IET Electric Power Applications
Volume 14, Issue 6, June 2020
Volumes & issues:
Volume 14, Issue 6
June 2020
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- Author(s): Payam Shams Ghahfarokhi ; Ants Kallaste ; Anouar Belahcen ; Toomas Vaimann
- Source: IET Electric Power Applications, Volume 14, Issue 6, p. 929 –936
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-epa.2019.1020
- Type: Article
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929
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This study provides a survey on thermal and flow network analysis of open self-ventilated (OSV) machines. The improvements and new approaches proposed in the last decade are analysed in detail. The thermal analysis of OSV machines is divided into two significant steps, thermal models and flow network analysis. In the first step of this survey, the analytical thermal model approach is considered in detail. In addition, the study provides an overview of the critical parameters of an analytical thermal model and discusses different solutions to overcome the problems. In the second step, the hydraulic behaviour of OSV machines is considered by using the analytical flow network analysis and the formulation to calculate the flow network parameters is provided.
Analytical thermal model and flow network analysis suitable for open self-ventilated machines
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- Author(s): Guanghui Du and Na Huang
- Source: IET Electric Power Applications, Volume 14, Issue 6, p. 937 –942
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-epa.2019.0500
- Type: Article
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937
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In the direct drive waste heat power system, the turbine is directly connected to high-speed permanent magnet generators (HSPMGs), and the transmission efficiency, service life and system volume can be obviously improved by removing the gearbox and screw rod. However, in the design of high-speed electrical machines, a comprehensive multiphysics analysis must be conducted in order to meet various requirements of electromagnetic, mechanical and thermal specifications simultaneously. The design of one HSPMG by the multiphysics approach for the electromagnetic and loss characteristics, rotor stress, rotor dynamics and fluid-thermal parameters, which satisfies all specified multiphysics constraints, is presented. The theoretical results are confirmed by the experimental results on a prototype in terms of electromagnetic, mechanical and thermal characteristics, such as induced voltage, load current, rotor continuous operation and temperature distribution.
- Author(s): Fei Liu ; Jianhui Hu ; Yong Li ; Qian Wang
- Source: IET Electric Power Applications, Volume 14, Issue 6, p. 943 –950
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-epa.2019.0780
- Type: Article
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943
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This study introduces an innovative thermal model to accurately consider the heat transfer in the winding and end region of forced air-cooled motors, which is an attractive supplement of classical lumped parameter thermal network approaches. Through coupling of the analytical method and local numerical calculations, the effective length of the winding heat path and the air convection of the end region can be exactly considered. An improved analytical derivation of the equivalent thermal conductivity of the winding is applied. To reduce the errors caused by the irregular slot type, the winding thermal resistance is calculated by the 2D numerical calculations. After that, the 3D model of the end region is built to accurately calculate the end air velocity and end convection resistance. The unknown boundaries of the 3D end model are determined by a coupling iteration. The errors of the winding thermal resistance and end convection resistance are less than 3.12 and 11%, respectively, verified by simulations and temperature tests of the prototype. Finally, the mechanism of the end region convection and its influence on the temperature rise of the entire motor are discussed in detail.
- Author(s): Sayed Alireza Sadrossadat and Omid Rahmani
- Source: IET Electric Power Applications, Volume 14, Issue 6, p. 951 –960
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-epa.2019.0686
- Type: Article
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951
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This study presents a new method for parametric modelling and optimisation of a permanent-magnet brushless DC (BLDC) motor. We proposed an artificial neural network (ANN)-based metric technique to combine and optimise different objective functions of a BLDC motor using ANN-based models and compared with conventional optimisation methods with analytical models. To proceed with this optimisation problem, the function should be minimised. For applying constraints to this problem, a simple method called penalty factor is proposed, in which a penalty term was added to the function when the constraints are violated. We considered three goals in this optimisation: efficiency maximisation, speed maximisation and material cost minimisation. Since the load is constant torque in our case, more speed means more powerful motor, and to achieve the minimum material cost goal the volume of the magnet is set as an objective function. To find the optimum geometric parameters, we used gradient-based method subject to non-linear magnetic constraints. All the obtained results were validated by Ansoft Maxwell. Optimising using the proposed method including ANN-based models does not require knowledge about complicated electric/magnetic equations. Also, ANN-based BLDC motor model is more accurate than analytical models and faster than existing models in simulation tools.
