Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 5, Issue 20, 2 October 1969
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Volume 5, Issue 20
2 October 1969
High-efficiency avalanche mode in microstrip
- Author(s): H.J. Pratt
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 5, Issue 20, p. 467 –468
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19690356
- Type: Article
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p.
467
–468
(2)
High-efficiency-mode operation of S1 avalanche diodes as pulsed oscillators and amplifiers has been observed in microstrip. Impedance and transmission-loss measurement of the circuit are presented.
Microwave locating reflectometer
- Author(s): P.I. Somlo and D.L. Hollway
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 5, Issue 20, p. 468 –469
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19690357
- Type: Article
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p.
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–469
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A microwave locating reflectometer has been described which is capable of producing a plot of the (complex) reflection coefficient Γ against distance along a waveguide, and is thus able to discriminate between various individual reflections set up in a microwave component. No sharp pulses or step functions are required, and a plot is produced in real time without (digital) computation. The instrument is also capable of producing either a swept- or fixed-frequency Smith-chart display of the total reflection coefficient of the component.
Stability criterion for Gunn oscillators with heavy surface loading
- Author(s): K.R. Hofmann
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 5, Issue 20, p. 469 –470
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19690358
- Type: Article
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p.
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–470
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The conditions for domain suppression in a Gunn diode with finite longitudinal and transverse dimensions are derived by studying the eigenfrequencies of the general wave solution of the system. For long samples a critical nd product holds, as well as an ωd product for the lowest-order oscillation frequency.
Planar Gunn-effect oscillators with concentric electrodes
- Author(s): G.M. Clarke ; A.L. Edridge ; J.C. Bass
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 5, Issue 20, p. 471 –472
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19690359
- Type: Article
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p.
471
–472
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Measurements of the frequency/power characteristics of planar Gunn diodes with concentric electrodes are presented. In resistive circuits they show broad electronic tuning with bias voltage (6.6–18GHz). This is compared with theoretical predictions. In cavities, the devices operate in the delayed domain mode with restricted tuning, and their power outputs are maximal under saturated-transit-frequency conditions.
Measurement of self and mutul impedances of two coupled cylindrical antennas in a hot plasma
- Author(s): R. Lundquist and K.M. Chen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 5, Issue 20, p. 472 –474
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19690360
- Type: Article
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–474
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The self and mutual impedances of two coupled cylindrical antennas embedded in a hot plasma have been measured. A large volume of hot plasma was provided by a mercury-arc discharge. Pairs of monopoles with various lengths were embedded in the plasma volume and excited by r.f. signals. The experimental results show that, near the plasma frequency, the self and mutual impedances undergo rapid changes as the plasma density is varied. The effect of an electroacoustic wave on the self impedance is not very outstanding. However, this wave has a significant effect on the mutual impedance, as can be evidenced by the appearance of electroacoustic resonances (Tonks-Dattner resonances) in the mutual-impedance curves.
Influence of a longitudinal magnetic field on the cathodic voltage drop of a low-current arc
- Author(s): M.F. Hoyaux and H. Riemersma
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 5, Issue 20, p. 474 –476
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19690361
- Type: Article
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p.
474
–476
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A phenomenon is described which was observed during experiments with low-current arcs 0.1–1 A. In these experiments, it was noted that the arc voltage experienced a substantial reduction in magnitude when the cathode was placed in a region of appreciable longitudinal magnetic field. With the cathode in very low magnetic fields, the arc voltage exhibited the behaviour characteristic of the Hoh and Lehnert effects and the Kadomtsev instability.
New equivalent-circuit approach to acoustoelectric amplification
- Author(s): C. Fischler and S. Yando
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 5, Issue 20, p. 476 –477
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19690362
- Type: Article
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p.
476
–477
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It is shown that acoustoelectric amplification in a piezoelectric semiconductor can be analysed in terms of a modified conductivity, which can be either positive or negative. This approach is especially suitable for application to layered combinations of piezoelectric and semiconducting materials, including the presence of different types of carriers.
Visualisation of acoustic beames using liquid crystals
- Author(s): J.F. Havlice
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 5, Issue 20, p. 477 –478
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19690363
- Type: Article
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p.
477
–478
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A sound visualisation technique has been developed using the light-scattering properties of cholesteric liquid crystals. An acoustic wave propagating in these materials produces a local colour change, rendering the sound beam visible to the eye.
