Electronics Letters
Volume 49, Issue 4, 14 February 2013
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Volume 49, Issue 4
14 February 2013
- Features
- Antennas and propagation
- Circuits and systems
- Control engineering
- Image and vision processing and display technology
- Information and communications
- Microwave technology
- Optical communication
- Photonics
- Power electronics, energy conversion and sustainability
- Power electronics, energy conversion and sustaibability
- Radar, sonar and navigation
- Signal processing
- Superconducting circuits, devices and systems
- Wireless communications
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- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 4, page: 234 –234
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0395
- Type: Article
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- Author(s): David Shapiro and Elena Shapiro Dr
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 4, page: 234 –234
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0394
- Type: Article
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- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 4, page: 235 –235
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0392
- Type: Article
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- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 4, page: 236 –236
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0393
- Type: Article
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in brief
interview
power squared
showing real nerve
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- Author(s): T. Debogović ; S. Hrabar ; J. Perruisseau-Carrier
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 4, p. 239 –240
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.4050
- Type: Article
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Fabry-Pérot (FP) cavities having at least one partially reflective surface are widely used as compact and efficient high-directivity radiators. However, they inherently suffer from very narrow directivity bandwidths around the FP resonance. Here it is shown that this constraint can be overcome by using an active non-Foster cavity boundary behaving as a series negative LC tank circuit. Analytical and full-wave numerical results reveal the possibility of nearly tenfold improvement of − 1 dB directivity bandwidth while preserving the original overall antenna size and directivity of the antenna.
- Author(s): R. Quiroz ; T. Alves ; B. Poussot ; J.-M. Laheurte
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 4, p. 240 –242
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.4266
- Type: Article
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In UHF RFID (radio frequency identification), passive tag antennas can be fixed on boxes or recipients where the nature and contents might vary. These variations strongly affect the antenna performance. A combined antenna is proposed to ensure an effective read-range for a plastic recipient containing water or not. Two separate antennas are first designed for the filled and unfilled cases, respectively, then combined for a correct working in both configurations.
- Author(s): S. Sugiura and H. Iizuka
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 4, p. 242 –243
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.4523
- Type: Article
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Cylindrical high impedance surface (HIS) structures and their E-plane omnidirectional antenna application are presented at the 2.0 GHz band. The diameter of the cylinder is 39.2 mm, when the φ-direction periodicity is chosen as three. The HIS, when illuminated by plane waves, not only reflects them in the direction of arrival with zero phase, but also transmits them in other directions to a comparable degree, which is caused by half-wavelength resonance of all of the patches. A dipole antenna element situated close to the HIS, the φ-direction periodicity of which is three, exhibits VSWR = 1.5 and an omnidirectional E-plane pattern at 2.14 GHz.
- Author(s): H. So ; A. Ando ; T. Seki ; M. Kawashima ; T. Sugiyama
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 4, p. 243 –245
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.4263
- Type: Article
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Proposed is a concept of a directional multi-band antenna employing frequency selective surfaces (FSSs). To confirm the feasibility of the concept, the proposal is implemented by combining a metal reflector, two FSSs that act as frequency filters, and a multi-band radiator. The proposed triple-band antenna can radiate at 800 MHz (the metal reflector or FSS 1), 2 GHz (FSS 2), and 4 GHz (FSS 3). FSS 2 passes waves at one frequency band (800 MHz) and reflects all other bands, and FSS 3 passes waves at two frequency bands (800 MHz/2 GHz) and reflects all other bands. Beam control is easy since all that is needed is to change FSS size and/or the distance between the radiator and metal reflector/FSS. Electromagnetic field simulations and measurements demonstrate good directivity in the frequency bands of 800 MHz, 2 GHz and 4 GHz.
- Author(s): S.N. Zabri ; R. Cahill ; A. Schuchinsky
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 4, p. 245 –246
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.4428
- Type: Article
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A frequency selective surface (FSS) is described which exhibits coincident spectral responses for TE and TM polarisation when the FSS operates at 45° incidence. The structure consists of two closely spaced arrays of ring elements with the conductor split at one or two locations to provide independent control of the resonances for the vertical and horizontal field directions. The FSS is designed to diplex two channels separated by an edge of a band ratio of 1.7:1 and yield a common − 10 dB reflection bandwidth of 10.2%. Measured and numerical results are shown to be in good agreement over the frequency range 9–12 GHz.