- Author(s): Yu-Ling He ; Yue-Xin Sun ; Ming-Xing Xu ; Xiao-Long Wang ; Yu-Cai Wu ; Gaurang Vakil ; David Gerada ; Chris Gerada
- Source: IET Electric Power Applications, Volume 14, Issue 6, p. 961 –971
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-epa.2019.0844
- Type: Article
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961
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In this article, the qualitative theoretical derivation, together with finite element analysis and experimental studies are presented to investigate the unbalanced magnetic pull (UMP) as well as the rotor vibration characteristics. Differently from previous studies, this study focuses on the UMP/vibration not only under the normal and the conventional radial rotor eccentricity conditions but also for three-dimensional (3D) hybrid static air-gap eccentricity (SAGE) cases which are composed of both the radial SAGE and the axial SAGE. The detailed UMP expressions before and after each SAGE, are first deduced based on the analysis of the magnetic flux density variation. Then, the 3D finite element calculation and the experimental study are carried out on the CS-5 prototype generator which has two poles and a rated speed of 3000 rpm in order to validate the proposed theoretical analysis. It is shown that the DC component and the even harmonics of the radial UMP/vibration, especially the second harmonic, increase under the SAGE conditions. Specifically, the increment of the radial SAGE increases both the radial and the axial UMPs/vibrations, while the growth of the axial SAGE increases the axial UMP/vibration but meanwhile reduces the radial UMP/vibration.
- Author(s): Lijun Zhou ; Junfei Jiang ; Xiangyu Zhou ; Zhenyu Wu ; Tong Lin ; Dongyang Wang
- Source: IET Electric Power Applications, Volume 14, Issue 6, p. 972 –980
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-epa.2019.0933
- Type: Article
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972
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Frequency response analysis (FRA) is a widely used approach for detecting winding faults in a transformer. Appropriate and quantitative FRA features will help to improve the accuracy of fault diagnosis. In this study, a novel FRA interpretation including new image features is proposed based on the image processing technique. First, winding faults of different windings are simulated in a test autotransformer and the FRA curves are measured under various faults. Then frequency region division method and image processing technique are first applied to the measured FRA curves. The area ratio and centroid deviation in different frequency regions are calculated through a novel algorithm. Finally, the image features are used as the inputs to support vector machine model. Additionally, three different parametric optimisation algorithm are compared during the training process. The results show that the particle swarm optimisation and image feature exhibit best performance for identifying winding faults.
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- Source: IET Electric Power Applications, Volume 14, Issue 6, p. 981 –990
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-epa.2019.0345
- Type: Article
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p.
981
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The introduction of Silicon Carbide (SiC) based components in the electromechanical chain presents numerous advantages but has consequences on the reliability of the insulation systems in the machine. It is, therefore, necessary to determine whether, under normal operating conditions, phenomena that did not previously exist or were not completely apprehended will appear with the transition to SiC-based inverters. One of these phenomena is partial discharge (PD) and its development in machines, and more precisely in the turn-to-turn, turn-to-ground, and phase-to-phase insulation systems. The present study reports the investigations carried out on a high voltage machine fed by inverters using Silicon (Si) and SiC-based components. It forms part of a general study in which the primary objective is to determine the electrical stress to which the machine is subject, in order to systematically determine the conditions of occurrence of PDs and their consequences on the insulation system lifetime. The following work, which is the first part of the investigation, seeks to perform a thorough electrical stress mapping depending on both geometric and electrical parameters. An analysis of the results will also be presented, as well as thoughts concerning future work, especially regarding the link between electrical constraints and PD activity.
