Electronics Letters
Volume 51, Issue 5, 05 March 2015
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Volume 51, Issue 5
05 March 2015
- Features
- Acoustical engineering
- Antennas and propagation
- Biomedical technology
- Circuits and systems
- Image and vision processing and display technology
- Information and communications
- Microwave technology
- Optical communication
- Photonics
- Power electronics, energy conversion and sustainability
- Radar, sonar and navigation
- Wireless communications
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- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 5, page: 374 –374
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.0561
- Type: Article
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- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 5, page: 374 –374
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.0560
- Type: Article
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- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 5, page: 375 –375
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2015.0559
- Type: Article
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in brief
interview
phoning it in
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- Author(s): Lin Shu ; Jianying Jiang ; Bin Peng ; Yu Wang ; Xingzhao Liu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 5, p. 379 –380
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.3495
- Type: Article
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A novel surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonator integrated on a metal substrate is presented. The devices were fabricated on the aluminium nitride (AlN) thin films deposited by mid-frequency magnetron sputtering on polished TC4 titanium alloy substrates. Using a two-step growth method, AlN film with a full-width at half-maximum of 4.1° had been prepared. The AlN film SAW resonator shows a resonance frequency of 129 MHz and an electromechanical coupling coefficient of 0.28%. The measurement results agree well with the simulation results. This integrated SAW resonator can be used as a good strain sensor in metal structure health monitoring.
AlN film SAW resonator integrated with metal structure
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- Author(s): D. Hotte ; R. Siragusa ; Y. Duroc ; S. Tedjini
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 5, p. 380 –382
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.4409
- Type: Article
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High-efficiency and directive antennas are nowadays required for wireless communications and applications in the 57–66 GHz ISM band. A slotted waveguide antenna array operating at 58.8 GHz and made in aluminium by wire electrical discharge machining and a milling technique is presented. A −10 dB bandwidth of 3.54 GHz is achieved while the antenna exhibits a measured realised gain of 10.7 dBi at a resonance frequency of 58.8 GHz, with a high total efficiency of 95%. By defining the simulation model under CST according to the accuracy of the manufacturing process, simulation and measurement results are in excellent agreement.
Directive and high-efficiency slotted waveguide antenna array for V-band made by wire electrical discharge machining
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- Author(s): Jeong Su Lee ; Yong Gyu Lim ; Sung Jun Kwon ; Kwang Suk Park
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 5, p. 382 –384
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.3548
- Type: Article
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients can communicate via their residual capacity to voluntarily blink or move their eyes. Conventionally, electrooculography and video cameras have been used to detect blinks. However, these methods have several shortcomings for application to ALS patients. To overcome such weaknesses, a novel blink detection system that utilises transparent conductive films of indium tin oxide (ITO) is proposed. The ITO films, which are attached to the lenses of conventional glasses, detect blinks without obstructing the wearer's field of vision. The system was validated by a binary communication experiment conducted with six subjects. The results show that 100% of the blinks given by subjects correctly indicated their intended answers.
Non-contact blink detection glasses utilising transparent conductive film for binary communication
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- Author(s): P.Z. Wieczorek
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 5, p. 384 –386
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.4030
- Type: Article
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True random number generators (TRNGs) based on flip-flop (FF) metastability can suffer from sensitivity to frequency injection attacks. A dedicated attack can interfere with a FF's initial condition and influence the logical state or resolve time. These, in turn might result in significant keyspace reduction. Therefore, a novel TRNG utilising random timing of metastable FF is proposed. In this concept, a programmable delay line driven by a pseudo-random generator with a random seed, changes continuously the phase between triggering signals (data and clock) and the global system clock. Nevertheless, the relative interval of clock and data active slopes remains constant and violates FF timing to ensure metastable (truly random) operation.
- Author(s): D. Bankman and B. Murmann
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 5, p. 386 –388
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.3995
- Type: Article
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p.
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A digital-to-analogue multiplier based on the principle of passive charge sharing and redistribution is proposed. The circuit generates a voltage proportional to the multiplier, then samples this voltage with a capacitance proportional to the multiplicand by discharging the capacitance associated with its logical inverse. Parasitic capacitances are shown to result in an input-referred offset with respect to the multiplier. The switching scheme is modified to null the offset. Simulation results are provided to verify the operation of the digital-to-analogue multiplier.