Broadband Fabry-Pérot radiation based on non-Foster cavity boundary
Combined RFID tag antenna for recipients containing liquids
Cylindrical high impedance surface aided horizontally polarised omnidirectional antenna
Directional multi-band antenna employing frequency selective surfaces
Polarisation independent split ring frequency selective surface
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- Author(s): L. Ravezzi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 4, p. 247 –248
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.4276
- Type: Article
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A duty cycle detector based on time-to-digital conversion is presented. It combines the advantages of analogue (high accuracy and simplicity) and digital (digital output) duty cycle correctors in a simple and straightforward topology. Two identical circuits detect the high and low phases of the input clock and deliver two digital words. These two words are then sufficient to accurately estimate the input duty cycle. By using the same topology for both circuits, accuracy is affected only by mismatches between them. Designed in a bulk 28nm CMOS technology the proposed duty cycle detector achieves a maximum linearity error of 4% and a resolution of 0.5% over corners and an input duty cycle range of [20, 80]%.
- Author(s): A. Sanyal and N. Sun
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 4, p. 248 –250
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3900
- Type: Article
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A high energy-efficiency switching scheme for a successive approximation register (SAR) analogue-to-digital converter (ADC) is presented. The proposed method can achieve 98.4% savings in switching energy when compared to a conventional SAR. The proposed technique also achieves a 4 × reduction in total capacitance used in the digital-to-analogue converter (DAC) compared to the conventional DAC.
- Author(s): C.-H. Chen ; Y. Zhang ; Y. Jung ; T. He ; J.L. Ceballos ; G.C. Temes
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 4, p. 250 –251
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0104
- Type: Article
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A new incremental ADC (IADC) is proposed which extends the order of a conventional incremental ADC from N to (2N − 1) by way of a two-step operation. For a given conversion time, the duration of each step can be optimised. For an Nth-order IADC, the performance is equivalent to that of a (2N − 1)-order converter. However, it only needs the same circuitry as the Nth-order one. The new IADC is hence more accurate, and also much more power-efficient than the conventional ones.
- Author(s): Hyunchan Park and Chuck Yoo
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 4, p. 251 –253
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.4069
- Type: Article
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Many researches compare the storage performance of different virtualised systems. Some of their results are unexplained, which reduces the reliability of the storage performance comparison itself. Through experiments, this reported work identifies that the size of buffer cache significantly affects the storage performance. When the same size of buffer cache is used in experiments, very different results are obtained from the prior results because they did not take the size of buffer cache into account. The new results make more sense with the characteristics of virtualised environments.
- Author(s): M. Rawat ; K. Rawat ; M. Younes ; F. Ghannouchi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 4, p. 253 –255
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3671
- Type: Article
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Reported, for the first time is a predistortion scheme for a concurrent dual-band transmitter with a dual-band concurrent Doherty power amplifier in the presence of modulator I/Q imbalance and DC offsets. Inverse PA modelling for predistortion is achieved using real valued time delayed neural networks. The model has been validated for a 10 W GaN based dual-band concurrent Doherty power amplifier for wideband code division multiple access signals at 1960 and 3500 MHz, respectively, and an adjacent channel power ratio improvement of 18 dB is reported.
Duty-cycle detector based on time-to-digital conversion
SAR ADC architecture with 98% reduction in switching energy over conventional scheme
Two-step incremental analogue-to-digital converter
Effect of buffer cache on storage performance in virtualised environment
Joint mitigation of nonlinearity and modulator imperfections in dual-band concurrent transmitter using neural networks
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- Author(s): Kyung Woon Kwak ; Kyung-Soo Kim ; Soohyun Kim
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 4, p. 255 –256
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3893
- Type: Article
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A real-time path generation method for a mobile robot is newly proposed based on the virtual tangential vector (VTV). The VTV is for imposing a feature to drive a robot along with the tangential direction to a circular obstacle virtually generated in real-time. Subjected to multiple obstacles, a weighted resultant vector of all the VTVs, so-called weighted VTV (WVTV), is defined. Together with the conventional objectives such as the goal attractive vector and the obstacle repulsive vector, the WVTV is included in a multi-objective optimisation framework. Significant performance enhancements are demonstrated by simulations for complicated unknown environments.
