Electronics Letters
Volume 49, Issue 8, 11 April 2013
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Volume 49, Issue 8
11 April 2013
- Features
- Antennas and propagation
- Biomedical technology
- Circuits and systems
- Electromagnetism
- Image and vision processing and display technology
- Information and communication
- Microwave technology
- Nanotechnology
- Optical communication
- Organic and inorganic circuits and devices
- Photonics
- Radar, sonar and navigation
- Semiconductor technology
- Signal processing
- Wireless communications
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- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 8, page: 510 –510
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.1027
- Type: Article
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- Author(s): Kapil Dandekar
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 8, page: 510 –510
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.1026
- Type: Article
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- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 8, page: 511 –511
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.1025
- Type: Article
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- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 8, page: 512 –512
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.1023
- Type: Article
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in brief
interview
blind spot sensing
smart tuning
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- Author(s): J. Liu ; K.P. Esselle ; S.G. Hay ; S.S. Zhong
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 8, p. 515 –516
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.4015
- Type: Article
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A novel compact super-wideband (SWB) antenna with an optimised feed is presented. The antenna is composed of an asymmetric trapezoid ground plane and a modified rectangular monopole patch. It is demonstrated that the bandwidth of the antenna is significantly enhanced by introducing an asymmetric dual-branch feed with an L-shaped feed branch. The measurements indicate that the 2:1 VSWR bandwidth is from 1.05 to 32.7 GHz with a ratio bandwidth of 31:1. Since the antenna features an extremely wide bandwidth and the entire size is only 74 × 80 mm, it is useful for modern wireless communication applications.
- Author(s): D. Patron ; D. Piazza ; K.R. Dandekar
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 8, p. 516 –518
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0234
- Type: Article
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Proposed is a reconfigurable planar antenna that can generate omnidirectional and directional radiation patterns. The design has been tuned to resonate at 3.8 GHz and covers a bandwidth of several hundred MHz. Using RF switches, the antenna can generate five different radiation patterns: a single omnidirectional mode and four directional modes. Simulations and measurements were carried out and are in good agreement. The compact planar design, large operating bandwidth, and ability to create both omnidirectional and directional radiation patterns make this antenna suitable for small form factor wireless devices in next generation cognitive networks.
- Author(s): C. Jouvaud ; J. de Rosny ; A. Ourir
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 8, p. 518 –519
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0398
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A planar array of coupled split-ring resonators (SRRs) shows many resonances over a broad frequency band at which the structure efficiently emits waves. The mode splitting due to coupling offers an unprecedented way for configuring the radiation pattern of the SRR array. It is shown that specific radiation patterns that include dipolar and quadrupolar oscillation patterns can be constructed by varying the self-impedance of the resonators. Presented is an experimental demonstration based on this concept using electronically tuned SRRs. With this setup, the radiation pattern at a given frequency can be adjusted using a DC voltage command. The proposed structure is an efficient and compact alternative to traditional electronic beam-steering antennas.
- Author(s): S. Sam and S. Lim
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 8, p. 519 –521
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.4291
- Type: Article
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An electrically small substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) antenna is proposed at 5.22 GHz. Its electrical size is reduced by a complementary split-ring resonator which is loaded on the eighth-mode SIW (EMSIW). The EMSIW occupies only 12.5% of the conventional SIW with the same dominant resonant frequency. The S-parameters and radiation patterns are investigated by full-wave simulation and measurements. Results show the omnidirectional radiation pattern with a 4 dBi peak gain.
- Author(s): X. Tang ; K. Mouthaan ; J.C. Coetzee
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 8, p. 521 –522
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.4149
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The flexible design of decoupling and matching networks for coupled antennas is introduced. The network includes three parts: circuits for impedance transformation, an element for odd-mode decoupling and conventional matching networks. It is found that all three parts are determined by one parameter of the ABCD matrix of the impedance transformation circuit. Thus a large variety of circuits with different element values can be used for decoupling which relaxes the practical design constraints.
