Electronics Letters
Volume 50, Issue 21, 09 October 2014
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Volume 50, Issue 21
09 October 2014
- Features
- Antennas and propagation
- Biomedical technology
- Circuits and systems
- Control engineering
- Image and vision processing and display technology
- Information and communications
- Instrumentation and measurement
- Microwave technology
- Optical communication
- Radar, sonar and navigation
- Semiconductor technology
- Wireless communications
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- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 21, page: 1490 –1490
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.3469
- Type: Article
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- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 21, page: 1490 –1490
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.3465
- Type: Article
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- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 21, page: 1491 –1491
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.3470
- Type: Article
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- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 21, page: 1492 –1492
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.3471
- Type: Article
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in brief
interview
play it by ear
enabling ubiquity
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- Author(s): Shahin Shadrokh ; Yi-Qiang Yu ; Farid Jolani ; Zhizhang Chen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 21, p. 1495 –1496
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.2008
- Type: Article
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A planar dipole antenna is loaded with LC-tank resonators and chip resistors presented for ultra-wideband (UWB) radar and communication systems. Each staircase rectangular arm of the proposed planar dipole is loaded with an open complementary double concentric split-hexagonal-ring resonator (LC-tank) and a pair of chip resistors at the end for bandwidth enhancement, whereas a broadband microstrip to parallel-plate transformer (or balun) is applied as the feeding structure of the antenna to provide impedance matching as well as balanced–unbalanced transition. The measurement results show that the proposed antenna operates over a frequency bandwidth of 0.64–3.8 GHz with S 11 < −15 dB and exhibits highly directive radiation patterns for the first 100% of the operating bandwidth (0.64–2 GHz) with gains in the range 2.2–4.2 dBi.
- Author(s): L. Chen and Y.-L. Luo
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 21, p. 1496 –1498
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.2703
- Type: Article
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A compact filtering antenna with high band-edge gain selectivity using a composite right-/left-handed (CRLH) resonator and a defected ground structure is presented. The CRLH resonator resonates at the zeroth-order mode and acts as the first stage of the corresponding filter; an octagonal patch acts as a radiator as well as the last stage of the filter. The design procedure follows the circuit approach – synthesis of bandpass filters. The filtering antenna has two poles in the passband and two radiation nulls (zeros) at the band edges. Compared to the conventional patch antenna, the proposed filtering antenna, with little extra circuit area, has flat gain response within the passband, good selectivity at the passband edge and wider bandwidth. Measurement results show that the filtering antenna can operate at 5.29 GHz, has a 430 MHz bandwidth and a 2.5 dBi antenna gain in the broadside (+Z) direction within the passband.
- Author(s): D. Sarkar ; K. Saurav ; K.V. Srivastava
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 21, p. 1498 –1500
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.2625
- Type: Article
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A microstrip-fed compact multi-band slot antenna using a single split-ring resonator (SRR) is proposed. The SRR acting as a loading element introduces multiple lower-order resonances in the antenna, which can be controlled by varying the SRR's dimensions as well as its position with respect to the arm of the slot, without altering the geometry of the radiating slot. The concept is validated by a full-wave simulation study and by measurement on a fabricated prototype. The proposed antenna has satisfactory gain and monopolar radiation patterns in all the operating bands.
- Author(s): Wanchen Yang ; Kam-Weng Tam ; Wai-Wa Choi ; Wenquan Che ; Hon Tat Hui
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 21, p. 1500 –1502
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.2367
- Type: Article
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A novel polarisation rotating reflective surface (PRRS) based on a tri-via artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) structure is proposed. It has three polarisation rotation (PR) frequency points, which can be adjusted by the offset of vias loaded in the AMC structure. When a proper offset is chosen, two adjacent PR frequency points will come together to form a wide PR band. As a result, two PR bands can be obtained. Moreover, the new PRRS is applied to the design of a low-profile dipole antenna for the generation of circular polarisation radiation. Simulation and measurement results both demonstrate good right-handed circular polarisation.