Fields of electric dipole on radially inhomogeneous ground surface
- Author(s): J.R. Wait and K.P. Spies
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 5, Issue 20, p. 478 –479
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19690364
- Type: Article
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p.
478
–479
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An integral-equation method is employed to calculate the fields for low-angle radiation over a plane boundary with an exponentially varying surface impedance. It is shown that the effective dipole moment of the source is increased by a complex factor which depends on both the taper and the extent of the inhomogeneous region.
Electron-beam deflection and registration for information storage
- Author(s): H.R. Edmunds and R.D. Pringle
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 5, Issue 20, p. 479 –481
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19690365
- Type: Article
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p.
479
–481
(3)
An electron-beam-registering system suitable for use with certain types of magnetic store has been devised. Fabrication techniques are discussed and an improved type of system is proposed which will differentiate between positive and negative directions of travel along the x and y axes.
Method for location of clusters of patterns to initialise a learning machine
- Author(s): B.G. Batchelor and B.R. Wilkins
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 5, Issue 20, p. 481 –483
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19690366
- Type: Article
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p.
481
–483
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Pattern recognition has usually been regarded as a two-part process requiring both measurement and classification. It has also been accepted by many workers that the classifier can best be designed using an automatic learning process. However it is well known that many of the proposed learning schemes sometimes fail to realise the most efficient use of the available storage. This difficulty usually arises whenever the initial classifier was a poor approximation to the teacher. The design of the classifier using such learning techniques would clearly be more successful if a method could be found of providing a good starting state for the learning machine. The letter defines an algorithm and examines its performance in this task of initialising a learning machine.
Comment on ‘Efficient method for the calculation of first- and second-order network sensitivities’
- Author(s): T.B.M. Neill
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 5, Issue 20, p. 483 –484
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19690367
- Type: Article
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p.
483
–484
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Sensitivity formulas published by Goddard and Spence are compared with those published earlier by Neill. The compatibility of the two sets of results is demonstrated, and suggestions are made as to the most useful ways of applying the formulas.
Experimental radiation pattern of the corrugated conical-horn antenna with small flare angle
- Author(s): M.E.J. Jeuken
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 5, Issue 20, p. 484 –485
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19690368
- Type: Article
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p.
484
–485
(2)
An experimental study concerning the bandwidth of the conical horn antenna with small flare angle has been carried out. The conclusion is that such an antenna with small diameter has a symmetrical radiation pattern in a very small frequency range.
Experimental determination of the ratio of injected hole current and total current in silicon nitride
- Author(s): W. Quast and B. Schiek
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 5, Issue 20, p. 485 –487
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19690369
- Type: Article
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p.
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–487
(3)
In a metal-Si3N4-nSi structure, the net minority-carrier generation rate is equal to the hole injection rate into the insulator under balanced conditions. The generation rate has been determined experimentally, giving the ratio of the injected hole current and the total current in the Si3N4 film.
Generalised-function representations of nonlinear devices with Gaussian inputs
- Author(s): K.V. Lever
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 5, Issue 20, p. 487 –488
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19690370
- Type: Article
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p.
487
–488
(2)
For a wide class of zero-memory nonlinear devices with a Gaussian input, the coefficients in the output intermodulation series may be evaluated by means of a sequence of transformations on the integral expressions defining them. The technique is also extended to certain time-dependent devices, studied previously as models in control theory.
Small corrugated conical-horn antenna with wide flare angle
- Author(s): M.E.J. Jeuken and C.W. Lambrechtse
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 5, Issue 20, p. 489 –490
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19690371
- Type: Article
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p.
489
–490
(2)
The radiation pattern of a small corrugated conical horn with a wide flare angle has been calculated by means of a Kirchhoff-Huygens integration. An assumption was made about the phase relationbetween the TE and the TM parts of the spherical hybrid mode in the horn. The solutions of the characteristic equation became dependent on the electrical length of the horn. Calculations and experiments showed a good agreement.
Improvements in efficiency and tunability of Gunn oscillators by dielectric-surface loading
- Author(s): S. Kataoka ; H. Tateno ; M. Kawashima
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 5, Issue 20, p. 491 –492
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19690372
- Type: Article
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p.
491
–492
(2)
Improvements in efficiency and tunability of Gunn oscillators have been obtained by a dielectric-surface-loading technique. These improvements are due to the improved waveform caused by a charge—discharge current of the dielectric and to a probable negative resistance across the electrodes.
