Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 7, Issue 12, 17 June 1971
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Volume 7, Issue 12
17 June 1971
Rainfall attenuation at 110 and 890 GHz
- Author(s): D.T. Llewellyn-Jones and A.M. Zavody
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 7, Issue 12, p. 321 –322
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19710220
- Type: Article
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p.
321
–322
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Attenuation due to rainfall has been compared at 110 and 890 GHz over a 180 m path in the free atmosphere. It was found that the attenuation at 890 GHz is, on average, 25% higher than that measured at 110 GHz.
Necessary and sufficient conditions for system similarity
- Author(s): B. Porter and T.R. Crossley
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 7, Issue 12, p. 322 –323
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19710221
- Type: Article
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p.
322
–323
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New conditions for the system similarity of two system matrices in state-space form are presented. It is shown that these conditions can be expressed very simply in terms of the mode-controllability and mode-observability matrices of the systems concerned.
Computation of surface-waveguide modes by use of reactance boundary conditions
- Author(s): C.G. Williams and G.K. Cambrell
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 7, Issue 12, p. 323 –324
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19710222
- Type: Article
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p.
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–324
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A new numerical method for solving surface-waveguide problems is proposed. It leads to the solution of a related closed-waveguide problem with reactance boundary conditions The results from a simple application of the method are given.
Calculation of piecewise-constant control strategies for linear systems with retarded control
- Author(s): O. Sebakhy
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 7, Issue 12, p. 324 –325
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19710223
- Type: Article
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p.
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–325
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The letter presents a simple method of calculating piecewise-constant control strategies to transfer the state of a linear time-invariant system with retarded control from a given initial state xo to any desired state x(t*), provided that the system is controllable.
Gain of standard horns
- Author(s): P. Magoulas
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 7, Issue 12, p. 325 –327
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19710224
- Type: Article
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p.
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–327
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A computer program has been developed to obtain the gain of standard horn aerials in the Fresnel and the far-field regions. The program is the computerisation of Braun's theoretical results on the gain of pyramidal horns, in which he considers the ‘intrinsic phase’ error due to the horn slant heights and the ‘space phase’ error due to the aperture of the horn.
Electronic error compensation of a current transformer
- Author(s): P. Sankaran and V.G.K. Murti
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 7, Issue 12, p. 327 –328
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19710225
- Type: Article
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p.
327
–328
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A scheme is presented employing two precision resistors and an electronic amplifier for reducing the ratio and phase-angle errors in a current transformer. The amplifier supplies only the error current. The proposed arrangement facilitates the adaptability of inexpensive low ampere-turn c.t.s for calibration work in the laboratory.
Property of cosets and its application to the calculation of moments of binary sequences having multipliers
- Author(s): G.F.A. Hoffmann de visme
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 7, Issue 12, p. 328 –330
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19710226
- Type: Article
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p.
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–330
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A property of the sum of the elements of a coset is established and applied, with a proof of Barker's hypothesis on the properties of m sequences, to determine the first moment of a binary sequence of + 1s and − 1s with a multiplier.
Determination of self-excited and transient oscillations in nonlinear control systems by the control area
- Author(s): J.A. Korobov
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 7, Issue 12, p. 330 –332
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19710227
- Type: Article
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p.
330
–332
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It is shown that the concept of the control area can be used successfully for determining the parameters of self-excited and transient oscillations in nonlinear control systems. To this end, the general relationships are presented from which the parameters of oscillations can be obtained and the procedure is accompanied by examples.
Evaluation of 2-trees of a graph
- Author(s): K. Sankara Rao ; V.V. Bapeswara Rao ; V.G.K. Murti
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 7, Issue 12, p. 332 –333
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19710228
- Type: Article
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p.
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–333
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A computer-oriented algorithm for the simultaneous enumeration of sets of 2-trees W1,1′ and W2.2′ is given. A test to identify elements of W1 2,1′,2′ and W1 2′,1′2 from the above sets is also included.
Carrier-recombination statistics in a 2-level trapping system
- Author(s): M.J. Buckingham and E.A. Faulkner
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 7, Issue 12, p. 333 –335
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19710229
- Type: Article
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p.
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–335
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When there is substantial interaction between two trap levels in the band gap, the carrier recombination in the depletion layer of a silicon p–n junction does not follow conventional Shockley–Read–Hall statistics. Such a system is capable of producing a current/voltage relationship approximating to the form I∝ exp (eV/1.5 kT).
State-feedback controller with linear predictor for systems with dead time
- Author(s): J.O. Gray and P.W.B. Hunt
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 7, Issue 12, p. 335 –337
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19710230
- Type: Article
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p.
335
–337
(3)
State-variable feedback is used in conjunction with a Smith predictor to control a linear system with transport lag. The incorporation of the predictor simplifies the computation of the state-feedback coefficients and can facilitate controller realisation.
High-pressure pulsed carbon-dioxide laser with uniform excitation
- Author(s): L.J. Denes and O. Farish
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 7, Issue 12, p. 337 –338
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19710231
- Type: Article
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p.