- Author(s): Shou Hui Zheng ; Xiongying Liu ; Manos M. Tentzeris
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 21, p. 1502 –1504
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.2226
- Type: Article
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A compact optically controlled ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna with reconfigurable band-notched characteristics is investigated for cognitive radio (CR) applications. The rejection mechanism is realised by etching one symmetric folded slot on the U-shaped radiation patch and the essence of the reconfigurable function is achieved by laser controlling photoconductive switches to change the effective length of the folded slot. A prototype with an overall size of 25 × 25 × 0.8 mm3 is designed and constructed. On the basis of simulated and measured results, the proposed antenna exhibits good radiation behaviour and operates in a wide band with the performance of switchable band rejection of the wireless local area network (WLAN) 2.4 GHz (2.2–2.9 GHz), worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) (3.2–4.7 GHz), WLAN 5 GHz (4.8–6.6 GHz) and the ITU 8 GHz (7.5–8.7 GHz).
- Author(s): Y. Ren ; J. Virkki ; L. Sydänheimo ; L. Ukkonen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 21, p. 1504 –1505
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.2194
- Type: Article
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Inkjet printing and photonic sintering parameters for silver and copper nanoparticle inks on flexible polyimide and environmentally friendly cardboard substrates have been studied. The results were utilised to manufacture prototype passive ultra-high frequency (UHF) radio-frequency identification (RFID) tag antennas. The manufactured tags showed peak read ranges of 2.9–5.5 m.
- Author(s): I.H. Idris ; M.R. Hamid ; M.H. Jamaluddin ; M.K.A. Rahim ; J. Kelly
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 21, p. 1506 –1507
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.1271
- Type: Article
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A slot dipole antenna with a reconfigurable operating frequency is presented. The antenna comprises two pairs of slot arms. Each arm incorporates a number of varactor diodes. The antenna is capable of operating in single-band or dual-band mode. In each case, the location of these bands can be altered by varying the voltage applied to the varactor diodes. The antenna can be tuned over a wide frequency range, namely 1.5–4.5 GHz (i.e. a ratio of 3:1). The antenna is potentially useful for cognitive radio application, particularly in a small base station or access point terminal.
Ultra-compact end-loaded planar dipole antenna for ultra-wideband radar and communication applications
Compact filtering antenna using CRLH resonator and defected ground structure
Multi-band microstrip-fed slot antenna loaded with split-ring resonator
Polarisation rotation reflective surface based on artificial magnetic conductor and its application
Optically controlled reconfigurable band-notched UWB antenna for cognitive radio systems
Optimisation of manufacturing parameters for inkjet-printed and photonically sintered metallic nanoparticle UHF RFID tags
Slot dipole antenna with single- and dual-band tuning characteristic
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- Author(s): Yuanqi Hu and Pantelis Georgiou
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 21, p. 1507 –1509
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.2488
- Type: Article
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A 3-T ion sensitive field effect transistor (ISFET) chemical sensor that utilises the parasitic drain–gate capacitance of the device is proposed. It is compact and consumes extremely low power, and at the same time is immune to capacitive division. Additionally, it provides in-pixel amplification dependent on the ratio of passivation and feedback (parasitic) capacitance. The fabricated sensor achieves 200 mV/pH sensitivity using this amplification mechanism.
- Author(s): N.P.I. Kammersgaard ; S.H. Kvist ; J. Thaysen ; K.B. Jakobsen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 21, p. 1509 –1511
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.2874
- Type: Article
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A novel in-the-ear (ITE) antenna solution for hearing instruments that operates at 2.45 GHz is presented. The antenna consists of a quarter wave monopole and a ground plane that are placed in the ear. The simulated path gain |S 21| is −86 dB and the measured path gain is −80 dB. Simulations and measurements show that the antenna covers the entire 2.40–2.48 GHz industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band. It is the first ever ITE-antenna solution that demonstrates the possibility of establishing an ear-to-ear link by using a standard Bluetooth chip.
3-T ISFET front-end utilising parasitic device capacitance
In-the-ear spiral monopole antenna for hearing instruments
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- Author(s): R. Mohan ; L. Yan ; G. Gielen ; C. Van Hoof ; R.F. Yazicioglu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 21, p. 1511 –1513
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.2471
- Type: Article
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A time-domain-based amplifier concept is proposed to obtain high-voltage gains with low power consumption and at an ultra-low supply voltage of 0.35 V. A prototype instrumentation amplifier designed using the proposed technique in the 180 nm technology consumes 210 nW of power and 0.1 mm2 of the active area.