Compact super-wideband asymmetric monopole antenna with dual-branch feed for bandwidth enhancement
Wideband planar antenna with reconfigurable omnidirectional and directional radiation patterns
Adaptive metamaterial antenna using coupled tunable split-ring resonators
Electrically small complementary split-ring resonator antenna on eighth-mode substrate integrated waveguide
Flexible design of decoupling and matching networks for two strongly coupled antennas
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- Author(s): Zhengfan Liu ; Zhiyong Wang ; Zachary A. Satira ; Xu Chen ; Shufen Chen ; Jianguo Xin ; Stephen T.C. Wong
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 8, p. 522 –524
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0220
- Type: Article
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A fibre bundle has been developed for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microendoscopy. The polarisation scheme was employed to suppress the four-wave mixing (FWM) effect in the fibre. High collection efficiency of epi-CARS signals and isolation of excitation lasers are achieved. Epi-CARS and epi-FWM images were compared in different polarisation schemes. The use of a broadband dual wavelength waveplate offers spectroscopic imaging capability to the system, which was shown by using ex vivo imaging mouse tissues.
Development of fibre bundle probe for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microendoscopy
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- Author(s): Xiangning Fan ; Bin Li ; Zhigong Wang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 8, p. 524 –525
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0194
- Type: Article
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A fully integrated ultra-wideband voltage-controlled-oscillator (VCO) constructed in a current-reused configuration is proposed. An ultra-wide tuning range is achieved thanks to the adopted transformer-based resonator, which makes use of the transformer and the proper arrangement of capacitors, while the current-reused topology can dramatically save DC power consumption. The transformer layout has been properly designed to attain a die area comparable to a single inductor VCO. Fabricated in a 0.18 µm CMOS technology, the VCO provides a frequency tuning range as high as 95% from 1.98 to 5.58 GHz and exhibits a phase noise of −122.8 to −108.6 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset from the carrier across the entire frequency range. The VCO core consumes 5.6–7.2 mA of current from a 1.8 V supply and occupies approximately an area of 0.8 mm2. Despite the ultra-wide tuning range, the proposed VCO has the outstanding figure-of-merit (FOMT) of −192 to −199 dBc/Hz.
- Author(s): L. Hernández and E. Prefasi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 8, p. 526 –527
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3776
- Type: Article
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Dual slope ADCs have been shown to implement noise shaping when converted into integrating quantisers, turning amplitude information into time encoded pulses. A way to increase the resolution of an integrating quantiser is to use a gated ring oscillator (GRO) to estimate the pulse length. Such combination benefits from the noise shaping effect inherent to GROs. Hence, a noise shaping order increase can be achieved by a multistage configuration when an integrating quantiser is cascaded with a GRO. The architecture and behavioural simulation of such a MASH converter is discussed. Also, the on-line calibration of the noise cancellation filters is described.
- Author(s): P. Maffezzoni ; G. Marucci ; S. Levantino ; C. Samori
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 8, p. 527 –529
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.4402
- Type: Article
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Bang-bang phase-locked loops (PLLs) are prone to generate unwanted output spur tones and high noise floor. In this reported work, a spur reduction technique based on dithering is compared to an alternative technique which exploits oscillator intrinsic noise. It is shown how the latter, joined to a proper loop design, allows eliminating unwanted spur tones while yielding a lower noise floor.
- Author(s): J.-G. Lee ; S. Choi ; B.-R. Park ; K.-S. Seo ; H. Kim ; H.-Y. Cha
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 8, p. 529 –531
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.4083
- Type: Article
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Demonstrated is a nonvolatile memory device based on a SiO2/GaN/AlGaN/GaN heterostructure in which the upper GaN layer acted as a storage node. Charges were stored in and released from the upper GaN layer by applying positive and negative gate biases, respectively. The top SiO2 layer acted as a blocking layer. The threshold voltage shift was ∼ 3 V between the program and erase modes and the retention characteristics were very stable over 10000 s.
- Author(s): P. Ritter ; S. Le Tual ; B. Allard ; M. Möller
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 8, p. 531 –532
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0012
- Type: Article
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A comparator timing error model is presented for comparators with a limiting transfer characteristic and a first-order lowpass behaviour. It shows that the delay from the reference crossing at the input to the zero crossing at the output deviates from the lowpass phase shift if the signal amplitude exceeds the comparator linearity range (clipping). This deviation is a timing error since it varies nonlinearly with the signal amplitude, the signal frequency and the reference level and may cause significant distortion in the comparator application. Evaluation of the timing error shows that generally a signum function transfer characteristic is inappropriate for timing critical applications, e.g. analogue-to-digital converters, unless the lowpass bandwidth is multiple times higher than the signal frequency.