True random number generator resistant to frequency injection attacks
Passive charge redistribution digital-to-analogue multiplier
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- Author(s): Byung-Hun Oh ; Jung-Hyun Kim ; Kwang-Woo Chung ; Kwang-Sook Hong
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 5, p. 388 –390
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.4328
- Type: Article
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A novel multiuser motion recognition system that uses a smartphone detection method and tracking interface is proposed. This multiuser motion recognition system provides a motion control interface between devices using an image-based object tracking algorithm through smartphone light-emitting diode (LED) luminescence. It requires just a universal serial bus (USB) camera and personal smartphone instead of expensive equipment to provide a motion control interface. It recognises the user's gestures by tracking three-dimensional (3D) distance and the rotation angle of the smartphone, which acts essentially as a controller in the user's hand.
- Author(s): Wang Guannan ; Lu Wengao ; Liu Dahe ; Zhang Yacong ; Chen Zhongjian
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 5, p. 390 –392
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.3342
- Type: Article
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p.
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A novel odd–even column-level passive sample and column-shared active readout structure is proposed to realise a high speed, low power and low noise readout integrated circuit (ROIC). This structure reduces the number of operational amplifiers (OPAs) in each column and decreases the power consumption of the column capacitive transimpedance amplifier (CTIA) and output buffer. Compared to the traditional design for medium-scale array ROIC, power consumption of a single column is reduced by 80%. A 320 × 320 array ROIC has been designed for indium antimonide (InSb) cooled infrared detector using the novel structure. The chip is fabricated in the 0.35 μm CMOS process. The total power consumption is <55 mW when operating at 200 Hz frame rate with four outputs and the linearity is 99.95%.
Multiuser motion recognition system using smartphone LED luminescence
Column-level passive sample and column-shared active readout structure for high speed, low power ROIC
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- Author(s): Y. Fathi and H. Tawfik
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 5, p. 392 –394
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.3393
- Type: Article
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Although the transformation method can essentially be used to generate any distribution, its application to the α-µ model involves inversion of the incomplete gamma function. Such inversion of a special function does not lead to a closed-form expression but is usually implemented using iterative methods, which heavily burden any simulation machine. By introducing a novel synthetic α-µ variant generation method, free from iterations and special functions, the proposed approach will be appropriate for building generalised real-time fading simulators.
- Author(s): Sungwon Hong ; Eun Su Kang ; Dong Seog Han
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 5, p. 394 –395
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.4488
- Type: Article
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A quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) modulation scheme is proposed to improve the data rate using the rotated constellation. The additional data is not physically transmitted to improve the spectral efficiency, but it can be detected in the receiver through the rotated phases of constellations. In this Letter, the performance of the proposed transmission scheme is verified by simulation and mathematical analysis with the majority detection rule as the lower bound.
- Author(s): Sang Mok Jung ; Ji-Hye Seo ; PooGyeon Park
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 5, p. 395 –397
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.4061
- Type: Article
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An efficient variable step-size diffusion normalised least-mean-square algorithm is proposed via a mean-square deviation (MSD) analysis for the distributed estimation. The proposed algorithm has two distinguishing features for computational efficiency. In the adaptation step, an intermittent adaptation rule that dynamically adjusts an update interval is proposed to reduce the redundant updates. In the diffusion step, instead of the existing combination rules, a selection rule is proposed to select the intermediate estimate of the most reliable node among its neighbour nodes for the estimate at each node. Moreover, to achieve both fast convergence rate and low steady-state error, a variable step size is obtained by minimising the MSD.
Synthetic method to generate α-µ distributed variants
Additional data transmission with rotated QPSK constellation
Efficient variable step-size diffusion normalised least-mean-square algorithm
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- Author(s): Jinyi Ding ; Qingyuan Wang ; Yunbo Zhang ; Liang Wu ; Xiaowei Sun
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 5, p. 397 –399
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.3695
- Type: Article
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A high-efficiency millimetre-wave spatial power combining structure that is a waveguide power combining network is proposed. High phase and amplitude consistency and isolation between the output ports are the key factors for the high-efficiency power combining structure. The phase and amplitude consistency is guaranteed by the symmetry of this structure. As a sample, an eight-way power splitting and combining network in the Ka-band is designed, fabricated and measured. In a fractional bandwidth of 20% around a centre frequency of 33 GHz, the measured results show that the phase and amplitude differences between the output ports are smaller than ±1.5° and ±0.1 dB, isolation between the output ports is higher than 17 dB, insertion loss is lower than 0.1 dB, and the return loss of the input and output ports is better than 18 dB. The proposed broadband eight-way power combining network can improve the spatial power combining efficiency to a great extent with excellent performance.