Influence of circuit parameters on Gunn-oscillator performance
- Author(s): H. Pollmann ; R.W.H. Engelmann ; B.G. Bosch
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 5, Issue 20, p. 492 –494
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19690373
- Type: Article
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p.
492
–494
(3)
Output power and tuning range of Gunn oscillators are determined as functions of the resonant-load resistance. Differing n0L products (1.2 and 4.8 ×1012cm-2) lead to strikingly different results which are related to the delayed-and quenched-domain resonant modes, respectively.
Generation of multiple simultaneous beams by aperture phase control
- Author(s): J.L. Queen and T.C. Cheston
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 5, Issue 20, p. 494 –495
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19690374
- Type: Article
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p.
494
–495
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Radiation patterns containing multiple beams may be generated by manipulating merely the phase on an aperture, leaving the amplitude distribution undisturbed. The relative phases between the various beams may be adjusted for a best approximation.
Design equations for a 2-branch stripline directional coupler/impedance transformer
- Author(s): L.F. Lind
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 5, Issue 20, p. 495 –496
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19690375
- Type: Article
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p.
495
–496
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Design equations are presented for a 2-branch stripline directional coupler/impedance transformer, based on an exact theory. With this design, the two separate processes of impedance matching and power splitting are combined into one device, which conserves ‘real estate’ in a stripline or microstrip application.
Frequency-insensitive phase-shift networks and their use in a wide-bandwidth Butler matrix
- Author(s): M.J. Withers
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 5, Issue 20, p. 496 –498
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19690376
- Type: Article
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p.
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–498
(3)
It is shown that any desired value of wide-bandwidth constant phase shift can be produced by interconnecting directional couplers and hybrid transformers. This means that band-widths of several octaves are possible. These phase-shift networks are particularly suitable for use in Butler-type multiple-beam-forming matrices, and a wide-bandwidth 16 × 16 port design is given.
Analogue-computer model for a gallium-arsenide l.s.a. diode
- Author(s): R.R. Mueller and B. Nitz
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 5, Issue 20, p. 498 –499
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19690377
- Type: Article
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p.
498
–499
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A 1-dimensional analogue-computer model of an l.s.a. diode is described. The model yields new results concerning space-charge growth and decay. Investigations of the output power dependence on the load resistance are made. In addition to n0/f = constant, a constant n0R product is necessary for constant time dependence.
Electrical characteristics of p type germanium layers doped by ion implantation
- Author(s): K.C. Jones and P.R.C. Stevens
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 5, Issue 20, p. 499 –500
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19690378
- Type: Article
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–500
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Layers of ptype germanium have been produced by bombardment of ntype specimens with 40keV Ga+ or In+ ions. Measurements of Hall mobility and carrier concentration as a function of depth suggest that the degradation of mobility due to the radiation damage produced by the implant is completely removed after anneal. 50% of Ga ions and 10–15% of In ions became electrically active. These percentages were independent of dose over the range measured (1011cm-2 3 × 1013cm-2).
Bandstop filter for the H10 mode in a rectangular waveguide
- Author(s): W. Braeckelmann
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 5, Issue 20, p. 500 –502
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19690379
- Type: Article
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p.
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–502
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A bandstop filter for the H10 mode in a rectangular waveguide is established by a stub in the E-plane. The enlargement of the bandwdth of this filter by a stepped pattern of the stub or by cascading of stub filters is outlined.
Optimal regulator with bounds on the derivative of the input
- Author(s): P.J. Moylan and J.B. Moore
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 5, Issue 20, p. 502 –503
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19690380
- Type: Article
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p.
502
–503
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The problem of minimising ∫t0∞(x′Qx + u′Ru)dt for a completely controllable linear system, subject to the constraint |u˙|< 1, is shown to be equivalent to a singular optimal-control problem; the known singular theory is then used to obtain the optimal control.
Elimination of delay times in xband Gunn-effect oscillators using r.f. injection
- Author(s): R. Harrison
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 5, Issue 20, p. 503 –505
- DOI: 10.1049/el:19690381
- Type: Article
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A simple theory is given showing how a small amount of r.f. power injected at a frequency near the Gunn-diode frequency can eliminate delay times in pulse operated Xband Gunn-effect oscillators.
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