Electronics Letters
Volume 49, Issue 20, 26 September 2013
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Volume 49, Issue 20
26 September 2013
- Features
- Antennas and propagation
- Circuits and systems
- Image and vision processing and display technology
- Information and communications
- Microwave technology
- Nanotechnology
- Photonics
- Power electronics, energy conversion and sustainability
- Radar, sonar and navigation
- Semiconductor technology
- Wireless communications
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- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 20, page: 1252 –1252
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.3041
- Type: Article
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- Author(s): Massimo Donelli
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 20, page: 1252 –1252
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.3016
- Type: Article
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- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 20, page: 1253 –1253
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.3043
- Type: Article
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- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 20, page: 1254 –1254
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.3040
- Type: Article
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in brief
interview
shifting starlight
inside view
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- Author(s): Jung N. Lee ; Jae H. Jung ; Kwang C. Lee
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 20, p. 1257 –1258
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.1066
- Type: Article
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A dual-polarised compact base station antenna with high isolation is presented. High isolation is achieved by using a shorted spiral resonator placed below the metallic radiating patch. From the experimental results, the measured impedance bandwidth of the proposed antenna is 1.7–1.9 GHz for micro-cell systems and the isolation is more than 30 dB. The proposed antenna exhibits good radiation patterns and peak gain is 8 dBi.
- Author(s): C. Gong ; L. Huang ; D. Xu ; Z. Ye
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 20, p. 1258 –1259
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.2198
- Type: Article
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A robust adaptive beamforming method is proposed to combat arbitrary array steering vector (SV) mismatches and small sample size. First, with the imprecise knowledge of the array manifold and angular sectors of the interferences, an a priori covariance matrix can be acquired. Secondly, a theoretically optimal covariance matrix can be obtained by combining an a priori covariance matrix with the sample covariance matrix. Finally, the mismatch vector between the actual and presumed SV can be estimated by solving a quadratic convex optimisation problem.
- Author(s): L. Luini ; C. Riva ; C. Capsoni
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 20, p. 1259 –1261
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.2447
- Type: Article
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The prediction of cloud attenuation relying on the concept of reducing liquid water content to a fixed temperature (w R) is investigated. Based on an extensive dataset of radiosonde observations collected in Europe, the focus is on the quantification of the prediction error due to the approximation introduced with w R. The obtained cloud attenuation results indicate that the approximation error δ is markedly sensitive to the reduction temperature T R and that, specifically, T R = − 5°C turns out to minimise δ in European sites, whatever the frequency of interest in the 20–100 GHz range.
- Author(s): H. Chen ; X. Yang ; Y.-Z. Yin ; J.-J. Wu ; Y.-M. Cai
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 20, p. 1261 –1262
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.2329
- Type: Article
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A novel coplanar waveguide-fed tri-band monopole antenna with a compact radiator (10 × 23 mm2) for WLAN/WiMAX applications is presented. By etching properly an inverted-L slot on the straight strip loaded with a rectangular tuning patch and further adjusting the dimensions and positions of these structures, three distinct wide bands can be achieved. The measured and simulated results show that the proposed antenna has 10 dB impedance bandwidth of 470 MHz (2.38–2.85 GHz), 360 MHz (3.36–3.72 GHz) and 890 MHz (4.98–5.87 GHz) to cover all the 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz WLAN bands and 2.5/3.5/5.5 GHz WiMAX bands. Also, the proposed antenna produces good dipole-like radiation pattern over the covering bands.
- Author(s): Hao Wang ; Yan Chen ; Fangshu Liu ; Xiaowei Shi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 20, p. 1262 –1264
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.2454
- Type: Article
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A wideband and compact end-fire antenna with bowtie-shape drivers is proposed. Based on a wideband microstrip-to-coplanar stripline transition and bowtie-shaped drivers, a broadband impedance bandwidth of more than 75% (4.70–10.44 GHz) for return loss less than − 15 dB and a gain of 5.0–9.1 dBi are obtained. What is more, the front-to-back ratio over the frequency of interest is less than − 10 dB. The overall dimensions of the proposed antenna are only 30 × 24.24 mm2. A prototype is fabricated and measured. The simulated and measured results of the proposed antenna indicate that it is suitable for phased array and microwave imaging systems.
