance of the approach is evaluated in different conditions using some simulations in Matlab/Simulink.

This study presents a generalised representation of voltage source converter (VSC) based high voltage direct current (HVDC) systems appropriate for power flow studies using the Newton–Raphson method. To reach this aim, the active loads and ideal synchronous machines are employed in order to incorporate both converter losses and power balance, respectively. Also, considering different aspects of computer implementation, the proposed solution method uses the conventional Newton–Raphson method. The proposed representation considers practical restrictions, switching and conduction losses of semiconductors, and different control strategies for VSC-HVDC stations. Moreover, the proposed generalised representation of VSC-HVDC systems can be easily extended to incorporate the multi-terminal VSC-HVDC grids in an efficient manner. To investigate the application of the proposed representation for VSC-HVDC systems and load flow solution, three test systems including the standard IEEE 30 bus and IEEE two area RTS-96 networks are used and discussion on results is provided. Results show that the proposed algorithm is able to solve AC–DC power flow problems very efficiently with considerably less time in comparison to other existing algorithms.

The protection of distribution networks is one of the most substantial issues, which needs special attention. Using appropriate protective equipment enhances the safety of the power distribution network during the fault conditions. Fault current limiter (FCL) is a kind of modern preserving system being used for protecting power networks and equipment. One of the main concerns of power networks is the voltage restoration of buses during faulty conditions. In this study, a group of coordinated DC reactor type faults current limiters are designed and tested to protect the network and restore its buses voltage within the fault period. To coordinate FCLs and measurement devices during the fault sequences, a wireless communication system and decision-making computer are used. The proposed FCLs coordination strategy is modelled and simulated in MATLAB platform and the results are validated by the developed laboratory test setup.