IET Electric Power Applications
Volume 11, Issue 4, April 2017
Volumes & issues:
Volume 11, Issue 4
April 2017
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- Author(s): Zhuoran Zhang ; Ye Liu ; Bo Tian ; Wenjia Wang
- Source: IET Electric Power Applications, Volume 11, Issue 4, p. 487 –494
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-epa.2016.0542
- Type: Article
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Hybrid excitation synchronous machines (HESMs) inherit the high-torque density of permanent magnet synchronous machines and flux regulation capability of wound rotor synchronous machines. This makes HESMs attractive candidates for vehicle traction applications. To further improve torque density, an optimised HESM with magnet shunting rotor is proposed in this study. This study presents a maximum torque control strategy with zero d-axis current. Furthermore, an optimised control strategy that utilises the coordinated operation between the field current and d-axis current is proposed. The optimised control strategy exhibits advantages of low-speed high-torque, wide constant power range, and high efficiency in flux-weakening (FW) region. A 100 kW drive system based on the optimised HESM with the proposed control strategy is developed, experimentally realised, and validated. The experimental results show that the FW range is 3.5–1, and the efficiency of the drive system is >92% in most operating region, which verify the superiority and effectiveness of the proposed HESM drive system.
- Author(s): Emilio Rebollo ; Carlos A. Platero ; Francisco Blazquez ; Ricardo Granizo
- Source: IET Electric Power Applications, Volume 11, Issue 4, p. 495 –503
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-epa.2016.0525
- Type: Article
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495
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Synchronous generators with brushless excitation have the disadvantage that the field winding is not accessible for the de-excitation of the generator. This means that, despite the proper operation of the protection system, the large de-excitation time constant may produce severe damage in the event of an internal short circuit. This paper describes a novel high speed de-excitation system (HSBDS) aimed at limiting the damage in the synchronous generator in case of an internal short circuit. The HSBDS for these generators was developed and it is in commercial operation. However in a power plant is not possible to test the operation of the HSBDS under sudden short circuit. This paper presents the results of a several tests in a laboratory 15 MVA brushless synchronous machine where internally reduced voltage sudden short-circuits have been performed. As a rated voltage short circuit could damage the laboratory 15 MVA machine, a computer model has been developed in order to assess the performance of the HSBDS in a real short circuit at rated voltage. The HSBDS under sudden short circuit conditions has been evaluated and validated through laboratory tests and computer simulations with satisfactory results.
- Author(s): Yang Zhang ; Shoudao Huang ; Sijia Hu
- Source: IET Electric Power Applications, Volume 11, Issue 4, p. 504 –511
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-epa.2016.0577
- Type: Article
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Asymmetrical grid voltage will introduce negative-sequence current components on the grid side and cause large voltage ripple of quasi-Z-source capacitors. It will lead to the torque ripple of generator. This study proposes a novel control method based on super-capacitor (SC) to improve the capability of asymmetric fault ride through in quasi-Z-source wind power generation system (WPGS). The stream of system power, in the condition of unbalanced grid voltage, is discussed in detail in this study. To limit the voltage rise and suppress the 2-order voltage ripple of quasi-Z-source capacitors, the throughput power of SC is controlled by proportional–resonant controller to track the output power subtraction between generator and quasi-Z-source inverter. Meanwhile, the negative-sequence component of the grid-connected current is decreased significantly. Finally, simulation and experimental results are given to verify the theoretical analysis.