Weighted virtual tangential vector algorithm for local path planning of mobile robots
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- Author(s): A. García-Martín and J.M. Martínez
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 4, p. 256 –258
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3817
- Type: Article
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The combination of two of the most recent people detectors from the state of the art is proposed. It is already known that the combination of independent information sources is useful for any detection task. In relation to people detection, there are two main discriminative information sources that characterise a person: appearance and motion. Proposed is the combination of two recent approaches based on both information sources. Experimental results over an extensive dataset show that the proposed combination significantly improves the results.
- Author(s): D.S. Kim ; M. Kim ; B.S. Kim ; K.H. Lee
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 4, p. 258 –260
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.4261
- Type: Article
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Presented is an intensity-based feature extraction method for pedestrian classification in far-infrared (FIR) images. The underlying idea of the method is that only intensity differences between neighbouring pixels can represent both the direction and the magnitude of the gradient, as FIR images are characterised by monotonic grey-level changes. A new intensity-based feature called the histogram of local intensity differences (HLID) is introduced which is a modified version of the well-known histograms of oriented gradients (HOGs) feature. Experiments show that the HLID is more suited to FIR images than HOGs in terms of both accuracy and computational efficiency.
- Author(s): L.F.A. Pereira ; H.N.B. Pinheiro ; G.D.C. Cavalcanti ; Tsang Ing Ren
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 4, p. 260 –261
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.4173
- Type: Article
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Proposed is a technique for fingerprint spoof detection, the spatial surface coarseness analysis. This approach improves the wavelet analysis of the fingertip surface texture by introducing spatial features to the model. Thus, the accuracy of the fingerprint classification is increased to 70.09% compared with the original solution.
Enhanced people detection combining appearance and motion information
Histograms of local intensity differences for pedestrian classification in far-infrared images
Spatial surface coarseness analysis: technique for fingerprint spoof detection
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- Author(s): J.W. Lee
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 4, p. 261 –263
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3903
- Type: Article
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Proposed is a multiple automatic repeat request (ARQ) scheme for the MIMO channel adopting the structure of space-time block codes (STBCs). With multiple transmissions accompanied by the proposed combing strategy, the input-output relationship of the Alamouti STBC is formed in the receiver. It is observed that the proposed ARQ scheme attains higher throughput than others at all SNR values.
Spectrally efficient multiple-ARQ scheme for MIMO channel
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- Author(s): H.G. Yu ; K.J. Lee ; M. Kim
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 4, p. 263 –264
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.4109
- Type: Article
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A vector-sum phase shifter that provides 90° phase control with a positive signal gain is successfully demonstrated at WR-3 band. The integrated circuit consists of input and output microstrip power dividers and two InP DHBT amplifiers with a 300 GHz gain of 14.8 dB. The measurements on a fabricated phase shifter show offset phases of − 46°, − 22°, 0°, 25°, 57° and signal gain of 7.7 to 10.1 dB at 300 GHz.
- Author(s): J.H. Lee and Y.S. Lin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 4, p. 264 –266
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.4165
- Type: Article
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A 60 GHz double-balanced mixer for direct downconversion using standard 90 nm CMOS technology is reported. The downconversion mixer comprises a double-balanced Gilbert cell with a current-reused RF single-to-differential converter for conversion gain (CG) enhancement, a Marchand balun for converting the single LO input signal to a differential signal, and a baseband amplifier. The mixer consumes 17 mW and achieves a low noise figure of 12.8 dB at 60 GHz. In addition, the mixer achieves excellent LO-RF isolation of 64.7 dB, LO-IF isolation of 51.5 dB, and RF-IF isolation of 59.5 dB at an RF of 60 GHz and LO of 59.9 GHz. At IF of 0.1 GHz, the mixer achieves maximum CG of 15.46 dB at an RF of 62 GHz, and CG of 14.7 dB at an RF of 60 GHz, which are believed to be the best CG results ever reported for a 60 GHz active CMOS downconversion mixer.
- Author(s): K.-T. Lin ; H.-K. Chen ; S.-S. Lu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 4, p. 266 –267
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3492
- Type: Article
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A 96.4–100.8 GHz quadrature oscillator utilising transformer-coupled and magnetic tuning techniques has been implemented in 90 nm CMOS technology. Under 1 V supply operation, experimental results show that the phase and amplitude error between I and Q paths are smaller than 1.6° and 0.9 dB with power dissipation from 8.7 to 21 mW. The measured phase noise is − 110.4 dBc/Hz at 10 MHz-offset away from the downconverted 98.6 GHz carrier. This oscillator occupies a chip area of 0.357 mm2.