- Author(s): V. Radonić and V. Crnojević-Bengin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 5, p. 399 –401
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.4177
- Type: Article
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A novel method to control inter-resonator coupling using the defected ground structure lattice (DGS-L) is proposed. The influence of the geometrical parameters of the lattice on the intensity of the coupling between ring resonators is analysed in detail. It is shown that the inter-resonator coupling can be increased significantly by using DGS-L, which leads to the miniaturisation of wideband bandpass filters designed using standard filter design theory. To illustrate the effect of incorporating the proposed DGS-L, the direct-coupled bandpass filter of the third order has been designed, fabricated and measured. The filter exhibits ∼40% wider bandwidth compared with the same filter designed without the use of DGS-L, while its footprint remains unchanged.
- Author(s): Xiaobang Shang ; Michael J. Lancaster ; Stefan Dimov
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 5, p. 401 –403
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.4383
- Type: Article
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An investigation into rectangular waveguide filters with open slots on the broad side walls is reported. This type of waveguide filter eliminates the need for direct contact between the two waveguide halves and intentionally leaves a gap in the middle of broad side walls. For X-band (8.2–12.4 GHz) waveguides, such a gap can be nearly as wide as 9% of the internal waveguide width a, without introducing any significant radiation loss. A fifth-order filter centred at 10 GHz with a fractional bandwidth of 2% is designed based on such a structure, and fabricated from aluminium and tested. There is good agreement between measurement and simulation results. This verifies the proposed structure as well as the design procedure.
- Author(s): Jaehoon Yun ; Yongchae Jung ; David R. Novotny ; Jeffrey R. Guerrieri
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 5, p. 403 –404
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.3359
- Type: Article
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A wideband coupled transmission line (CTL) cell to measure the operating range of an UHF RFID (ORUR) is presented. Also, an ORUR test system is proposed to increase the isolation to more than 55 dB. It is shown that the ORUR measured by this proposed cell agrees well with the measured data using a fully anechoic chamber.
- Author(s): Xu Chun Zhang ; Tong Yang Wang ; Yong Bo Xiang ; Chang Hong Liang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 5, p. 404 –406
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.3915
- Type: Article
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A wideband three-way out-of-phase microstrip power divider based on the wideband phase inverter is presented. The measured return loss is <−10 dB and the isolations are better than −19 dB from 2.5 to 5.37 GHz. The insertion losses are <0.6 dB, and the output amplitude imbalances are <0.9 dB. The phase differences (ang(S41)–ang(S42)) are within 180 ± 6°. The operation bandwidth of the proposed design achieves about 73.4% efficiency.
High-efficiency millimetre-wave spatial power combining structure
Control of inter-resonator coupling using defected ground structure lattice
Microwave waveguide filter with broadside wall slots
Wideband CTL cell to measure operating range of UHF RFID
Wideband three-way out-of-phase microstrip power divider
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- Author(s): Shih-Hao Chen and Chi-Wai Chow
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 5, p. 406 –408
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.3575
- Type: Article
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Visible light optical wireless communication supporting single-input multiple-output quality of service (QoS) by using an indoor light-emitting diode, a mobile-phone camera and a photodetector is proposed and demonstrated for the first time. The proposed system can support two fixed-rate QoS transmissions for two different applications. By employing the rolling shutter effect of the mobile-phone camera, the data rate of the first data link can be greatly enhanced. The experimental result shows that the proposed system can support the first data link operated at 300 bit/s by using a mobile-phone camera and the second data link at 38.4 kbit/s by using a photodetector.
Single-input multiple-output visible light optical wireless communications supporting quality of service
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- Author(s): Yu. Kostin ; A. Chamorovskiy ; S.D. Yakubovich
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 5, p. 408 –409
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.3676
- Type: Article
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A broadband light source that is based on a combination of three spectrally matched superluminescent diodes is demonstrated. The mean wavelength of the source is 1330 nm. The 3 dB spectrum width exceeds 180 nm and the 10 dB spectrum width is 220 nm. The spectral flatness is better than 2 dB and the residual spectral modulation is <0.5 dB for the whole spectral bandwidth of the source. The optical power coupled in a single-mode fibre is 4 mW.