- Author(s): Xiangyu Meng ; Baoyong Chi ; Haikun Jia ; Lixue Kuang ; Zhihua Wang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 21, p. 1513 –1514
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.2822
- Type: Article
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A single-ended amplifier with a magnetic-coupled feedback embedded network is proposed and its small-signal equivalent circuit is analysed in detail. The embedded network cancels the effects of the gate–drain capacitor C gd and introduces negative resistance into the transistor drain, so that the maximum power gain of the transistor could be achieved. Based on this design methodology, a 142 GHz amplifier with 18.5 dB power gain and 7.9 mW DC power has been implemented in 65 nm CMOS.
- Author(s): M. Akbari and O. Hashemipour
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 21, p. 1514 –1516
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.2399
- Type: Article
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Using the Gm-C compensation technique, an ultra-low-power two-stage operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) with rail-to-rail input/output swing is presented. The input stage of the proposed OTA has the benefit of transconductance enhancement compared to the conventional OTA with the same power consumption and silicon area. Simulation results in a 0.18 μm CMOS technology show a DC gain enhancement of 9.5 dB as well as 88% improvement in gain bandwidth compared to the conventional folded cascode input stage structure.
0.35 V time-domain-based instrumentation amplifier
142 GHz amplifier with 18.5 dB gain and 7.9 mW DC power in 65 nm CMOS
Enhancing transconductance of ultra-low-power two-stage folded cascode OTA
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- Author(s): R. Crozier and M. Mueller
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 21, p. 1516 –1518
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.0774
- Type: Article
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A novel structure for the field component of a class of linear tubular permanent magnet machines is presented. The new structure offers a reduction in the required steel for a given design, and offers the possibility to achieve a more efficient cooling of the field component, and therefore magnets. Finite element simulations of example designs are presented, which show that the form and magnitude of the flux linkage in the coils can be maintained with the reduced mass structure.
Field structure for tubular linear permanent magnet machines
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- Author(s): H. Wang ; D.K. Han ; H. Ko
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 21, p. 1518 –1520
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.1802
- Type: Article
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An effective feature descriptor is proposed for multimodal local-image patch matching. The conventional self-similarity hypercube (SSH) fails in multimodal image matching due to different intensities of multimodal images. To mitigate this problem, a dual-codebook clustering is proposed for generating the descriptors. It is based on extracting a codebook, respectively, from visible and thermal images but sharing the same k-means clustering index of the local features of visible and thermal image patches. The experimental results show that the proposed approach effectively solves the multimodal image quantisation problem. Moreover, a voting strategy based on the proposed similarity family function facilitates the multimodal image matching more robustly compared with the conventional state-of-the-art methods.
- Author(s): Weiwei Xu and Yaowu Chen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 21, p. 1520 –1522
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.0766
- Type: Article
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The rate-distortion optimisation of redundant picture-based multiple description coding is studied, and the minimisation of the end-to-end distortion is attacked by fully exploring the redundant allocation utilising multiple redundant pictures. The amount and relative encoding parameters of redundant pictures for each frame are adaptively decided for multiple redundant pictures, and this is different from the relevant existing description generation methods, which mainly focus on determining the amount of inserted redundancy with a fixed single redundant picture. The relationship of encoding parameters between each redundant picture of the same frame is derived according to the classification and formulation of relative distortion and rate. To accelerate the encoding process, the statistical properties between mismatch distortion, bit rate and encoding parameter are explored for the fast decision of redundant picture number. The experimental results show that the proposed method improves the overall end-to-end rate-distortion performance compared with the state-of-the-art multiple description coding method utilising redundant coding.
Multimodal image matching via dual-codebook-based self-similarity hypercube feature descriptor and voting strategy
End-to-end rate-distortion optimisation of multiple description coding utilising multiple redundant pictures
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- Author(s): Bing Li ; Lin Zhang ; Zhuangzhuang Shang ; Qian Dong
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 21, p. 1522 –1524
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.1734
- Type: Article
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In the era of big data, compression techniques are needed to improve data processing bandwidth and data storage efficiency. Compared with software-based compression techniques, hardware-based compression techniques can improve speed and reduce power consumption. LZMA (Lempel–Ziv–Markov chain algorithm) is a lossless compression technology, and its hardware implementation has broad application prospects. A novel high-performance implementation of the LZMA compression algorithm capable of processing up to 125 Mbit/s on a Virtex-6 field programmable gate array (FPGA) chip is proposed. A typical application and its compression performance for a specific data sample are then presented.