- Author(s): Sergio F. Contreras ; Camilo A. Cortes ; María A. Guzmán
- Source: IET Electric Power Applications, Volume 11, Issue 4, p. 512 –523
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-epa.2016.0672
- Type: Article
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The design of efficient three-phase induction motors is a challenge for engineering; therefore, new design techniques are continually being proposed. For example, efficiency is in conflict with manufacturing cost, which leads to the use of multi-objective optimisation techniques to solve this engineering problem. Nevertheless, this study shows that the way of accurately modelling the behaviour of the motor is as important as the optimisation method itself. Thus, the study discusses fundamental considerations in the motor model as part of a proposed methodology for the design of highly efficient three-phase squirrel cage induction motors. For this purpose, the motor is modelled in two ways: an analytical equivalent circuit and the finite element method, which are validated with data obtained from laboratory tests. The main contribution of this study is to show for the first time the required characteristics of the analytical model used as part of a multi-objective optimisation problem to have a suitable accuracy with a competitive runtime. Moreover, the problem is solved using three bio-inspired optimisation algorithms: non-dominated sorting genetic algorithms II, non-dominated sorting particle swarm optimisation and bacterial chemotaxis multi-objective optimisation algorithm. The methodology is tested in the optimal redesign of a two-pole, 3.7 kW, IE2 efficiency motor, for which the efficiency and cost were improved.
- Author(s): Jikai Si ; Lujia Xie ; Wenping Cao ; Yihua Hu ; Haichao Feng
- Source: IET Electric Power Applications, Volume 11, Issue 4, p. 524 –531
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-epa.2016.0469
- Type: Article
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524
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This study presents a composite multilayer method (CMM) to evaluate the performance of a two-degree-of-freedom (2DoF) direct drive induction motor (2DoFDDIM) whose solid rotor is coated with a copper layer. It includes a rotary part and a linear part. Based on the traditional multilayer theory, a complete 2DoFDDIM CMM computer program importing propagation constants is built. Due to the complex magnetic field in a 2DoFDDIM, this study mainly analyses it from the perspective of a single DOF motor. An equivalent circuit for the rotary part of the 2DoFDDIM is then derived applying CMM and the 2D magnetic field distribution is obtained by solving Maxwell's equations in motor layers. The developed torques, power factors and stator currents of the rotary part with different slips and the latter two of the linear part at zero speed are calculated by CMM, which are then compared with results from the finite element method (FEM) and experimental results. The computation time of the CMM is far less than that of the FEM. The acceptable accuracy confirms the effectiveness of the CMM for analysis and performance calculations of the 2DoFDDIM.
- Author(s): Jikai Si ; Lujia Xie ; Xiaozhuo Xu ; Yifeng Zhu ; Wenping Cao
- Source: IET Electric Power Applications, Volume 11, Issue 4, p. 532 –539
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-epa.2016.0691
- Type: Article
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532
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Two-degree-of-freedom motors are capable of producing linear, rotary, and helical motion, and thus have widespread applications in special industries. In this study, a new concept – static coupling effect – is studied in the two-degree-of-freedom direct-drive induction motor (2DoFDDIM). The proposed approach is based on the image method and the three-dimensional (3D) finite-element method. The image method model is established to analyse its reasons and predict the main effects, which are then verified by the proposed 3D finite-element static coupling model and experiments. The induced voltages and currents are produced in the static part and induced torque or force is obtained, even though the static part is not energised. It is concluded that the static coupling effect increases with the supply frequency and is influenced by the stator winding configuration. Thus, the existence of the static coupling effect is confirmed, which must be taken into account in future optimisation and precise control of the 2DoFDDIM.
- Author(s): Kesavan Ramakrishnan ; Mitrofan Curti ; Damir Zarko ; Gianpiero Mastinu ; Johannes J. H. Paulides ; Elena A. Lomonova
- Source: IET Electric Power Applications, Volume 11, Issue 4, p. 540 –547
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-epa.2016.0720
- Type: Article
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In this study, six different modelling methods for permanent magnet electric machines are compared in terms of their computational complexity and accuracy. The methods are based primarily on conformal mapping, mode matching, and harmonic modelling. In the case of conformal mapping, slotted air gap of a complex machine geometry is transformed to a smooth slotless air gap where analytical expression for field solution is available. The solution in the canonical domain is then mapped back to the original slotted air-gap domain. Mode matching or subdomain method, as it is called in different sources, is using a solution of Laplace's equation to model the slotted air gap. In harmonic modelling, the machine cross-section is divided into homogeneous regions that are represented using Fourier series and coupled with each other using boundary conditions. The boundary value problems in both the mode matching and harmonic models are solved to obtain the field solutions. The performance of the modelling methods are evaluated by comparing the global parameters such as cogging torque, electromagnetic torque, back-emf as well as the simulation time with the results of finite-element transient analysis.