Broadband superluminescent diode light source at 1330 nm with 180 nm spectral bandwidth
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- Author(s): J. Scerri ; I. Grech ; E. Gatt ; O. Casha
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 5, p. 409 –411
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.3804
- Type: Article
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p.
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Estimating the behaviour of buckling clamped–clamped beams entails solving nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs). Several techniques are found in the literature that deal with such PDEs; techniques that also take into account initial curvatures and/or imperfections. However, when the system configuration is different from that of one single beam it becomes more involved. In this Letter, a buckling energy harvester is presented. Owing to the nature of its design, a nonlinear differential equation (not a PDE) capable of capturing all the salient characteristics of its behaviour could be developed. The effectiveness of the model is validated using finite element analysis. The energy harvester is designed using the SINTEF piezoVolume process and operated in the d 31 mode. With electrical damping only, the device, designed for validation purposes, achieved a power density of 0.13 mW cm−3 at 3.5 g ms−2 at 560 Hz and produced d 31 open-circuit voltages of 0.6 V.
Reduced-order model for MEMS PZT vibrational energy harvester exhibiting buckling bistability
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- Author(s): Jia Su ; Hai-hong Tao ; Xuan Rao ; Jian Xie ; Xiao-lu Guo
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 5, p. 411 –413
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.4164
- Type: Article
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The cubic phase function (CPF) based estimator is efficient in estimating the parameters for mono-component linear frequency-modulated (LFM) signals. However, it suffers from cross-terms and spurious peaks when dealing with multi-component LFM signals. Aimed at this identifiability problem, a coherently integrated CPF (CICPF) algorithm is proposed to enhance the auto-terms and suppress spurious peaks. Comparisons with several existing algorithms are made, which show that the CICPF not only solve the identifiability problem for multi-component LFM signals, but also acquires high anti-noise performance.
- Author(s): M. Ash and P.V. Brennan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 5, p. 413 –415
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.4236
- Type: Article
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p.
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A design consideration for super-Nyquist frequency modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar systems relating to transmitter to receiver noise leakage is introduced. Phase noise curves comparing the fundamental direct digital synthesisers frequency and its second super-Nyquist image show a significant increase in relative noise level at all offsets from the carrier. This results in a reduced transmitter signal-to-noise ratio. It is shown with a simple example that this can lead to a significant degradation in receiver sensitivity if not managed properly. A design rule-of-thumb that can be used by radar designers to avoid or mitigate this problem is provided.
Coherently integrated cubic phase function for multiple LFM signals analysis
Transmitter noise considerations in super-Nyquist FMCW radar design
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- Author(s): E. Erdoğan and T. Güçlüoğlu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 5, p. 415 –417
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.2622
- Type: Article
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The performance of a multiple-input multiple-output amplify-and-forward two-way relay network with joint antenna and relay selection is analysed over Nakagami-m fading channels. Both approximate and asymptotic system outage probability expressions are derived, and diversity and coding gains for an arbitrary number of antennas, relays and fading severity are presented. Finally, the analytical findings are verified by numerical examples.
- Author(s): J. Medvesek ; A. Symington ; A. Trost ; S. Hailes
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 5, p. 417 –419
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.4436
- Type: Article
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Clutter has a complex effect on radio propagation, and limits the effectiveness of deterministic methods in wireless indoor positioning. In contrast, a Gaussian process (𝒢𝒫) can be used to learn the spatially correlated measurement error directly from training samples, and build a representation from which a position can be inferred. A method of exploiting 𝒢ℬ inference to obtain measurement predictions from within a pose graph optimisation framework is presented. However, 𝒢𝒫 inference has a run-time complexity of 𝒪(N 3) in the number of training samples N, which precludes it from being called in each optimiser iteration. The novel contributions of this work are a method for building an approximate 𝒢𝒫 inference map and an 𝒪(1) bi-cubic interpolation strategy for sampling this map during optimisation. Using inertial, magnetic, signal strength and time-of-flight measurements between four anchors and a single mobile sensor, it is shown empirically that the presented approach leads to decimetre precision indoor pedestrian localisation.