CMOS 1.98–5.58 GHz transformer-based VCO with current-reused topology
Multistage ADC based on integrating quantiser and gated ring oscillator
Comparing techniques for spur reduction in digital bang-bang PLLs
Nonvolatile memory device based on SiO2/GaN/AlGaN/GaN heterostructure
Model for clipping-induced timing error of bandwidth-limited comparators
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- Author(s): X. Chen ; Y.G. Chen ; M. Wei ; M. Cui
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 8, p. 532 –534
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.4195
- Type: Article
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To accurately evaluate the shielding effectiveness of materials against the electromagnetic pulse, a coaxial holder with a continuous-conductor which uses a step transition has been developed. The particle swarm optimisation solver of CST Microwave Studio is used to design the fixed support of the coaxial holder. The cutoff frequency of the coaxial holder is up to 10 GHz with the return loss of less than − 20 dB in the frequency range of 10 MHz–8 GHz. Silver-plated fabric and blended fabric with stainless steel fibre and polyester fibre have been tested in frequency-domain and time-domain, and these insertion loss and time-domain waveforms have been compared with the 1.6GHz previous coaxial holder. Load specimens required by the broadband coaxial holder are smaller than the previous coaxial holder, while the error introduced by the broadband coaxial holder is much smaller.
- Author(s): K.P. Prokopidis and D.C. Zografopoulos
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 8, p. 534 –536
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0198
- Type: Article
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Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) schemes based on the bilinear z-transform are introduced for modelling time-domain wave propagation in dispersive Drude-critical points media. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed technique are verified by comparisons with other FDTD algorithms and analytical solutions.
Broadband coaxial holder with continuous-conductor used for shielding effectiveness of materials against electromagnetic pulse
Efficient FDTD algorithms for dispersive Drude-critical points media based on bilinear z-transform
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- Author(s): Junjun Jiang ; Ruimin Hu ; Zhen Han ; Tao Lu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 8, p. 536 –538
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3724
- Type: Article
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A new manifold learning method, called nearest feature line (NFL) embedding, for face hallucination is proposed. While many manifold learning based face hallucination algorithms have been proposed in recent years, most of them apply the conventional nearest neighbour metric to derive the subspace and may not effectively characterise the geometrical information of the samples, especially when the number of training samples is limited. This reported work proposes using the NFL metric to define the neighbourhood relations between face samples to improve the expressing power of the given training samples for reconstruction. The algorithm preserves the linear relationship in a smaller local space than traditional manifold learning based methods, which better reflects the nature of manifold learning theory. Experimental results demonstrate that the method is effective at preserving detailed visual information.
Nearest feature line embedding for face hallucination
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- Author(s): B. Kang ; J. Yoo ; P. Park
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 8, p. 538 –539
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0246
- Type: Article
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A new bias-compensated normalised least mean square (NLMS) algorithm for parameter estimation with a noisy input is proposed. The algorithm is obtained from an approximated cost function based on the statistical properties of the input noise and involves a condition checking constraint to decide whether the weight coefficient vector must be updated. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is more robust and accurate than the conventional method.
- Author(s): I. Loumiotis ; T. Stamatiadi ; E. Adamopoulou ; K. Demestichas ; E. Sykas
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 8, p. 539 –541
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0454
- Type: Article
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The increasing bandwidth demand of end-users renders the need for efficient resource management more compelling in next generation wireless networks. In the present work, a novel scheme incorporating the deployment of an intelligent agent capable of monitoring, storing, and predicting the forthcoming needs for resources of a base station (BS) is proposed. In this way, the BS can in advance commit the necessary resources for its backhaul connection, guaranteeing the end-user's quality of service. The prediction process is performed using machine learning techniques.
- Author(s): A. Kohnert
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 8, p. 541 –543
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.4232
- Type: Article
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A strategy is described which allowed new optimal binary linear codes to be constructed. Using the method, among other codes a new [48, 16, 16] optimal linear binary block code was constructed. The construction of this new code settles a conjecture mentioned in the paper by Janosov and colleagues (see appropriate Reference in Letter) where the authors found a new optimal [47, 15, 16]-code, whose parameters are also relevant to the present author's new method.