- Author(s): E. Juntunen ; D. Dawn ; J. Laskar ; J. Papapolymerou
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 4, p. 267 –269
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.4001
- Type: Article
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A 45 GHz vector modulator designed in 45 nm SOI CMOS is presented along with an open-loop calibration technique for gain/phase correction. The continuous 360° vector modulator consists of a passive quadrature signal generation network followed by a Gilbert cell modulator. The simple, open-loop calibration procedure results in RMS gain and phase errors less than 0.5 dB and 5°, respectively. The circuit consumes 18 mW of DC power from a 1 V supply.
- Author(s): F. Fesharaki ; C. Akyel ; K. Wu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 4, p. 269 –271
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2700
- Type: Article
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An edge-guided mode isolator based on substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology is presented. A matching transition section from a ferrite isolator in a SIW to a microstrip is introduced and developed. Supporting experiments have been conducted to confirm the predicted performance of the new structure.
- Author(s): M. Kotiranta and V. Krozer
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 4, p. 271 –272
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.4477
- Type: Article
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A helix travelling-wave tube for 825 GHz has been designed and its broadband amplification performance has been demonstrated with 3D particle-in-simulations. The design utilises a helix slow-wave structure with a square form and input/output couplers based on a transition from the helix to a coplanar waveguide and further to a rectangular waveguide with a through-substrate post coupler. A simulated small-signal gain of 18.3 dB with an output power of over 25 dBm at 1 dB compression point and a 3 dB instantaneous bandwidth of 8% have been obtained.
- Author(s): R. Gómez-García ; M.-A. Sánchez-Soriano ; M. Sánchez-Renedo ; G. Torregrosa-Penalva ; E. Bronchalo
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 4, p. 272 –274
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.4245
- Type: Article
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A class of microstrip lowpass filter (LPF) with a sharp-rejection, ultra-broad stopband is reported. It employs rat-race directional couplers properly arranged to operate as bandstop transversal filtering sections (TFSs). The theoretical foundations of this LPF approach are described, and the performance control of its building bandstop TFS is verified. Moreover, a proof-of-concept microstrip LPF prototype with a 3 dB cutoff frequency of 1 GHz and a 20 dB stopband up to 5.86 GHz has been built and tested.
- Author(s): C. Li and D.S. Ricketts
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 4, p. 274 –276
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3382
- Type: Article
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Presented is an analysis of loss in quarter-wavelength impedance transformers. It is shown that the loss of an impedance transformer, S 21, is a function not only of the dielectric and conductor loss, but also the transformation ratio. S 21 is derived as a function of both loss and transformation ratio and it is shown that for high transformation ratios, using two or even three quarter-wavelength impedance transformers results in an overall lower loss.
300 GHz vector-sum phase shifter using InP DHBT amplifiers
60 GHz CMOS downconversion mixer with 15.46 dB gain and 64.7 dB LO-RF isolation
100 GHz transformer-coupled quadrature oscillator
CMOS 45 GHz vector modulator with gain/phase correction through calibration
Broadband substrate integrated waveguide edge-guided mode isolator
Design of 825 GHz square helix travelling-wave tube
Extended-stopband microstrip lowpass filter using rat-race directional couplers
Loss minimisation in λ/4 impedance transformers using multiple λ/4 segments
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- Author(s): C. Chen ; C.F. Zhang ; W. Zhang ; W. Jin ; K. Qiu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 4, p. 276 –277
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0031
- Type: Article
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Proposed is a wavelength-division multiplexed orthogonal frequency-division multiple access passive optical network (WDM-OFDMA-PON) for both wired and wireless OFDM signal access, by using a tunable generation scheme of a flat optical comb. 17 comb lines with 30 GHz space and no more than 0.5 dB flatness are obtained theoretically and experimentally. The obtained flat optical comb is used as the optical source for 17 WDM channels in the proposed WDM-OFDMA-PON. A 16-quadrature amplitude modulation OFDM signal achieving 10.85 Gbit/s traffic data is modulated onto each channel with double sideband modulation and the transmission for both wired and wireless access has been successfully demonstrated by experiment.