Design of dual-polarised compact base station antenna with high isolation using spiral resonator
Knowledge-aided robust adaptive beamforming with small snapshots
Reduced liquid water content for cloud attenuation prediction: the impact of temperature
Tri-band rectangle-loaded monopole antenna with inverted-L slot for WLAN/WiMAX applications
Wideband and compact quasi-Yagi antenna with bowtie-shaped drivers
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- Author(s): S. Zhang and J. Zhang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 20, p. 1264 –1265
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.2337
- Type: Article
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A modified variable step-size affine projection sign algorithm (MVSS-APSA) is proposed. Considering the effect of the noise on the steady-state error, the first moment estimation of the noise is utilised to modify the variable step-size update. The test on system identifications under an impulsive noise environment shows that the proposed MVSS-APSA has lower steady-state misalignment than the VSS-APSA.
Modified variable step-size affine projection sign algorithm
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- Author(s): Myeong-Jin Lee
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 20, p. 1265 –1266
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.1641
- Type: Article
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A lightweight distributed video coding scheme is presented for video surveillance applications. Background frames and foreground maps are generated using a video analytics module on the decoder side. Only sub-frames containing foreground blocks are encoded using a transform-domain Wyner-Ziv codec. A decoded frame is synthesised with the reconstructed sub-frames and the background frame. Through a simulation, the proposed scheme is shown to achieve better than state-of-the-art coding efficiency while reducing coding complexity greatly both at the encoder and the decoder.
- Author(s): Liang Ma and Jihua Zhu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 20, p. 1267 –1268
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.1825
- Type: Article
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An efficient iterative closest point (ICP) variant is proposed for solving the scaling registration of partially overlapping point sets. By adopting the backward distance measurement and the overlapping rate, the aforementioned registration problem can be formulated as a least squares function, which can be solved in the iterative manner, inspired by the ICP algorithm. During each iteration, the inverse correspondences are set up to compute the overlapping percentage, scale and rigid transformation simultaneously between two m-D point sets. The experimental results clearly demonstrate its superior performances over previous approaches.
- Author(s): E.-S. Ryu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 20, p. 1268 –1270
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.2169
- Type: Article
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The current high efficiency video coding standard does not provide any syntax for prioritising pictures in the same temporal level of hierarchical structure. Thus, this reported work reveals how the current uniform prioritisation method in hierarchical B pictures can cause severe video quality degradation when video packets are transmitted over error-prone channels. To solve this problem, a new picture prioritisation method using prediction information is proposed.
Distributed video coding with video analytics information for video surveillance application
Efficient scaling registration algorithm for partially overlapping point sets
Prediction-based picture prioritisation method for hierarchical B-structure of high efficiency video coding
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- Author(s): Sang Mok Jung and PooGyeon Park
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 20, p. 1270 –1272
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.2482
- Type: Article
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A bias-compensated error-modified normalised least-mean-square algorithm is proposed. The proposed algorithm employs nonlinearity to improve robustness against impulsive measurement noise, and introduces an unbiasedness criterion to eliminate the bias due to noisy inputs in an impulsive measurement noise environment. To eliminate the bias properly, a new estimation method for the input noise variance is also derived. Simulations in a system identification context show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the other algorithms because of the improved adaptability to impulsive measurement noise and input noise in the system.
- Author(s): Chuan Ming Chen ; Dechang Pi ; Zhuoran Fang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 20, p. 1272 –1273
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.2514
- Type: Article
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A novel clustering algorithm is presented for monitoring and analysing traffic conditions in real-time and automatically. The existing methods concentrate on analysis of traffic flow based on historical information, and they cannot provide timely analysis of traffic conditions. Regarding the vehicles on the roads as data points, a K-means grid-density clustering algorithm is proposed based on an artificial immune network to partition the vehicles data into proper clusters, and marks the densities for monitoring and analysing the traffic conditions. Simulated experimental results show that the proposed algorithm obtains higher efficiency and stability than traditional methods.