- Author(s): R. Yeniçeri and M.E. Yalçın
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 8, p. 543 –545
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3448
- Type: Article
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A new true random bit generator circuit which is a time-delay sampled-data feedback system is proposed. The differential equation that defines the dynamic behaviour of the circuit is implemented by analogue active and passive components with a digital block that forms the sample and hold delay line as the feedback. A D-type flip-flop chain is used on the delayed feedback line due to the feedback signal which is a binary signal. The impressive features of the circuit are the ease of its implementation and the successful statistical analysis results that show its output is random. Furthermore, the reported system is the first true random bit generator using a time-delay sampled-data feedback system.
Bias-compensated normalised LMS algorithm with noisy input
Dynamic backhaul resource allocation in wireless networks using artificial neural networks
Linear binary block code with prescribed minimum and maximum weight
True random bit generation with time-delay sampled-data feedback system
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- Author(s): C.-F. Chen ; C.-Y. Lin ; J.-H. Weng ; K.-L. Tsai
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 8, p. 545 –546
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.4437
- Type: Article
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A new compact microstrip broadband filter based on the multimode stub-loaded resonator is investigated. A third-order bandpass response can be realised by properly incorporating the first three resonator modes of the proposed resonator at distant frequencies into the passband. Thus, the filter can be designed with only one resonator, resulting in an extremely small size. For demonstration, a compact broadband filter with a size of 0.5λ g by 0.07λ g has been designed and fabricated. Good agreement is achieved between simulation and measurement.
- Author(s): C.-L. Chang and C.-H. Tseng
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 8, p. 546 –547
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0366
- Type: Article
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A compact planar Wilkinson power divider is proposed using two-section asymmetrical T-structures to achieve a significant size reduction and retain a mimic return-loss bandwidth as compared with the conventional one. The asymmetrical T-structure is realised by two series high-impedance lines with unequal electrical lengths and a shunt low-impedance line. The two-section configuration has the advantage of decreasing the shunt stub size, and then achieving an optimally miniaturised circuit layout. The developed power divider has a 66.5% 15 dB return loss bandwidth and only occupies a 12.7% circuit size of the conventional one. The measured results of the developed power divider are in a good agreement with simulated results.
- Author(s): C. Feng ; X.P. Yu ; Z.H. Lu ; W.M. Lim ; W.Q. Sui
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 8, p. 548 –549
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0182
- Type: Article
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An injection-locked oscillator (ILO) with a self-biased injection circuit is proposed. By using the series-inductive peaking technique, the efficiency of the signal injection is considerably improved. Implemented in Global Foundries 65 nm bulk CMOS process, the proposed ILO demonstrated a 9 GHz locking range and can operate in 52–71 GHz with the tuning mechanism. Occupying a silicon area of 0.3 mm2, the circuit draws 13 mA from a 1.2 V supply including the output buffers.
- Author(s): A.Y.-K. Chen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 8, p. 549 –551
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3387
- Type: Article
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Presented is the performance of a highly integrated RF single-pole double-throw (SPDT) switch fabricated in a 0.18 µm bulk CMOS process and housed in a low-cost laminated multi-chip module (MCM-L) package. A switch controller is also implemented and consumes ∼40 µA from a 3.4 V supply. The switch, based upon the 1.8 V thin-oxide devices with resistive body-floating and unit cell layout optimisation techniques, achieves an insertion loss of 0.52/0.78 dB at 0.9/2.45 GHz, respectively. TX-to-RX isolation of > 29 dB and return loss of > 15 dB are achieved at these frequencies. The measured IP1dB of 21.7/21.2 dBm and IIP3 of 38.3/37.4 dBm are accomplished at 0.9/2.45 GHz, respectively. Finally, the switch achieves a RF electrostatic discharge (ESD) rating of 4 kV for the ± 2 kV human body model and 500 V for the ± 200 V machine model.
Compact microstrip broadband filter using multimode stub-loaded resonator
Compact Wilkinson power divider using two-section asymmetrical T-structures
V-band injection-locked oscillator with 9 GHz locking range
Highly integrated CMOS RF SPDT switch with ESD and unit cell optimisation in MCM
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- Author(s): S.H. Kim ; D.G. Kim ; B.H. Lee ; T.U. Kim ; H.C. Ki ; H.J. Kim ; Y.W. Choi ; B.-T. Lee
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 8, p. 551 –552
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0574
- Type: Article
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ZnO nanostructures are proposed to enhance the performance of surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The ZnO nanostructures on a 50 nm-thick Au thin-film are composed of nano-holes with a period of 300 nm. The ZnO nano-holes coupled SPR was simulated using the three-dimensionanl finite-difference time-domain method. The ZnO nano-holes have been fabricated by a laser interference lithography and wet etching process. The measured resonance angle of 47.5° was obtained; this agreed well with the simulated result. In comparison with the author's previous report, the figure of merit of ZnO nano-holes coupled SPR was two times higher than that of the ZnO grating structure.