- Author(s): Hualin Zhang and Shilong Pan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 4, p. 277 –279
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3552
- Type: Article
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An instantaneous frequency measurement scheme incorporating a polarisation-modulator-(PolM)-based link is proposed and demonstrated. With the adjustable dispersion-induced microwave power penalties in the PolM-based link, the measurement range and resolution can be easily tuned. Therefore, optimised resolution for a specific measurement range can be achieved. An experiment has been performed and a frequency measurement range of 3.3–18.7 GHz with a measurement resolution of ±0.15 GHz was achieved.
- Author(s): E.G. Shapiro and D.A. Shapiro
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 4, p. 279 –281
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3625
- Type: Article
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Two variants of differential phase-shift keying with π and π/2 shifts are compared theoretically. The expressions are derived for dispersion averaged over all the realisations of the bit sequence. It is shown that in the presence of strong optical filtering the π/2 scheme yields less dispersion of pulses and much better Q-factor in agreement with the experiment. The inequality is confirmed by numerical calculation.
Hybrid WDM-OFDMA-PON utilising tunable generation of flat optical comb
Instantaneous frequency measurement with adjustable measurement range and resolution based on polarisation modulator
Narrow optical filtering in phase modulated communication links
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- Author(s): H. Yang ; N. Ye ; R. Phelan ; J. O'Carroll ; B. Kelly ; W. Han ; X. Wang ; N. Nudds ; N. MacSuibhne ; F. Gunning ; P. O'Brien ; F.H. Peters ; B. Corbett
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 4, p. 281 –282
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.4335
- Type: Article
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An edge-coupled high-speed photodiode based on strained InGaAs quantum wells for detection at 2000nm is demonstrated. The fabricated device shows a leakage current as low as 120nA at −3V bias voltage and a responsivity of around 0.3A/W at 2000nm. The high-speed butterfly packaging of the device is presented which shows a 3dB bandwidth of more than 10GHz. The device shows similar high-speed performance at 1550nm.
- Author(s): E. Wong ; M. Müller ; M.C. Amann
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 4, p. 282 –284
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.4332
- Type: Article
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The tunability feature of short-cavity vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers in the C-minus band to provide low-power, cost-efficient, colourless, and legacy system compliant transmitters for future time and wavelength division multiplexed passive optical networks is investigated. For the first time, a report is presented on error-free performances across a 800 GHz tuning range with a potential aggregate upstream capacity of 80 Gbit/s over a system reach of at least 40 km and with a 1:64 split ratio.
- Author(s): S. Schidl ; A. Polzer ; J. Dong ; K. Schneider-Hornstein ; H. Zimmermann
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 4, p. 284 –285
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.4294
- Type: Article
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The transient photocurrent response of a vertically stacked triple pn junction structure, which can detect three different colours simultaneously, is investigated. The triple pn junction structure is designed based on the effect that the penetration depth in silicon depends on light wavelength. To increase the bandwidth of optical sensor systems the transient photocurrent response is a critical parameter. The transient response is measured by applying three different light wavelengths to this triple junction structure. This triple pn junction structure is fabricated in a 0.6 µm BiCMOS technology using a p−p+ epitaxial wafer without any process modification. Based on the measurement results, it can be concluded that this triple pn junction structure can be applied to optical sensors without optical filters and the total data rate of this structure can reach up to 100 Mbit/s.
- Author(s): M. Dallner ; S. Höfling ; M. Kamp
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 4, p. 286 –287
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.4450
- Type: Article
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A report is presented on long wavelength room-temperature operation of InAs-based interband cascade lasers (ICLs) at 6.06 µm. The broad area and ridge waveguide devices operate in pulsed mode up to 25 and 40 °C, respectively, and therewith extend the available room-temperature operation range of ICLs to longer wavelengths.
Butterfly packaged high-speed and low leakage InGaAs quantum well photodiode for 2000nm wavelength systems
Colourless operation of short-cavity VCSELs in C-minus band for TWDM-PONs
Investigation of transient photocurrent response of triple pn junction structure
Room-temperature operation of InAs-based interband-cascade-lasers beyond 6 µm
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- Author(s): B.C. Bao ; X. Zhang ; J.P. Xu ; J.P. Wang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 4, p. 287 –288
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2607
- Type: Article
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Fixed off-time control, contrasting with constant on-time control, has been widely used for power supply controllers in industry owing to its fast transient response. However the equivalent series resistance (ESR) of the output capacitor has a great effect on the control performance. In this reported work, the critical ESR of the output capacitor for the stability of the fixed off-time controlled buck converter is derived by quantitative analysis and verified by circuit simulations, which indicates that the converter is in normal operation when the ESR is larger than the critical ESR, otherwise the converter works abnormally.