337
–338
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The performance of a compact pulsed CO2 laser having uniform volume excitation and capable of operation at atmospheric pressure is described. Measurements of the output pulse energy as a function of discharge voltage, gas composition and pressure have shown that the system delivers pulses with an output energy density of 17 mJ/cm3 at 10.4% efficiency.
Time-domain model of the device/circuit characteristics of a TRAPPAT-plasma mode avalanche-diode oscillator
- Author(s): B. Culshaw
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 7, Issue 12, p. 339 –340
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19710232
- Type: Article
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p.
339
–340
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A simple computer model of a TRAPATT diode is described. This model is then interfaced with a time-domain representation of a stepped-impedance coaxial circuit, and a bias voltage is applied. Oscillations are then allowed to build up as dictated by the diode-circuit combination, and the performance of a given diode in a particular circuit may be evaluated.
Cascade decomposition of linear time-varying difference operators
- Author(s): D. Malah
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 7, Issue 12, p. 340 –342
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19710233
- Type: Article
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p.
340
–342
(3)
Two methods are given for the cascade decomposition of a scalar time-varying difference operator, of order m, under the assumption that m linearly independent solutions of the homogeneous equation are known. The relationship between the two decomposition schemes obtained by the two methods is derived, and an example is given.
Contribution of the surface effects on the white noise of silicon bipolar transistors
- Author(s): J.C. Martin ; G. Blasquez ; J. Caminade
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 7, Issue 12, p. 342 –344
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19710234
- Type: Article
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p.
342
–344
(3)
It is shown that the recombination noise generated in the surface regions of silicon bipolar transistors cannot be predicted by Lauritzen's theory. Experiments are reported, giving the contribution of the surface recombination noise to the total white noise. The influence of the biasing level on the n–p–n and p–n–p types is discussed.
Two-dimensional surface-wave diffraction from an arbitrary source in an anisotropic medium
- Author(s): I.M. Mason
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 7, Issue 12, p. 344 –345
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19710235
- Type: Article
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p.
344
–345
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It is shown that, if a parabolic function approximates closely to the relevant wavenumber surface, the surface-wave diffraction pattern radiated from any source is related, by a simple scale factor, to that launched by the same source into an isotropic medium. The argument, based on resolution of the source into an orthogonal Gaussian–Hermite mode set, may find application both in integrated optics and in the design of acoustic-surface-wave matched filters.
Rapid pulse-frequency-number convertor
- Author(s): T.H. Thomas
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 7, Issue 12, p. 345 –346
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19710236
- Type: Article
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p.
345
–346
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A circuit is described which will convert the repetition rate of a pulse train into a number, continuously but with very little lag. The circuit is considerably simpler than one recently described, and performs satisfactorily provided that the pulse rate does not vary too rapidly.
F.m. noise in an injection-locked oscillator when reverse locking exists
- Author(s): I. Bäck
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 7, Issue 12, p. 346 –348
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19710237
- Type: Article
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p.
346
–348
(3)
A suppression factor for f.m. noise in an injection-locked oscillator is derived under the assumption that the locking source is influenced by some reverse locking. The electrical length between the oscillators is found to have a considerable effect on the noise.
Behaviour of automata in a nonstationary random environment
- Author(s): G. Langholz
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 7, Issue 12, p. 348 –349
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19710238
- Type: Article
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p.
348
–349
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The behaviour of automata operating in a nonstationary random environment is investigated. The automaton is assumed to be specified in terms of its associated connection matrix, and the nonstationary random environment is characterised by superimposing a time-varying component on a stationary one.
Passive N-path-filter realisation
- Author(s): S. Chang ; N. Declaris ; R. Newcomb
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 7, Issue 12, p. 349 –351
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19710239
- Type: Article
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p.
349
–351
(3)
Through the intermediary of state-variable equations, an equivalence is obtained which shows how passive RC circuits incorporating time-variable gyrators can be used to realise N-path filters. The effects of gyrator losses in the realisation of time-invariant transfer functions are briefly discussed to indicate the practical significance of the result.
Scattering-matrix measurements on 3-port electronic circulators
- Author(s): R.S. Andrews
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 7, Issue 12, p. 351 –353
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19710240
- Type: Article
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p.
351
–353
(3)
The evaluation of the 3-port circulator using differential-input operational amplifiers has been performed by scattering-matrix analysis. The s parameters are easily determined over the frequency range tested (1–300 kHz) and accurately depict the transmission and reflection properties of the circulator.
Difference methods for the solution of the time-dependent semiconductor flow equations
- Author(s): M. Reiser
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 7, Issue 12, p. 353 –355
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19710241
- Type: Article
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p.
353
–355
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The letter describes the solution of the instationary semiconductor transport equations by means of finite-difference methods. This new approach is based on the formal similarity with the equations of incompressible flow. Implicit schemes have proven useful for the computation of both transient and steady-state solutions. Comparisons with experimental results are extremely favourable for f.e.t.s.
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