SPR properties of 2D ZnO nano-holes fabricated by laser interference lithography
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- Author(s): P. Brandl and H. Zimmermann
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 8, p. 552 –554
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0558
- Type: Article
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An optoelectronic integrated circuit in a 0.35 µm BiCMOS technology containing a 200 µm diameter pin photodiode for optical wireless communication systems is presented. The design consists of a highly efficient integrated Si pin photodiode, a transimpedance amplifier and 50 Ω output driver. The overall transimpedance of the whole receiver is 86.6 dBΩ. At a data rate of 3 Gbit/s with a pseudorandom bit sequence of 231 − 1 a sensitivity of − 23.4 dBm is achieved (BER = 10− 9, λ = 675 nm).
3 Gbit/s optical receiver IC with high sensitivity and large integrated pin photodiode
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- Author(s): J.T.H. Tsai ; Chia-Hsiang Hsu ; Chia-Yun Hsu ; Chu-Shou Yang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 8, p. 554 –555
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0639
- Type: Article
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The fabrication of gallium oxide nanodots for the application of resistive random access memory (RRAM) using a process of atomic force microscopy (AFM) local anodic oxidation on an indium tin oxide conductive glass substrate is reported. In the atmospheric environment, an AFM probe tip contacts the gallium film locally. This gallium oxide nanodot acts as the insulator layer in a single unit of the RRAM. The structure describes the insulator layer (GaOx) sandwiched by the top (AFM tip) and bottom (Ga film) electrodes. Using current and voltage biased methods, the device switches from a high-resistance state (HRS) to a low-resistance state (LRS) and reset from LRS to HRS. Low read-voltage is used to distinguish the high/low resistance to present the digital data. Presented results show the ability of atomic force microscopy anodic oxidation to produce 300 nm diameter gallium oxide nanodots on glass substrates for potentially high density RRAMs.
Rapid synthesis of gallium oxide resistive random access memory by atomic force microscopy local anodic oxidation
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- Author(s): D.T. Nguyen ; A. Muramatsu ; A. Morimoto
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 8, p. 556 –557
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.4483
- Type: Article
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Femtosecond optical pulses are generated by an actively modelocked fibre ring laser. The fibre ring cavity includes a dual-electrode Mach-Zehnder optical intensity modulator and an erbium-doped fibre amplifier. To generate femtosecond pulses, fast impulse modulation is employed. The modelocking generates femtosecond pulses with a pulse-width of about 500 fs.
- Author(s): L. Drzewietzki ; S. Breuer ; W. Elsäßer
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 8, p. 557 –559
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0763
- Type: Article
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A novel optoelectronic-feedback stabilisation scheme for passively modelocked semiconductor lasers is demonstrated. By electrical modulation of the absorber section with a signal directly obtained from the time-delayed optical laser output, a significant broadband reduction of timing phase noise (TPN) is achieved without the use of a reference oscillator. The similarity to TPN measurement results obtained by an all-optical feedback configuration suggests that the presented optoelectronic and the all-optical feedback configuration are based on a common underlying TPN reduction mechanism.
Femtosecond pulse generation by actively modelocked fibre ring laser
Timing phase noise reduction of modelocked quantum-dot lasers by time-delayed optoelectronic feedback
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- Author(s): X. Zhang and C. Cui
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 8, p. 559 –560
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3345
- Type: Article
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The problem of signal detection for cognitive radar (CR) is considered, and a closed-loop detection system is proposed to detect the extended target in the presence of signal-dependent interference. In the system, the estimator of target impulse response (TIR) and waveform design are used to improve the detection performance of CR, and the estimate of TIR is also used for designing the matched waveform. In addition, in order to improve the reliability of detection, the two-step process which is called estimation before detection is proposed. Simulation results indicate that the proposed system performs better than the traditional radar system which used the fixed waveform.