- Author(s): M. Rahimi ; J.Ø. Nielsen ; T. Pedersen ; G.F. Pedersen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 21, p. 1524 –1526
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.2528
- Type: Article
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A comparison in data achievement between two well-known algorithms with simulated and real measured data is presented. The algorithms maximise the data rate in cooperative base stations (BS) multiple-input–single-output scenario. Weighted sum-minimum mean square error algorithm could be used in multiple-input–multiple-output scenarios, but it has lower performance than virtual signal-to-interference plus noise ratio algorithm in theory and practice. A real measurement environment consisting of two BS and two users have been studied to evaluate the simulation results.
- Author(s): Joongheon Kim and Eun-Seok Ryu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 21, p. 1526 –1528
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.2239
- Type: Article
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The quality of video streaming in 38 GHz millimetre-wave heterogeneous main-cell and small-cell networks in terms of signal-to-interference-noise ratio is analysed. According to numerical simulation results, the impacts of interference from small-cells on the quality of video streaming in main-cells are numerically measured and analysed.
Implementation of LZMA compression algorithm on FPGA
Performance comparison of weighted sum-minimum mean square error and virtual signal-to-interference plus noise ratio algorithms in simulated and measured channels
Quality of video streaming in 38 GHz millimetre-wave heterogeneous cellular networks
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- Author(s): R.M. Craven ; I.R. Smith ; B.M. Novac
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 21, p. 1528 –1529
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.2241
- Type: Article
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Although Tesla transformers and helical cavity filters are employed in quite different technical areas, a previous contribution demonstrated that applying the techniques used in designing these filters to the secondary winding configurations of a Tesla transformer improved the spectral purity of the output. In the present reported work, measurements of the quality factors of the original and a number of modified secondary windings are shown to provide results at the fundamental and overtone frequencies, thereby illustrating the scale of the possible benefits that can be achieved.
Quality factor measurements of air-cored solenoids at overtone frequencies
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- Author(s): Desong Wang ; Kuo-Sheng Chin ; Wenquan Che ; Chih-Chun Chang ; Yafen Wu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 21, p. 1529 –1531
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.1288
- Type: Article
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A novel topology for designing 60 GHz duplexers is presented. Both the receiver (Rx) and transmitter (Tx) filters of the duplexer, which were constructed using dual-mode substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) cavities, can exhibit a single-sided transmission zero. The transmission zeros were arranged to achieve high channel isolation and frequency selectivity. The results confirm that the fabricated duplexer can achieve an Rx/Tx isolation higher than 30 dB.
- Author(s): A.A. Muller ; E. Sanabria-Codesal ; A. Moldoveanu ; V. Asavei ; P. Soto ; V.E. Boria ; S. Lucyszyn
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 21, p. 1531 –1533
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.2695
- Type: Article
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Unilateral transducer constant power gain circles play an essential role in the design of radio-frequency amplifiers and active modulators, as they help to determine optimal impedance matching conditions to meet gain and stability specifications. It is shown that these gain circles are a subfamily of Apollonius circles. For better visualisation, unilateral transducer constant gain power circles have been plotted for the first time on the three-dimensional (3D) Smith chart. To this end, a natural relationship from an inversive geometry was required, in order to relate the gain circles with cutting planes for the 3D Smith chart.
- Author(s): Meng-Yu Chen ; Wanchu Hong ; Min-Hua Ho
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 21, p. 1533 –1534
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.1948
- Type: Article
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A dual-mode balanced bandpass filter (BPF) design with an excellent common-mode (CM) rejection performance is presented. The balanced filter is composed of coupled substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) cavities and a hybrid microstrip/slot feed. The cavities are of a square shape to produce two degenerated resonance modes, TE102 and TE201, for dual-mode operation. The hybrid microstrip/slot feed is developed to suppress the unwanted CM signals in both the in-band and out-band regions. The measured CM signal rejection levels are over 50 dB. A experiment was conducted to verify this novel balanced BPF design.
- Author(s): J.-K. Xiao ; Y.-F. Zhu ; Y. Li ; J.-G. Ma ; X.-W. Li
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 21, p. 1534 –1536
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.1432
- Type: Article
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A multi-band microwave filter design method by using the defected microstrip structure (DMS) is developed. A new DMS bandpass filter with a tri-band is designed, fabricated and measured, and the experiment demonstrates the new proposal. The new DMS filter has the advantages of a compact and simple circuit topology, miniature circuit size, individually controllable centre frequencies and individually tunable bandwidths.