- Author(s): Peter Dúbravka ; Pavol Rafajdus ; Pavol Makyš ; Loránd Szabó
- Source: IET Electric Power Applications, Volume 11, Issue 4, p. 548 –556
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-epa.2016.0543
- Type: Article
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p.
548
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This study is focused on a new approach of current profile computation to minimise switched reluctance motor (SRM) torque ripple both in healthy and one open phase fault condition. The analysis of static parameters by means of finite element method is carried out and it is verified by measurements. The mathematical model of SRM is described to simulate all transients. The new current profiling method is applied and tested for normal and faulty operation of a real SRM. The torque ripple is measured at a 10 kHz switching frequency. Lower torque ripple is obtained when compared with standard control methods, both under normal and open phase conditions. The simulations of diverse dynamic states are carried out and compared with experimental results.
- Author(s): Mohamed Wael Zouaghi ; Imen Abdennadher ; Ahmed Masmoudi
- Source: IET Electric Power Applications, Volume 11, Issue 4, p. 557 –566
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-epa.2016.0299
- Type: Article
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557
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The study is aimed at a lumped circuit-based sizing of tubular-linear synchronous machines (T-LSMs) equipped by quasi-Halbach magnetised PMs in the mover. The proposed approach is initiated by the synthesis the T-LSM lumped circuit, taking into account: (i) the saturation of the magnetic circuit, (ii) the leakage fluxes, (iii) the armature magnetic reaction, and (iv) the variation of the mover position. Then, formulations of different no-load and load operation features are derived in terms of selected variables yielded by the proposed lumped circuit. Among these features, the main value of the developed force is selected as a sizing criterion whose variation with respect to different influent design parameters is investigated along with the armature current density. The lumped circuit-based sizing approach enables the selection of a set of appropriate design parameters for which the formulated no-load and load operation features are predicted. A dual validation of the obtained results by an analytical model based on the air gap flux density formulation on one hand, and a 2D finite element analysis on the other hand, proves the effectiveness of the proposed sizing approach.
- Author(s): Abbas Hasani and Farhad Haghjoo
- Source: IET Electric Power Applications, Volume 11, Issue 4, p. 567 –577
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-epa.2016.0551
- Type: Article
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p.
567
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Loss of field (LOF) phenomenon in synchronous generators may cause serious damages and voltage drop in the power system, which can result in a blackout. Conventional methods, which detect LOF on the basis of the measured impedance from terminal viewpoint, are slow and may exhibit mal-operation in the face of other phenomena, e.g. stable power swing (SPS). In this paper, a novel technique is proposed to detect LOF in synchronous generators on the basis of some electrical quantities variations including voltage of terminal (V), current (I), active power (P), reactive power (Q) and power angle (δ). To evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, some cases are simulated under various operation conditions. Obtained results show that this algorithm on the basis of V, Q and δ not only can be considered as a fast LOF detector in comparison with the conventional impedance-based schemes, but also it is a robust and secure technique in the face of SPS and other power system disturbances. The proposed algorithm is tested by using an experimental setup including the laboratory synchronous generators, too. The obtained results show that the proposed technique can exhibit suitable performance in the actual conditions.