Signal detection for cognitive radar
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- Author(s): S. Kim ; C.-J. Choi ; H. Kim
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 8, p. 561 –562
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0463
- Type: Article
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The carrier transport mechanism of low resistance Ti/Al/Au ohmic contact to AlGaN/GaN heterostructures was investigated. Based on a parallel network model consisting of the predominant ohmic path (made by TiN-based contact inclusions) and rest region (no interfacial reaction), the formation of ohmic contact was found to be due to tunnelling of carriers through the thin barrier formed at the TiN-based contact inclusion, where the barrier height was 0.45 eV and the carrier density was 9.0 × 1018 cm− 3.
Carrier transport mechanism of ohmic contacts to AlGaN/GaN heterostructures analysed by parallel network model
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- Author(s): O. Yurur ; C.-H. Liu ; W. Moreno
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 8, p. 562 –564
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0592
- Type: Article
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Proposed is a light-weight unsupervised decision tree based classification method to detect the user's postural actions, such as sitting, standing, walking and running as user states by analysing the data from a smartphone accelerometer sensor. The proposed method differs from other approaches by applying a sufficient number of signal processing features to exploit the sensory data without knowing any a priori information. Experiments show that the proposed method still makes a solid differentiation in user states (e.g. an above 90% overall accuracy) even when the sensor is operated under slower sampling frequencies.
Unsupervised posture detection by smartphone accelerometer
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- Author(s): M.-S. Jeon ; J. Woo ; U. Kim ; Y. Kwon
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 8, p. 564 –566
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3627
- Type: Article
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A linear CMOS power amplifier (PA) is developed for wideband code-division multiple-access (W-CDMA) application using 0.18 µm silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology. By adopting a quadruple-stacked FET structure, 1W of output power is achieved at 4V supply voltage. A negative capacitance circuit is employed to maximise the efficiency of the PA by cancelling out the excessive capacitance at the source terminal of the common-gate stage. Besides, a lineariser based on the variable capacitor circuit is added to reduce the inherent AM-PM distortion of the CMOS FET. Using W-CDMA modulation at 837MHz, the fabricated PA module delivers a PAE of 47.5% and an adjacent channel leakage ratio of − 36dBc at the output power of 27.1dBm.
- Author(s): R. Davidova and T. Weller
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 8, p. 566 –567
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3388
- Type: Article
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Described is a zero power transceiver that is designed to receive a low-power RF signal at a fundamental frequency, double the frequency with high efficiency, and retransmit the second harmonic. The specific emphasis of this reported work was to demonstrate a means of imparting amplitude modulation onto the retransmitted harmonic in response to some environmental stimulus – in this case a DC bias voltage – to facilitate use of the transceiver in wireless sensing applications. The 1.3/2.6 GHz transceiver zero-bias conversion efficiency is approximately 2% (−17 dB) at received input power levels in the micro-Watt range. A change in the conversion efficiency of 10 dB per 100 mV is achieved through DC biasing of the multiplier.
- Author(s): M. Krasicki
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 8, p. 567 –569
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.4275
- Type: Article
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Labelling diversity has appeared to be an efficient method to improve the performance of bit-interleaved space-time coded modulation with iterative decoding. It consisists in applying two different labelling maps within two spacial streams of the transmitter, which improves the benefits derived from multi-antenna transmission. This reported work reveals a cardinal rule the two labellings must obey to become the optimal pair for labelling diversity purposes. It is concluded from results of a generalised binary switching optimisation algorithm, delivered herein, and from distance spectrum analysis.
- Author(s): M. D'Amico ; S.L. Jong ; C. Riva
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 8, p. 569 –571
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0358
- Type: Article
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Rain attenuation prediction models at millimetre wavelengths require rain rate averaged over one minute. Currently available tipping bucket rain gauges often only provide the number of tips per minute (or a directly related quantity). In this reported work, the performance of a new algorithm devised to estimate rain rate from data gathered with such rain gauges, when used for propagation application, is investigated. To this purpose, an extensive database collected over a period of ten years is exploited. It is concluded that, even though the proposed algorithm performs well, the number of tips per minute may not be the best parameter to derive rain rate for propagation applications.
High-efficiency CMOS stacked-FET power amplifier for W-CDMA applications using SOI technology
High-sensitivity, AM-modulated harmonic transceiver for wireless sensing
Essence of 16-QAM labelling diversity
Tipping bucket data processing for propagation application
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