Normalised least-mean-square algorithm for adaptive filtering of impulsive measurement noises and noisy inputs
Artificial immune K-means grid-density clustering algorithm for real-time monitoring and analysis of urban traffic
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- Author(s): B.-K. Tan ; G. Yassin ; P. Grimes ; K. Jacobs
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 20, p. 1273 –1275
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.2491
- Type: Article
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The successful operation of a 650 GHz unilateral finline superconductor–insulator–superconductor mixer with a wide IF bandwidth is reported. The mixer was fabricated using silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology, with planar circuit on-chip integration. The mixer was tested over the frequency range of 630–702 GHz, and the best recorded DSB noise temperature was 226 K. The measured RF and IF behaviour of the mixer agreed very well with the simulation predictions. This demonstrates that superconducting finline mixers fabricated on an SOI substrate can achieve state-of-the-art performance, and yet are much more compact and highly reproducible, and hence suitable for large-format arrays in astronomy instruments, at THz frequencies.
- Author(s): S.-C. Weng ; K.-W. Hsu ; W.-H. Tu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 20, p. 1275 –1277
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.2154
- Type: Article
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A compact and independently switchable dual-band bandpass filter is presented. To achieve high selectivity response, transmission zeros beside the two passbands are generated due to crossed coupling. On the other hand, the use of quarter-wavelength stepped-impedance resonators can not only miniaturise circuit size but also widen the stopband by arranging the resonant frequencies in a stagger with the same fundamental frequency. The pin diodes are loaded at the end of the resonators as the switching devices to independently control each passband.
- Author(s): M. Donelli
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 20, p. 1277 –1278
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.2303
- Type: Article
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The design of a radio frequency identifier (RFID) tag sensor based on the modulated scattering technique (MST) is presented. The tag works in the X band at 10 GHz and achieves an operative range of about 10 m with a limited amount of power. The power supply required by the transponder is obtained from the interogating electromagnetic field with a customised rectifying Chockcroft-Walton multiplier circuit. The communication between the reader and the tag is obtained using the standard EM4102 RFID protocol, the information is carried on by modulating the load of the tag antenna with a suitable switch circuit. The antenna tag, the rectifying circuit and the switch have been optimised to reach the maximum operative range. A tag prototype has been designed, fabricated and experimentally assessed. The obtained experimental results are quite good.
- Author(s): Xin Xu ; Jianpeng Wang ; Gang Zhang ; Jianxin Chen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 20, p. 1278 –1280
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.2371
- Type: Article
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For the first time, a balanced dual-band bandpass filter using a substrate integrated waveguide structure is reported. The co-shared TE102-mode cavities arranged on the symmetrical plane can greatly reduce the common-mode signal while selectively transmitting the differential-mode (DM) signal. In addition, the desired DM response can be easily analysed and obtained by the equivalent 2-port circuit model. To validate the design concept, one X-band prototype has been fabricated and tested. The measured results match well with the theoretical counterparts.
- Author(s): Qingshan Yang and Yunhua Zhang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 20, p. 1280 –1282
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.2402
- Type: Article
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A composite right/left-handed (CRLH) transmission line (TL) based on a ridge substrate integrated waveguide (RSIW) is proposed and investigated. Its guided wave properties of backward-wave supporting are studied. This CRLH TL is realised by etching an interdigital capacitor on the ridge surface of the original RSIW. The CRLH TL is fabricated on a multilayer printed circuit board. Both the simulated and measured results are presented. Compared with other non-radiative CRLH waveguides proposed before, this RSIW-based CRLH TL has the advantages of miniaturised size, low profile, low cost etc. Besides, unlike other proposed planar CRLH TLs, this closed planar CRLH structure can keep the energy propagating inside so as to avoid energy leakage. Flexible designs can be developed based on this CRLH RSIW in guided-wave and radiated-wave applications.
650 GHz SIS mixer fabricated on silicon-on-insulator substrate
Compact and switchable dual-band bandpass filter with high selectivity and wide stopband
Design of long-range, powerless RFID sensor at 10 GHz
Design of balanced dual-band bandpass filter based on substrate integrated waveguide
Non-radiative composite right/left-handed transmission line based on ridge substrate integrated waveguide
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- Author(s): Xudong Fang and Yuhua Tang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 20, p. 1282 –1283
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.2140
- Type: Article
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A recently published memristive stateful implication (IMP) gate circuit is analysed with confirmation that it cannot achieve the full resistance switching of the output memristor in case both input memristors of the IMP gate are in the OFF resistance state. The initial parameter conditions for the IMP gate are derived, and the minimum resistance of the output memristor achievable is yielded. The HSPICE simulation confirms that a resistance refreshing scheme is indispensable for the IMP gate to function properly.