- Author(s): A. Abdellatif ; A. Taeb ; N. Ranjkesh ; S. Gigoyan ; S. Safavi-Naeini
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 21, p. 1537 –1538
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.1745
- Type: Article
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A low-cost and low-loss piezoelectric transducer-controlled phase shifter for millimetre-wave/sub-terahertz applications is presented. The proposed idea is based on reducing the propagation constant of a high-resistivity silicon image guide by a high dielectric constant slab loading. The proposed phase shifter has a measured insertion loss of <−2 dB across the range from 87 to 94 GHz. A phase shift of 85° at 90 GHz is obtained by a device length of 4 mm. The proposed phase shifter has an insertion loss variation of < 0.2 dB for 85° of phase shift at 90 GHz. Measurement results are in good agreement with the simulations.
60 GHz duplexer design using dual-mode SIW filters with single-sided transmission zeros
Apollonius unilateral transducer constant power gain circles on 3D Smith charts
Balanced BPF design of substrate-integrated waveguide cavity using hybrid microstrip/slot feed for CM suppression
Controllable miniature tri-band bandpass filter using defected microstrip structure
W-band piezoelectric transducer-controlled low insertion loss variable phase shifter
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- Author(s): F. Hamaoka ; K. Saito ; S. Yamamoto ; T. Matsuda ; A. Naka
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 21, p. 1538 –1540
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.2296
- Type: Article
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It has been experimentally demonstrated that the proposed multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) processing compensated for the crosstalk of a super high-density multi-carrier signal consisting of two optical polarisation division multiplexing (PDM) quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) sub-carriers. Precise frequency spacing of synthesised optical local oscillators has been applied to the proposed MIMO processing. The experimental results show that the sub-carrier spacing can be reduced to 78% of the baud rate of the PDM-QPSK sub-carriers.
- Author(s): Y. Sasaki ; J. Kobayashi ; S. Yagi ; K. Fujiura
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 21, p. 1540 –1541
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.2378
- Type: Article
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A 1 × 5 optical switch with a switching speed of microseconds is demonstrated. Switching between different channels in a planar lightwave circuit waveguide array was controlled using an electro-optic beam deflector. A single crystal of potassium tantalate niobate (KTa 1− x Nbx O3, KTN) was used as a deflector to realise this operation. A switching speed of 8.1 μs was demonstrated for the switching of two adjacent channels.
- Author(s): P. Brandl ; R. Enne ; T. Jukić ; H. Zimmermann
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 21, p. 1541 –1543
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.2504
- Type: Article
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A novel monolithically integrated optoelectronic receiver with a 200 µm diameter, high responsivity avalanche photodiode (PD) is presented. The whole receiver was developed in a high-voltage 0.35 µm CMOS technology. This permits high PD bias voltages and the implementation of the receiver circuitry in a single chip. With a PD bias voltage of 65 V, a high responsivity of 30 A/W has been reached at a wavelength of 675 nm. Together with a folded-cascode transimpedance amplifier, the complete receiver achieves a sensitivity of −31.8 dBm at a data rate of 1 Gbit/s with a bit error rate of 10−9 and a pseudorandom binary sequence of 231–1.
Experimental demonstration of crosstalk compensation for super high-density multi-carrier PDM-QPSK signal by MIMO processing
Microsecond optical switching of five channels by KTN electro-optic deflector
Monolithically integrated optical receiver with large-area avalanche photodiode in high-voltage CMOS technology
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- Author(s): Eun-Gyu Lee ; Jongsun An ; Choul-Young Kim
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 21, p. 1543 –1545
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.1929
- Type: Article
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A fully integrated four-input combining receiver front-end circuit is designed in a 0.18 μm CMOS technology for laser radar with a static unitary detector (STUD). This circuit consists of four independent transimpedance amplifiers, one signal combiner, a balun and an output buffer in one single integrated chip. The circuit provides 16.2 mW power consumption for a 1.8 V supplied voltage and 59.8 dBΩ transimpedance gain in the implemented experimental prototype for electrical pulse measurement. The fabricated prototype is worked exactly the same as the operation principle of the STUD in the two-dimensional optical pulse scanning measurement. Therefore, the proposed circuit is available for the STUD-based laser detection and ranging (LADAR) system as one integrated chip. This is the first demonstrated IC for the STUD-based laser radar system.