- Author(s): Jafar Nosratian Ahour ; Saeed Seyedtabaie ; Gevork B. Gharehpetian
- Source: IET Electric Power Applications, Volume 11, Issue 4, p. 578 –585
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-epa.2016.0635
- Type: Article
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578
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In this study, the challenging problem of computing the frequency-dependent lumped parameter ladder network model for transformer winding based on impedance frequency response is investigated. It is shown that the existing conventional model is not capable of simulating the non-dominant resonances; rather, this phenomenon can be adequately modelled using extra intersection capacitors. As usual, this large-scale non-linear optimisation problem is addressed using properly lined-up genetic algorithm. To accelerate the success of the estimation, the dimension of the problem and the search space is reduced by using logical and real constraints and equations derived from the transformer geometry and its electromagnetic specifications; if this is not done, the optimisation fails. The test results on a 20/0.4 kV, 1600 kVA transformer indicates that the computed model, which is improved and detailed, is superior to the conventional one in terms of simulating the non-dominant resonances of the transformer winding. Therefore, it is more reliable for the transformer transient behaviour analysis.
- Author(s): Wenzhe Deng ; Shuguang Zuo ; Fu Lin ; Shuanglong Wu
- Source: IET Electric Power Applications, Volume 11, Issue 4, p. 586 –594
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-epa.2016.0788
- Type: Article
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This study provides a detailed finding of the influence of pole and slot combinations on vibration and noise in external rotor axial flux in-wheel motors (AFWMs). Firstly, electromagnetic force exerted on the surface of permanent magnet is discussed and a two-dimensional fast Fourier transformation is implemented to analyse its spatial distribution and frequency characteristics. Then, a multiphysics model is developed to predict the vibration and noise and figure out the main origin from the perspective of electromagnetism. The influence of pole and slot combinations on vibration and noise is also analysed via the proposed model. Finally, the effect of load on vibration and noise in AFWMs is further investigated. It turns out that zeroth spatial order of axial electromagnetic force is the main origin of vibration and noise in axial flux motors, which is quite different from radial flux motors. Moreover, AFWMs with larger lowest common multiple (LCM) of pole number (2p) and slot number (Q s) show lower noise level and for the motors that satisfy LCM(2p,Q s) ≠ 6p, vibration and noise are greatly influenced by load. This study provides guidance for the design of low noise AFWMs.
- Author(s): Guang-Jin Li ; Petrica Taras ; Zi-Qiang Zhu ; Javier Ojeda ; Mohamed Gabsi
- Source: IET Electric Power Applications, Volume 11, Issue 4, p. 595 –602
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-epa.2016.0189
- Type: Article
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The irreversible magnet demagnetisation phenomena are investigated, under both healthy and short-circuit conditions for a switched flux permanent magnet (SFPM) machine. The temperature effects on permanent magnet material are taken into account and the influence of short-circuit current over demagnetisation is evaluated. To calculate the short-circuit current (mainly inter-turn short circuit), the MATLAB/Simulink model has been employed. The aforementioned short-circuit current is then fed to the finite-element model, so the demagnetisation analysis can be carried out. Various fault scenarios are investigated, including a high speed and high fault severity. It is found that the short-circuit current has limited effect on the magnet demagnetisation due to particular features of the SFPM machines. The mechanism of demagnetisation has been revealed and found out to be mainly due to temperature rise and poor PM materials utilisation. Experiments have been carried out to validate the MATLAB/Simulink model for short-circuit current predictions.
- Author(s): Kan Liu ; Jianghua Feng ; Shuying Guo ; Lei Xiao ; Z.Q. Zhu
- Source: IET Electric Power Applications, Volume 11, Issue 4, p. 603 –612
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-epa.2016.0734
- Type: Article
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This study proposes a novel method for the parameter determination of permanent magnet (PM) synchronous machines under different load conditions. It can identify the total dq-axis flux linkages and also the PM flux linkage separately by the addition of a pair of negative and positive position offsets. It is also noteworthy that the influence of uncertain inverter non-linearity and winding resistance is cancelled during the modelling process, and the experimental results on two different PM synchronous machines show a good agreement with the finite-element prediction results. More importantly, it shows good performance in online tracking the variation of PM flux linkage, which is an important feature for aiding the condition monitoring of PMs, for example, monitoring the temperature of PMs.