- Author(s): D. Vasic ; Y.Y. Chen ; F. Costa
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 4, p. 288 –290
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3898
- Type: Article
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A design of the self-powering part of the synchronised switch harvesting on inductor (SSHI) interface based on zero-velocity crossing detection for a piezoelectric energy harvester is proposed and investigated. To achieve a totally self-powered energy harvester, a part of the extracted energy can be used to supply the MOSFET IC of the electric interface. The design of an extra piezoelectric element dedicated to supplying the electronics is presented. The study comprises a theoretical part and an experimental proof-of-concept demonstration of the proposed design method.
Critical ESR of output capacitor for stability of fixed off-time controlled buck converter
Design of self-powering part of SSHI interface for piezoelectric energy harvesting
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- Author(s): P.H. Choi ; D.H. Baek ; H.J. Kim ; K.S. Kim ; H.S. Park ; J.H. Lee ; J.S. Yi ; B.D. Choi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 4, p. 290 –291
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.4465
- Type: Article
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p.
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The localised back contact method for SiO2/SiNx/SiO2 (ONO) back surface passivated crystalline silicon solar cells has been investigated using a 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser. From the quasi-steady-state-photoconductance measurements, feasible passivation properties of effective carrier lifetime (τeff), back surface recombination velocity (Seff) and diffusion length (LD) with the ONO passivated layer rather than with the SiNx single layer have been confirmed. Localised point back contacts were formed varying with dot diameter and dot spacing and then the cell performance was characterised from solar simulator measurements. It was confirmed that the cell performance is closely related to the back contact area which is determined by dot diameter and spacing, and dot spacing is the more crucial factor to determine the cell performance than diameter variations.
Localised back contact to ONO passivated c-Si solar cells using laser fired contact method
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- Author(s): S. D'Addio and M. Martin-Neira
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 4, p. 292 –293
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.4445
- Type: Article
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p.
292
–293
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The use of signals transmitted by global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) as a tool for earth remote sensing has been attracting growing interest in recent years, in particular for spaceborne missions. For such techniques, several on-board processing strategies have been proposed, either based on on-board signal generation or based on ‘blind’ interferometric processing. Presented is a comprehensive comparison of these two categories of GNSS-R processing techniques by introducing a generalised decomposition of the cross-correlation waveform.
- Author(s): Xinfan Xia ; Lihua Liu ; Hongfei Guan ; Guangyou Fang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 4, p. 293 –295
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.4186
- Type: Article
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p.
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–295
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A balanced pulse generator with high voltage amplitude and pulse width in the picoseconds region is described. It can operate well at the pulse repetition frequency (PRF) up to 500 kHz. The proposed generator contains four NPN silicon power transistors operating in avalanche mode and a pair of pulse shaping circuits which effectively utilise the transition characteristics of a step recovery diode. Measurement results are presented, which show the output of the generator are balanced pulses with peak values of ±46 V at 100 kHz PRF and approximately 330 ps full-width at half-maximum in width.
Comparison of processing techniques for remote sensing of earth-exploiting reflected radio-navigation signals
Balanced pulse generator for ultra-wideband radar application
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- Author(s): Y.V. Zakharov and V. Nascimento
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 4, p. 295 –297
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3923
- Type: Article
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p.
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Greedy algorithms are computationally efficient optimisation techniques for solving sparse recovery problems. Matching pursuit (MP) and orthogonal MP (OMP) are popular greedy algorithms; MP possesses the lowest complexity whereas OMP provides better performance. In this reported work, OMP is modified using dichotomous coordinate descent (DCD) iterations and an algorithm is arrived at that has performance close to that of OMP and complexity even lower than that of MP.
Orthogonal matching pursuit with DCD iterations
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- Author(s): Zhijun Ying ; Xubo Guo ; Bisong Cao ; Bin Wei ; Xiaoping Zhang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 4, p. 297 –298
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.4252
- Type: Article
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p.