- Author(s): Tayfun Gundogdu and Guven Komurgoz
- Source: IET Electric Power Applications, Volume 14, Issue 6, p. 991 –1001
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-epa.2019.0743
- Type: Article
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p.
991
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In this study, the compatibleness/effectiveness of the proposed novel semi-overlapping winding (NSW) topology has been investigated by implementing into different synchronous machine technologies, namely interior permanent-magnet machine, synchronous reluctance machine (SynRM), permanent-magnet assisted SynRM, and double-salient reluctance machine. All considered machines have also been designed with different winding topologies; i.e. integer-slot distributed winding, fractional-slot concentrated winding (FSCW) in order to reveal the merits/demerits of the proposed NSWs. A comprehensive electromagnetic performance comparison has been presented. It has been validated that the proposed winding topology promises significant advantages; such as improved efficiency with substantially reduced total axial length, low eddy permanent magnet (PM) loss and low risk of irreversible magnet demagnetisation over conventional winding topologies. It has also been revealed that the implementation of proposed NSWs into the reluctance machines results with higher torque and power output than that of FSCWs.
- Author(s): Seyed Amir Mansouri ; Amir Ahmarinejad ; Mohammad Sadegh Javadi ; Reza Heidari ; João P. S. Catalão
- Source: IET Electric Power Applications, Volume 14, Issue 6, p. 1002 –1010
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-epa.2019.0826
- Type: Article
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p.
1002
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This study studies a double-surface sliding-mode observer (DS-SMO) for estimating the flux and speed of induction motors (IMs). The SMO equations are based on an IM model in the stationary reference frame. The DS-SMO is developed based on the equations of a single-surface SMO (SS-SMO) of IM. In DS-SMO method, the observer is designed through combining sliding variables produced by combining estimated fluxes of currents error. The speed is easily determined based on the pass of switching signal through a low-pass filter. Also, an optimal DS-SMO (ODS-SMO) is proposed to improve the transient condition by optimally tuning the observer parameters. To optimise these parameters, the particle swarm optimisation method is adopted. Moreover, an improved DS-SMO (IDS-SMO) is proposed to improve both transient and steady-state conditions, torque ripple and total harmonic distortion. Moreover, the proposed IDS-SMO has a stable performance under sudden load change and the low-speed region. Finally, the accuracy of the proposed ODS-SMO and IDS-SMO methods is substantiated through simulation and experimental results.
- Author(s): Yuxin Lian ; Shiyan Yang ; Xiaoshan Zeng ; Hongqi Ben ; Wei Yang
- Source: IET Electric Power Applications, Volume 14, Issue 6, p. 1011 –1022
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-epa.2019.0671
- Type: Article
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1011
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This study presents a comparative analysis of two different interphase reactors (IPRs) applied in a 36-pulse diode rectifier. One is traditional triple-tapped IPR; the other is unconventional IPR (UIPR) composed of the primary winding and secondary winding. The primary winding is double-tapped conventionally and the secondary winding is connected with a single-phase full-wave rectifier. The operation modes and optimal parameters of both IPRs are analysed. The effect of different operation modes on output currents of the two three-phase diode-bridge rectifiers, input currents and load voltages is also analysed. Under the optimal parameters, both rectifiers operate as 36-pulse diode rectifiers and reduce the total harmonic distortion of input line currents to be 5%. Especially, the proposed rectifier using UIPR is easy and simple to implement. Some experiments are provided to validate the theoretical analysis.