- Author(s): Zahra Nasiri-Gheidari and Farid Tootoonchian
- Source: IET Electric Power Applications, Volume 11, Issue 4, p. 613 –621
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-epa.2016.0675
- Type: Article
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613
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The axial flux brushless resolver without rotor windings is newly proposed resolver that has the advantages of variable reluctance (VR) resolvers for having no winding on rotor and also, its manufacturing process is much simpler than that of VR resolvers. The influence of different mechanical faults on the position error of the studied resolver is discussed. Different types of eccentricities, inclined rotor and run out error independently and simultaneously are studied using 3D time stepping finite-element method. The results show the maximum position error is related to the resolver under static eccentricity (SE), so an optimised rotor is proposed for the studied resolver to overcome this challenge. Finally, the optimised resolver is built and the experimental tests are done to validate the simulation results.
- Author(s): Huangqiu Zhu and Jianbo Huang
- Source: IET Electric Power Applications, Volume 11, Issue 4, p. 622 –630
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-epa.2016.0448
- Type: Article
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To overcome the difficulty in start-up of bearingless permanent magnet synchronous motor (BLPMSM), a novel structure of line-starting BLPMSM (LS-BLPMSM) is presented in this study, which has the ability of self-starting. First, the operation principle of the LS-BLPMSM is expounded and the suspension operation condition is deduced. Since two sets of windings are arranged in the stator of bearingless motor, different pole-pair cooperation between two sets of windings cause breaking or driving torque, and the theory of pole-pair cooperation is analysed. Second, the interference of squirrel-cage on suspension force magnetic field is studied based on the T-type equivalent circuit model of the equivalent induction motor formed by the suspension force windings and squirrel-cage bars, and a suspension force compensation strategy is presented. Finally, an experimental prototype with 2-pole-pair torque windings and 1-pole-pair suspension force windings is tested under different working conditions with the proposed control strategy. The rotation speed and the displacements in x and y axes are provided. The simulation and experimental results have shown that the motor has good rotation and suspension performance, and the validity and feasibility of this control strategy are confirmed.
- Author(s): Pezhman Jalali ; Samad Taghipour Boroujeni ; Nicola Bianchi
- Source: IET Electric Power Applications, Volume 11, Issue 4, p. 631 –639
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-epa.2017.0009
- Type: Article
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In this study, the equivalent boundary method is applied for modelling of the air gap flux density in the eccentric surface-mounted permanent magnet (PM) machines. In the presented model, neither conformal transformations nor perturbation analysis methods are applied. In this approach, a two-dimensional Poisson solution for the eccentric PM machines is developed. Therefore, the proposed model is simple, precise and efficient. To make the solution of the Poisson equation in the eccentric air gap easy, the concept of the equivalent boundary method is exploited to find an equivalent concentric geometry for the eccentric problem. All the claimed theorems are mathematically approved. The model is valid for static and dynamic eccentricities at no-load and on-load conditions. Using the analytically predicted air gap flux density, electromagnetic torque, back-EMF and the resulted radial force are computed. The correctness of the predicted results is validated by means of finite-element analysis.
- Author(s): Hsin-Ning Huang ; Kai-Wei Hu ; Chang-Ming Liaw
- Source: IET Electric Power Applications, Volume 11, Issue 4, p. 640 –652
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-epa.2016.0783
- Type: Article
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Adequate commutation instant setting and tuning in accordance with varied operating conditions are required for achieving good winding current and developed torque responses for a switched-reluctance motor (SRM) drive. This study presents a dynamic commutation shift controller (DCSC) based on DC-link current ripple minimisation for SRM drives. A single-phase bridgeless switch-mode rectifier (SMR) fed SRM drive is established for making the performance evaluation. The robust control schemes of the SMR and SRM drive are properly designed to yield satisfactory dynamic and static operation characteristics. The boosted and well-regulated DC-link voltage is established from the mains to enhance the SRM drive performance under high speeds. In addition, good line drawn power quality with high efficiency is obtained simultaneously by the bridgeless SMR front-end. In the developed DCSC, the observed DC-link ripple current is processed and used to determine the commutation shift angle automatically. Some measured results are provided to demonstrate the performance of the established SMR-fed SRM drive under the commutation using the proposed DCSC.