Fully integrated four-input combining receiver front-end circuit for laser radar with static unitary detector
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- Author(s): Dae-Myeong Geum ; Seungheon Shin ; Min-Su Park ; Jae-Hyung Jang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 21, p. 1545 –1547
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.2061
- Type: Article
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The effects of nitrogen (N2) flow rate during high-temperature annealing were investigated for Ti/Al/Ni/Au ohmic metallisation on InAlN/GaN heterostructures. The samples annealed at 900°C for 100 s at a 30 SCCM N2 flow rate had the highest ohmic contact performance: a contact resistance of 0.12 Ω·mm, transfer length of 0.31 μm and specific contact resistivity of 3.42 × 10−7 Ω·cm2.
- Author(s): A. Kumar and M.S. Baghini
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 21, p. 1547 –1549
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.1491
- Type: Article
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The fabrication and characterisation of 400 nm-thick zinc oxide (ZnO)-based memristor devices with platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr) and gold (Au) metal electrodes are presented. The effect of these electrode materials on the performance of ZnO-based memristors has been experimentally studied. Metal/ZnO contact limits the memristor switching mechanism, dominating during the resistive switching. It is observed that the ZnO-based memristor with the Pt electrode shows a better hysteresis compared to Cr and Au metal electrodes. In the case of the Pt electrode, a current ratio of six times in magnitude is observed between the high resistive state and low resistive state at 1 V, where a maximum current density value of 1.25 A/cm2 is measured. The capacitance of these devices strongly depends on the charge distributed on the surface. Therefore, the capacitance–voltage (C–V) behaviour can be used to understand the charge distribution, under various bias conditions. The C–V behaviour of the Pt memristor, so as to understand the contact interface, where the maximum capacitance of 2.3 × 10−7 F/cm2 is obtained at 0 V, is also explained.
Effects of nitrogen flow rate in ohmic contacts on InAlN/GaN heterostructures
Experimental study for selection of electrode material for ZnO-based memristors
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- Author(s): Fu-Chien Huang ; Ming-Yeh Hsu ; Tsung-Hsien Lin ; Chorng-Kuang Wang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 21, p. 1549 –1551
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.1398
- Type: Article
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A subsampling filter is proposed for a discrete-time receiver (DTR). This filter achieves signal discretisation, filtering and downconversion simultaneously. With the proposed subsampling filtering technique, the subsampling mixer in a conventional DTR is eliminated, which can reduce power, cost and noise. The first 2.4 GHz DTR prototype for Zigbee application is fabricated in a 0.18 μm CMOS process. It achieves 23 dB conversion gain, 17.6 dB noise figure and −15 dBm IIP3. Operated from a single 1 V supply, the low-noise amplifier and following filter stages consume only 3.8 mW and the total receiver power consumption is 25.6 mW.
- Author(s): Chi-Feng Chen ; Sheng-Fa Chang ; Bo-Hao Tseng ; Jun-Hong Weng
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 21, p. 1551 –1552
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.2982
- Type: Article
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A new compact microstrip dual-band bandpass filter (BPF) based on multi-mode λ/4 stepped-impedance resonators (SIRs) with separate coupling paths is investigated. The dual-band BPF with a second-order bandpass response is composed of only two λ/4 SIRs, resulting in a small circuit size. A coupling gap and a common short-ended stub between the two coupled SIRs are used to create the electric and magnetic couplings with separate coupling paths. The bandwidths of the dual-band BPF can be well controlled by adjusting the coupling strengths of the two coupling paths. Thus, a greater design flexibility for the dual-band BPF can be obtained. For demonstration, a second-order dual-band BPF with a compact size of 0.14 λ g × 0.16 λ g has been designed and fabricated. A good agreement is achieved between simulation and measurement.
- Author(s): Jianhong Zheng ; Xiaobo Yang ; Zhe Li
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 50, Issue 21, p. 1552 –1554
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2014.2089
- Type: Article
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A novel M-algorithm-based detection method called M-algorithm to maximum likelihood (M–ML) is proposed for spatial modulation. The proposed algorithm has fixed complexity and reduces complexity by using a parallel structure to limit the search space of an optimum decoder. The simulation results show that by carefully choosing proper values of M, the new algorithm can reduce the computational complexity significantly while maintaining a near-optimum bit error rate performance.
2.4 GHz discrete-time receiver without subsampling mixer
Compact dual-band stepped-impedance resonator filter with separate coupling paths
Low-complexity detection method for spatial modulation based on M-algorithm
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