- Author(s): Weixiang Chou ; Yanping Liang ; Lianlian Gao ; Dongmei Wang
- Source: IET Electric Power Applications, Volume 14, Issue 6, p. 1023 –1029
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-epa.2019.0884
- Type: Article
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1023
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Aiming at the shortcomings of the analytical algorithm and numerical algorithm for calculating the eddy current losses in the solid rotor of high speed squirrel cage induction motor, this study proposes a semi-analytical algorithm. Based on the magnetic field of the rotor surface and Maxwell's equations, the analytical formula of this algorithm is derived. According to the law of energy conservation, the losses in rotor and rotor bars are calculated, respectively, so that the eddy current losses in the solid rotor are calculated indirectly. Taking a high speed squirrel cage induction motor as an example, the eddy current losses in the solid rotor are calculated by the semi-analytical method. The calculation result is verified by the two-dimensional transient finite-element method, and the calculation result meets the basic requirements of engineering practice.
- Author(s): Rui Nie ; Hao Chen ; Jinfu Liu ; Wenmin Zhao ; Shuyan Zhao ; Jiacheng Tian ; Xing Wang ; Yingjie Huo
- Source: IET Electric Power Applications, Volume 14, Issue 6, p. 1030 –1040
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-epa.2019.0911
- Type: Article
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p.
1030
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The longitudinal end effect (LEE) has a negative influence on the performance of the flat-type switched-reluctance linear machines (SRLMs). For example, it can give rise to the imbalance of peak currents of different phases and the aggravation of the force ripple. This study proposes a modified current estimation model and an adaptive adjustment method (AAM) of turn-on position to compensate for the LEE of SRLMs. The modified current estimation model considers not only the self-inductance characteristics but also the mutual inductance characteristics. Some simulation results demonstrate that this modified estimation model has better estimation accuracy than a previous one. Then, the AAM of turn-on position is proposed based on this modified current estimation model. It can balance the peak currents of different phases so that the negative impact of the LEE is greatly reduced. This new control method is easy to implement and requires little test, and its effectiveness in compensating for the peak currents and reducing force ripple is experimentally verified.
- Author(s): Zitan Wang ; Jianyun Chai ; Xudong Sun ; Haifeng Lu
- Source: IET Electric Power Applications, Volume 14, Issue 6, p. 1041 –1049
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-epa.2019.0518
- Type: Article
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Deadbeat control calculates excitation by a differential equation model that takes measurements of state variables as initial values and instructions as terminal values. Ideally, this excitation can force state variables to track instructions in the succeeding control interval. However, in a practical system, noises in measured signals can mislead the control system and degrade its performance with increased ripples and harmonics. Therefore, some filters are often used in measurements, but their inherent delay can lead to inaccurate initial values and cause severe overshoots in dynamic cases. In this study, a new type filtering algorithm called predictive deviation filter is proposed for deadbeat control, which filters only the predicted deviation obtained by removing the expected values from measured ones, and then the real values of state variables are recovered. With this method, the influence of the filter delay can be limited only on the deviation which is a small part of the signal, significantly improving the accuracy of the initial values. Furthermore, a comprehensive frequency-domain analysis of the predictive deviation filter is provided. Finally, the new filtering algorithm is applied to drive control of permanent magnet synchronous motor. The simulation and experimental results verify the effectiveness and performance of this approach.
- Author(s): Marco Túlio Alves Êvo and Hélder de Paula
- Source: IET Electric Power Applications, Volume 14, Issue 6, p. 1050 –1059
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-epa.2019.0851
- Type: Article
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The authors deal with the use of electrostatic shielding to mitigate the electric discharge machining (EDM) currents on the induction machine bearings. Employing 2D and 3D models, several finite element analysis (FEA) simulations were thoroughly made addressing the shielding effectiveness to attenuate the shaft-to-frame voltage and the associated eddy current losses for different shield widths, thicknesses and materials. The obtained results provide very good guidelines for the practical design of the shielding device. In addition, comparisons between frequency- and time-domain models highlight the importance of considering factors such as the saturation of the iron core, the rotor movement and non-sinusoidal sources to compute the eddy current losses in the shield. Besides, the authors present a comprehensive theoretical review of the EDM currents, where the main influencing factors and action mechanisms are compiled in a clear and didactic approach, for the purpose of broad comprehension.