- Author(s): Wang Kang ; Weisheng Zhao ; J.-O. Klein ; Youguang Zhang ; C. Chappert ; D. Ravelosona
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 20, p. 1283 –1285
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.2319
- Type: Article
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A high reliability offset-tolerant sensing circuit is presented for deep submicron spin transfer torque magnetic tunnel junction (STT-MTJ) memory. This circuit, using a triple-stage sensing operation, is able to tolerate the increased process variations as technology scales down to the deep submicron nodes, thus improving significantly the sensing margin. Meanwhile, it clamps the bit-line voltage to a predefined small bias voltage to avoid any read disturbance during the sensing operations. By using the STMicroelectronics CMOS 40 nm design kit and a precise STT-MTJ compact model, Monte Carlo simulations have been carried out to evaluate its sensing performance.
- Author(s): M.H. Kabir and K.S. Kwak
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 20, p. 1285 –1287
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.1948
- Type: Article
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Molecules serve as information carriers in molecular communications. Information bits are encoded by varying the concentration of molecules. The information bits thus encoded are conveyed to the receiver through molecular diffusion. A ligand-receptor receiver measures the concentration of the molecules in order to retrieve the information. In this reported work, a memory channel using first-order Markov chain is developed. A methodical approach to calculate channel capacity is followed. Also, a closed form capacity equation has been derived.
Circuit analysis of the memristive stateful implication gate
High reliability sensing circuit for deep submicron spin transfer torque magnetic random access memory
Molecular nanonetwork channel model
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- Author(s): M. Yamada ; K. Senda ; T. Tanaka ; Y. Maeda ; S. Aozasa ; H. Ono ; K. Ota ; O. Koyama ; J. Ono
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 20, p. 1287 –1288
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.2602
- Type: Article
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The first tunable fibre ring laser in the 1700 nm wavelength region has been developed. To achieve this fibre laser, a Tm3+–Tb3+-doped fibre is used as the active fibre, along with a tunable bandpass filter. A fibre ring laser that consisted of a 1.2/1.7 μm band wavelength division multiplexing coupler, a tunable bandpass filter, an active fibre and one 1.21 μm pump laser diode has been realised. A wide tuning wavelength band of 130.4 nm (from 1635.6 to 1766.0 nm) was achieved with a launched pump power of over ∼ 30 mW. The lasing threshold pump power at 1716 nm was ∼ 9 mW.
- Author(s): Y. Hashizume ; M. Itoh ; T. Hashimoto ; M. Itoh
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 20, p. 1288 –1290
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.2530
- Type: Article
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A low-loss (8.4–9.0 dB) and compact (3 × 7 mm2) silica-based dual polarisation optical hybrid has been successfully demonstrated by using a short polarisation beam splitter (PBS) (2.8 mm) based on geometrical birefringence.
- Author(s): Xiao-Meng Lv ; Yong-Zhen Huang ; Ling-Xiu Zou ; Heng Long ; Jin-Long Xiao ; Yue-De Yang ; Yun Du
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 20, p. 1290 –1291
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.1748
- Type: Article
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A InAlGaAs/InP microring laser with a ring width of 5 µm and an external radius of 10 µm, connected with a 2 µm-wide output waveguide, is fabricated by the planar technology process. Continuous-wave lasing operation is realised with a threshold current of 3 mA at 298 K, and 3 dB bandwidths of 10.8 and 8.7 GHz are obtained at the injection currents of 12 mA at 291 and 298 K, respectively.
- Author(s): Ke Xu ; Zhenzhou Cheng ; Chi Yan Wong ; Hon Ki Tsang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 20, p. 1291 –1293
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.2111
- Type: Article
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Ultra-wideband monocycle pulse generation is experimentally demonstrated on a silicon photonic circuit with a monolithically integrated wavelength-tunable phase-intensity modulation converter and a waveguide germanium photodetector. A fractional bandwidth of 166% is achieved and modulation with a 2.5 Gbit/s test data pattern was demonstrated.