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A tunable superconducting resonator consisting of a microstrip spiral and an 8-bit switchable interdigital capacitor array, controlled by eight mechanical switches, is presented. The measured tuning range of the resonator is 1 MHz from 198.2 to 199.2 MHz with a fine average resolution of 4 kHz and an unloaded Q of over 55000. A four-pole narrowband superconducting filter at 198.7 MHz with 0.2% fractional bandwidth is designed with this resonator and fabricated. By changing the states of the mechanical switches, the resonant frequency of each resonator and hence the frequency response of the filter is successfully tuned.
Design and tuning of superconducting filter at VHF-band with mechanically switchable interdigital capacitors
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- Author(s): R.K. Tripathi ; Y.N. Singh ; N.K. Verma
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 4, p. 299 –300
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3512
- Type: Article
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p.
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Balancing energy consumption of sensor nodes and increasing network lifetime are the two important objectives for wireless sensor networks. Sensor nodes distribution in a topology affect the energy consumption of individual nodes as well as the wireless sensor network because the nodes at different locations will have different energy loss due to different distances from the base station. This reported work focuses on energy efficient clustering for practical non-uniformly deployed sensor nodes in a wireless sensor network.
- Author(s): V. Stanković and P. Spalević
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 4, p. 300 –302
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.4042
- Type: Article
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Proposed is a cooperation scheme for a system with full-duplex relays. The transmission over one frame from the source and the relay nodes is coordinated so that the effective channel matrix at the destination is block circulant. By using the low complexity block discrete Fourier transform the effective channel is transformed into a block diagonal matrix and the additional diversity gains are extracted with significantly lower computational complexity of the spatial processing. The scheme requires additional pilot overhead for the estimation of channel state information and additional time slots for the initial exchange of data between the source, the destination and the relay nodes.
- Author(s): J.H. Kim and E.-S. Ryu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 4, p. 302 –304
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3837
- Type: Article
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p.
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The emergence of enterprise WLAN as a key technology has posed numerous challenges to researchers. Presented is a novel, theoretically-grounded, distributed dynamic buffering mechanism to address two of those challenges, namely, buffer stability and power consumption costs. The proposed mechanism optimally controls the buffer dynamics of system switches, thereby guaranteeing buffer queue stability, and minimising time-average expected power expenditure, thereby decreasing costs.
- Author(s): T. Zhang ; Y. Cai ; W. Yang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 4, p. 304 –305
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3457
- Type: Article
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p.
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The performance of multi-source multi-relay wireless networks based on a joint source-relay-selection scheme is investigated over Rayleigh interference-limited fading channels. The tight lower bound and asymptotic expressions for the outage probability are derived and the diversity order of the system with/without co-channel interference is further discussed. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the validity of the theoretical analysis.
- Author(s): Yi Wang ; Qianbin Chen ; Xingzhe Hou ; Zufan Zhang ; H. Tang ; Ke Zheng
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 4, p. 305 –307
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3740
- Type: Article
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p.
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–307
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A symmetric extension method for basis expansion modelling (BEM) under a fast-varying channel is proposed. The conventional DFT BEM approach suffers from power leakage and results in a modelling error floor, especially at the channel boundaries. Proposed is a novel symmetric extension method to reduce the leakage power efficiently. Numerical results show that the performance of the proposed channel modelling method is robust under different normalised Doppler frequencies and the modelling errors at the channel boundaries can be eliminated substantially.
- Author(s): L. Luini and C. Capsoni
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 4, p. 307 –308
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3835
- Type: Article
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p.
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The SC EXCELL (Stratiform/Convective EXponential CELL) model, originally devised for the prediction of the complementary cumulative distribution function of rain attenuation (henceforth P(A)) on Earth-space radio links, is tested here in its ability to predict also the P(A) on terrestrial links. Thanks to its physical soundness in representing the rainfall environment, the proposed method does not require any calibration procedure on existing data, as is typically the case of most of the semi-empirical models proposed so far. When tested against the global DBSG3 database made available by the International Telecommunication Union – Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R), the proposed model shows an improvement in the prediction accuracy with respect to the method currently recommended by the ITU-R.
Clustering algorithm for non-uniformly distributed nodes in wireless sensor network
Cooperative relaying with block DFT processing and full-duplex relays
Distributed stochastic buffering for enterprise WLAN architectures
Performance analysis of multi-source multi-relay wireless networks with co-channel interference
Symmetric extension method for basis expansion models under fast-varying channels
The SC EXCELL model for prediction of rain attenuation on terrestrial radio links
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