- Author(s): Junguo Cui ; Wensheng Xiao ; Wenqiang Zou ; Simiao Liu ; Qi Liu
- Source: IET Electric Power Applications, Volume 14, Issue 6, p. 1060 –1066
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-epa.2019.0346
- Type: Article
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This study presents an optimisation procedure for a submersible permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) to achieve the maximum efficiency and minimum cogging torque simultaneously. Numerous geometric parameters can be used to define submersible PMSM. To identify the most significant parameters for optimisation, the fractional factorial design out of design of experiment (DOE) is employed for the screening activity, considering the interaction effects into account. The manufacturing process of the motor causes dimension tolerances, shape and position tolerances, installation errors and deviations of material properties. To ensure a good robustness for the performance of the submersible PMSM, Taguchi's robust design method is employed. The screened significant parameters are taken as the control factors. The noise factors include inner diameter of stator, the air-gap length, the remanence of the magnets and the dimension tolerances of magnets. Numerical results demonstrate that this method is an effective optimisation design procedure to improve the performance of submersible PMSM, which is finally proved by the prototype test.
- Author(s): Panpan Wang ; Junjie Lu ; Liping Shi ; Yang Zhang ; Zhigang Tong ; Nanding Wang
- Source: IET Electric Power Applications, Volume 14, Issue 6, p. 1067 –1077
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-epa.2019.0779
- Type: Article
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1067
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When the broken rotor bar (BRB) fault occurs in induction motors, the amplitude of stator fundamental current is modulated by fault components, forming the current envelope with a particular frequency, which can be considered as a powerful criterion for BRB detection. However, it is relatively difficult to extract especially at time-varying loads due to the non-stationary characteristics. Thus, a novel envelope extraction method (EEM) combining fast Fourier transform and sliding overlapping window is proposed and the overall performance is tested by simulation. The results show that the method is capable to effectively extract the current envelope, but the extraction accuracy is unsatisfied due to the spectrum leakage in the case of non-integer periodic truncation. The technique of discrete spectrum correction is then introduced into EEM to improve its extraction accuracy, and then, an improved EEM (IEEM) is proposed and then tested by simulation. The results show that the IEEM is able to eliminate the impact of non-integer periodic truncation, effectively and accurately extract the current envelope. Finally, the two methods are applied in BRB fault online detection of 1.1 and 2.2 kW induction motors at time-varying loads. The corresponding experimental results demonstrate its validity and universality again.
- Author(s): Caixia Gao ; Ke Lv ; Jikai Si ; Haichao Feng ; Chun Gan
- Source: IET Electric Power Applications, Volume 14, Issue 6, p. 1078 –1088
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-epa.2019.0906
- Type: Article
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Owing to its many benefits, including convenient and short computing time, the analytical model (AM) is widely used in the performance analyse of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). The existing analytical models based on phase winding cannot sufficiently speculate about the contribution of the coil to the performances of direct-drive PMSM (DDPMSM) with series coils and multiple branches. Hence, in this work, a novel AM for the DDPMSM is proposed. This model, which is based on the winding sub-element, can analyse the influence of coil on motor performance. First, the structure and key parameters of the DDPMSM are reported. Second, an inductance matrix, which considers the spatial disposition of coils and the characteristics of large self-inductance and small mutual inductance, is constructed. Then, the influence of the coil on motor performance is analysed based on the proposed AM. Finally, the results of AM, finite-element model and experiment are compared. The results validate the correctness of the proposed AM. Furthermore, the proposed AM can speculate about the contribution of a coil in the DDPMSM performances with satisfactory accuracy.