Tm3+–Tb3+-doped tunable fibre ring laser for 1700 nm wavelength region
Compact and low-loss silica-based dual polarisation optical hybrid with PBS based on large geometrical birefringence
High-speed direct modulation unidirectional emission microring lasers
UWB monocycle pulse generation based on colourless silicon photonic integrated circuit
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- Author(s): B.C. Bao ; J. Yang ; J.P. Xu ; X. Zhang ; G.H. Zhou
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 20, p. 1293 –1294
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.2043
- Type: Article
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Different types of capacitors have different parameters, e.g. equivalent series resistance (ESR) and capacitance. In switching DC–DC converters with voltage-mode (VM) hysteretic control, the output capacitor ESR has a significant effect on dynamic performance. In this reported work, two critical conditions of the output capacitor ESR for mode shifting and normal operation of the VM hysteretic controlled buck converter are derived. These results, verified by circuit simulations, illustrate that the larger output capacitor ESR is necessary for the converter operating normally; otherwise, the converter operates abnormally.
- Author(s): K. Prakash ; R. Mahidhar ; S. Sambandan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 20, p. 1294 –1296
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.2426
- Type: Article
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Energy harvesting from standing waves on ribbon like membranes of polyvinylidene fluoride is investigated. At resonance, the energy density of 2 mW/gm suffices to power a ring oscillator load. A scaling law for harvestable energy as a function of ribbon length is developed.
Effect of output capacitor ESR on dynamic performance of voltage-mode hysteretic controlled buck converter
Harvesting energy at resonance from standing waves on polymer piezoelectric ribbon-like membrane
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- Author(s): Yi Liao ; Mengdao Xing ; Zheng Bao
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 20, p. 1296 –1298
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.1901
- Type: Article
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For a circular trace scanning synthetic aperture radar (CTSSAR) system, the conventional quadratic range approximation method becomes inefficient when the squint angle exists and the integrated aperture is long. To improve the accuracy in the approximation of the range history for CTSSAR, a modified hyperbolic range equation is introduced to derive the corresponding two-dimensional spectrum and further develop the imaging algorithm for CTSSAR. Promising results prove the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Imaging algorithm for circular trace scanning synthetic aperture radar using modified hyperbolic range equation
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- Author(s): D.C. Dumka ; T.M. Chou ; F. Faili ; D. Francis ; F. Ejeckam
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 20, p. 1298 –1299
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.1973
- Type: Article
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Record RF performance of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) on a diamond substrate with over 7 W/mm output power density at 10 GHz is reported. It is achieved along with the peak power-added-efficiency over 46% and power gain over 11 dB for 2 × 100 µm gate-width HEMTs at 40 V drain bias. Device wafers are prepared by first removing the host Si (111) substrate and nitride transition layers beneath the channel, depositing a 50 nm dielectric onto the exposed GaN buffer, and finally growing 100 µm of a chemical vapour deposition diamond onto the dielectric adhering to the epitaxial AlGaN/GaN. This approach enables the active GaN channel to be brought within 1 µm of the diamond substrate. Test HEMTs are fabricated using a dielectrically defined 0.25 µm gate length process.
AlGaN/GaN HEMTs on diamond substrate with over 7 W/mm output power density at 10 GHz
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- Author(s): S. Kumari ; S. Kr. Rai ; A. Kumar ; H. D. Joshi ; A. Kr. Singh ; R. Saxena
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 20, p. 1299 –1301
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0980
- Type: Article
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The bit error rate expression of the binary phase-shift keying modulation scheme has been derived in a frequency selective fading channel for the fractional Fourier transform (FRFT) based orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) system in the presence of carrier frequency offset (CFO). The performance of the FRFT based OFDM system has been found to be better than FFT-based OFDM at different values of FRFT angle parameter ‘α’.
- Author(s): Xiaojuan Bai
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 20, p. 1301 –1303
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.1403
- Type: Article
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Intrinsic degrees of freedom (IDoF) which are the measure about the relative transmission ability of a channel from a transmitter to a receiver in the current transmit power at finite signal-to-noise power ratio are proposed. According to the IDoF of the subchannel in every dimension of channel space, the number of spatial dimensions allocated to the interferer by the interference avoiding technique, which is no more than the maximum number of subchannels associated with the decreasing IDoF of the transmission channel due to interference in the multiuser multi-antennas interference channel, is given from an information-theory perspective.
Exact BER analysis of FRFT-OFDM system over frequency selective Rayleigh fading channel with CFO
Intrinsic degrees of freedom for MIMO interference channel
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