- Author(s): Adel Merabet ; Aman A. Tanvir ; Karim Beddek
- Source: IET Electric Power Applications, Volume 11, Issue 4, p. 653 –663
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-epa.2016.0557
- Type: Article
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This study presents a strategy for estimating the states and the load torque to implement a feedback linearisation controller for induction motor drives. The multivariable control is carried out using input–output linearisation feedback law in order to track profiles of the rotational speed and the rotor flux amplitude. The unknown load torque is compensated by an estimator based on the speed error. The state estimation requires only the measurements of the stator voltages–currents. The estimation method is not invasive as no mechanical sensors are needed. Experimental platform equipped with sensors at the load side, for measuring the speed and the torque of the motor driven by the Opal-RT real-time system, was implemented to verify the accuracy of the proposed estimation method to implement the multivariable control.
- Author(s): Anu Kumar Das and Saibal Chatterjee
- Source: IET Electric Power Applications, Volume 11, Issue 4, p. 664 –673
- DOI: 10.1049/iet-epa.2016.0446
- Type: Article
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Thermal design of oil filled distribution and power transformers is essential for obtaining the location of ‘hot-spot’ of the transformers. This study presents the analysis of 2D and 3D model for the simplified section of an oil-filled disc-type winding power transformer. Both models developed using COMSOL Multiphysics 5.1 were validated with the experimental and numerical results available in literatures. The analysis of the flow rate and the temperature distribution accurately reveals the location and the temperature of the ‘hot-spot’. Further, the parametric study using the 3D model shows that the combined effect of variation in the vertical cooling duct width and the local cross-section area in the horizontal cooling duct has a significant influence on the location of the ‘hot-spot’ and a minor influence on its temperature (i.e. ±3%). The analysis results in this study shall be beneficial from the point of view of design development in transformers.
Investigation and implementation of a new hybrid excitation synchronous machine drive system
Internal sudden short-circuit response of a new HSBDS for brushless synchronous machines tested on a 15 MVA generator
Ride-through strategy of quasi-Z-source wind power generation system under the asymmetrical grid voltage fault
Modelling of squirrel cage induction motors for a bio-inspired multi-objective optimal design
Performance analysis of the 2DoF direct drive induction motor applying composite multilayer method
Static coupling effect of a two-degree-of-freedom direct drive induction motor
Comparative analysis of various methods for modelling surface permanent magnet machines
Control of switched reluctance motor by current profiling under normal and open phase operating condition
Lumped circuit-based sizing of quasi-Halbach PM excited T-LSMs: application to free piston engines
Fast and secure detection technique for loss of field occurrence in synchronous generators
Modified transformer winding ladder network model to assess non-dominant frequencies
Influence of pole and slot combinations on vibration and noise in external rotor axial flux in-wheel motors
Investigation of irreversible demagnetisation in switched flux permanent magnet machines under short-circuit conditions
Improved position offset based parameter determination of permanent magnet synchronous machines under different load conditions
Influence of mechanical faults on the position error of an axial flux brushless resolver without rotor windings
Compensation control of suspension force for LS-BLPMSM
Simple and efficient model for slotless eccentric surface-mounted PM machines
Switch-mode rectifier fed switched-reluctance motor drive with dynamic commutation shifting using DC-link current
Torque and state estimation for real-time implementation of multivariable control in sensorless induction motor drives
Finite element method-based modelling of flow rate and temperature distribution in an oil-filled disc-type winding transformer using COMSOL multiphysics
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