- Author(s): Yan Yan ; Fushun Liu ; Tingna Shi ; Guozheng Zhang ; Zhiqiang Wang ; Changliang Xia
- Source: IET Electric Power Applications, Volume 14, Issue 6, p. 1089 –1096
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-epa.2019.0697
- Type: Article
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1089
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Due to the large number of voltage vectors in the multilevel inverter, the traditional multilevel model predictive control has a problem of heavy online computing burden. In this study, a model predictive current control strategy for multilevel-cascaded H-bridge inverter-permanent-magnet synchronous motor (CHB-PMSM) system is proposed. By deeply analysing the relationship between current vector and increment of the voltage vector, the candidate voltage vector sets in dynamic and steady state are optimised. Besides, the number of candidate voltage vectors is reduced to two regardless of the levels of CHB inverter, avoiding all voltage vectors participating in the calculation. Consequently, the experimental results on the CHB-PMSM system verify that the proposed strategy can significantly reduce the computational complexity and make the motor system obtain good dynamic and steady-state performance.
- Author(s): Abdelkader Attab ; Houcine Zeroug ; Chabane Hammouma
- Source: IET Electric Power Applications, Volume 14, Issue 6, p. 1097 –1107
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-epa.2018.5740
- Type: Article
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Metal hardening depends on the material properties and the way the heat is being applied; therefore, a careful induction heating system parameter should be carefully selected, and in particular to meet the hardening requirements. In this study, a focus on a cost-effective design of the induction coil and the converter is presented. For that, a sample bar metal made of XC48 is considered. The methodology exploits an indirect procedure. It starts from the coil design according to the metal sample size, followed by a 2D finite element method for parameters and losses determination for the specified hardening depth. The power supply using resonant series converters is evaluated through electrical modelling simulation and which integrates a phase-locked loop scheme to account for load parameter variation. A comparison between the electrical and heat power is conducted to highlight the importance of the inverter control parameters leading to high efficiency and an appropriate and satisfactory hardening profile. A prototype system is built to demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach described.
- Author(s): Armando S. Guedes and Sidelmo Magalhaes Silva
- Source: IET Electric Power Applications, Volume 14, Issue 6, p. 1108 –1117
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-epa.2019.0711
- Type: Article
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1108
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This work presents a new approach to the on-line evaluation of the insulation of electric machines. Through the proposed system, it is possible to identify the stress agents causing the degradation of the insulation of low- and medium-voltage machines. In addition, the estimation of the time-to-failure (TF) of the insulation is developed based on linear stochastic models autoregressive moving average and artificial neural networks. The identification of the stress agent and the estimation of the TF give a complete prognosis for the predictive monitoring of the machine insulation.
Multiphysics analysis of high-speed permanent magnet generators for waste heat application
Improved thermal model of forced air-cooled motors considering heat transfer in wire-wound winding and end region
ANN-based method for parametric modelling and optimising efficiency, output power and material cost of BLDC motor
Rotor UMP characteristics and vibration properties in synchronous generator due to 3D static air-gap eccentricity faults
Detection of transformer winding faults using FRA and image features
Electrical stress mapping in a Type II machine supplied by inverters using Si and SiC-based components
Comparative study on performance characteristics of PM and reluctance machines equipped with overlapping, semi-overlapping, and non-overlapping windings
Improved double-surface sliding mode observer for flux and speed estimation of induction motors
Comparative analysis of two different interphase reactors applied in 36-pulse diode rectifier
Research on eddy current losses algorithm in solid rotor of high speed squirrel cage induction motor
Peak current compensation for reducing the negative impact of LEE on SRLM
Predictive deviation filter for deadbeat control
Electrostatic shielding for bearings discharge currents attenuation: analysis of its effectiveness, losses and impact on the motor performance – a study for design guidelines
Design optimisation of submersible permanent magnet synchronous motor by combined DOE and Taguchi approach
Method for extracting current envelope for broken rotor bar fault detection of induction motors at time-varying loads
Novel modelling method based on winding sub-element of direct-drive permanent magnet synchronous motor
Model predictive current control for multilevel CHB-PMSM system with lower calculation
Investigations into series resonant inverter power control parameters for an effective metal induction surface hardening
Insulation failures prognosis in electric machines: preventive detection and time to failure forecast
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