- Author(s): D.K. Patel and Y.N. Trivedi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 5, p. 419 –421
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.3780
- Type: Article
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p.
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A novel goodness-of-fit-based non-parametric spectrum sensing scheme in a non-Gaussian noise environment, modelled by Middleton class A distribution, is proposed. The sampling distribution of the proposed test statistic is derived and the detection performance is shown using Monte Carlo simulations. Results are presented and it is concluded that the performance is degraded if the Gaussian component in the Middleton noise is higher than the non-Gaussian component.
- Author(s): Yuwei Ren ; GuiXian Xu ; YingMin Wang ; Xin Su ; ChuanJun Li
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 5, p. 421 –423
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.3602
- Type: Article
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In massive multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) systems, the downlink zero-forcing (ZF) precoding method needs to compute the pseudoinverse of large matrices, which introduces high computational complexity, especially when the number of antennas is large or infinite. Although, based on Neumann series expansion, several approximation algorithms could reduce the complexity, calculating the optimisation coefficients would cost large amounts of resources and produce large delay. A novel method, also based on Neumann series expansion, is proposed. In this method, the multiplication of full matrices is transformed into multiplication of diagonal matrices by hollow matrices, effectively reducing computational complexity. Meanwhile, consideration of a simple expression of optimisation coefficients so as to avoid large delay is very useful in high-mobility scenarios. Analysis and simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
- Author(s): Qifeng Wang ; Benxiong Huang ; Zhengguang Xu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 5, p. 423 –425
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.4016
- Type: Article
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The phase trajectory of military standard (MIL-STD) shaped-offset quadrature phase shift keying (SOQPSK) is analysed and the fourth-power nonlinearity and phase accumulation technology is used to eliminate the self-noise caused by symbol information. After the operation, the MIL-STD SOQPSK signal is converted into a pure tone during a symbol period and the timing offset is estimated from the initial phase of the tone. Computer simulation shows that its estimation performance is remarkably close to the modified Cramer-Rao bound and better than that of the existing non-data-aided method in terms of estimation accuracy.
- Author(s): V. Le Nir and B. Scheers
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 5, p. 425 –427
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.3776
- Type: Article
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A robust blind carrier frequency synchronisation technique applicable to direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) systems is presented. The proposed method extends a blind timing synchronisation technique based on an autocorrelation matrix by applying open-loop single-frequency estimation algorithms to the eigenvector of the time synchronised autocorrelation matrix of the largest eigenvalue. A comparison of different single-frequency estimation algorithms is given. Simulation results show that some algorithms attain the Cramer–Rao bound (CRB) even at low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs).
- Author(s): S.M.R. Islam ; S. Ullah ; J. Lloret ; N. Ullah ; K.S. Kwak
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 5, p. 427 –429
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.3967
- Type: Article
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Signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) performance of a multiband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing ultra-wideband system with residual timing offset is investigated. To do so, an exact mathematical derivation of the SIR of this system is derived. It becomes obvious that, unlike a cyclic prefixing based system, a zero padding based system is sensitive to residual timing offset.
- Author(s): Shengkai Xu ; Dazhuan Xu ; Xiaofei Zhang ; Hanqin Shao
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 51, Issue 5, p. 429 –430
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.4310
- Type: Article
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Two-way relay networks in additive white Gaussian noise channels are studied. A novel scheme based on the product relay is proposed and the whole block diagram is obtained. Furthermore, the presented analysis shows that the proposed scheme outperforms the traditional amplify-and-forward relay. Two-way relay networks based on the product relay provide a better bit error ratio performance in high signal-to-noise ratio regions, which is consistent with the simulation result.
Simple outage probability bound for two-way relay networks with joint antenna and relay selection over Nakagami-m fading channels
Gaussian process inference approximation for indoor pedestrian localisation
Goodness-of-fit-based non-parametric spectrum sensing under Middleton noise for cognitive radio
Low-complexity ZF precoding method for downlink of massive MIMO system
Non-data-aided timing recovery algorithm for MIL-STD SOQPSK
Robust blind carrier frequency synchronisation for direct sequence spread spectrum systems
SIR performance evaluation of MB-OFDM UWB system with residual timing offset
Two-way relay networks based on product relay
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