Electronics Letters
Volume 49, Issue 1, 03 January 2013
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Volume 49, Issue 1
03 January 2013
- Features
- Acoustical engineering
- Antennas and propagation
- Biomedical technology
- Circuits and systems
- Control engineering
- Electromagnetism
- Image and vision processing and display technology
- Information and communications
- Instrumentation and measurement
- Microwave technology
- Nanotechnology
- Optical communication
- Organic and inorganic circuits and devices
- Photonics
- Power electronics, energy conversion and sustainability
- Radar, sonar and navigation
- Speech and audio processing and translation
- Wireless communications
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- Author(s): Chris Toumazou ; Ian White ; Helen Dyball
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 1, page: 2 –2
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.4241
- Type: Article
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- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 1, page: 2 –2
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.4257
- Type: Article
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- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 1, p. 3 –4
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.4254
- Type: Article
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- Author(s): Lawrence Chen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 1, page: 4 –4
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.4238
- Type: Article
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editorial
in brief
inside view
interview
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- Author(s): N. Chen ; H.D. Xiao ; J. Zhu ; J.J. Lin ; Y. Wang ; W.H. Yuan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 1, p. 7 –8
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3812
- Type: Article
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A robust hashing method based on computer-vision techniques is proposed as an improvement to the existing computer-vision based hashing scheme. The cochleagram of the audio is treated as an image, from which Speeded Up Robust Features are extracted as essential features. Non-negative matrix factorisation is used to reduce the features’ dimension. In hashing matching, recurrence quantification analysis is performed on the cross recurrence plot that is constructed from the essentialfeatures of two clips to measure their similarity. Experimental results illustrate that the proposed method exhibits superior performance compared to existing techniques in identification rate (under various content preserving manipulations) and computational complexity.
Robust audio hashing scheme based on cochleagram and cross recurrence analysis
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- Author(s): A. Tennant ; W. Hurley ; T. Dias
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 1, p. 8 –10
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3896
- Type: Article
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An experimental, microwave high impedance surface (HIS) manufactured from a combination of both conducting and insulating yarns using commercial, computerised flat-bed knitting machines is presented. The HIS consists of a knitted, conducting ground plane, a polyester spacer layer and a knitted, conducting patterned top surface. The structure also contains vias that link the conducting elements of the top layer to the ground plane. The entire structure (including the vias) is knitted in one continuous process that is both low cost and highly efficient in terms of manufacturing time. Measurements of the surface wave transmission properties of the knitted, textile HIS are made and data are presented that show that the HIS prevents surface wave transmission over a band of frequencies between 4 and 5GHz.
- Author(s): D. Zelenchuk and V. Fusco
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 1, p. 10 –11
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3843
- Type: Article
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A report is presented on a split ring slot frequency selective surface (FSS) reflector whose element design and distribution allows generation of far-field difference patterns. The reflector operates by converting linearly polarised plane wave fronts into two orthogonal polarisations each with a deep null in the centre of the radiation pattern. The far-field measurement presented is in good agreement with the simulation and demonstrates a null depth of −20dB in the centre of the radiation pattern.
- Author(s): R. Valkonen ; J. Ilvonen ; C. Icheln ; P. Vainikainen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 1, p. 11 –13
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3427
- Type: Article
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An inherently non-resonant capacitive coupling element antenna for mobile handsets is presented. The compact antenna includes a simple coupling element with a novel multi-band matching circuit for simultaneous 698–960 and 1710–2690 MHz operation. Experimental results show that the antenna performs strongly in comparison to the current state-of-the-art in mobile terminal antennas, and that the non-resonant antenna is a competitive choice for mobile terminals.
Knitted, textile, high impedance surface with integrated conducting vias
Double split ring slot FSS reflectarray for difference pattern generation
Inherently non-resonant multi-band mobile terminal antenna
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- Author(s): Chungsoo Lim ; Sang Won Nam ; Joon-Hyuk Chang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 1, p. 13 –15
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3414
- Type: Article
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To achieve high prediction accuracy for epileptic seizure prediction, a support vector machine (SVM) has been adopted due to its robust classification performance. However, in order to use an SVM for real-time applications such as seizure prediction, the slow classification speed of an SVM should be addressed. For this purpose, data prefetching that enhances the classification speed of an SVM by mitigating the gap between the processor and the main memory is employed.
- Author(s): O. Talcoth and T. Rylander
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 1, p. 15 –16
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3030
- Type: Article
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The performance of a magnetic tracking system is substantially influenced by the positions of its sensors. To optimise these sensor positions, exploited is a performance metric based on the Fisher information matrix and a convex relaxation of sensor selection problem. Optimised sensor positions are presented for a magnetic tracking system with a planar sensor array and a measurement domain consisting of one point.
Fast SVM-based epileptic seizure prediction employing data prefetching
Sensor selection in magnetic tracking based on convex optimisation
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- Author(s): S. Shim ; H.Y. Lee ; J.-H. Choi ; H.-K. Yu ; S. Hong
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 1, p. 16 –18
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3749
- Type: Article
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Presented is a digital-RF transmitter using multi-bit ΔΣ modulators with noise-shaped segmentation and butterfly shufflers for shaping mismatches between digital-to-RF converter (DRFC) cells. The segmented butterfly shufflers prevent mismatch errors of DRFCs from aggravating the linearity and the LO leakage of the transmitter. A prototype based on a digitally-intensive top-down design is fabricated in 90 nm CMOS process. Measurement results for wideband-code division multiple access demonstrate an adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) (5 MHz/10 MHz) of −49.6 dBc/−53.9 dBc and an Error Vector Magnitude of 1.89% with a main channel output power of −0.1 dBm centred at 1.95 GHz.
- Author(s): J. Wang ; L. Ye ; L. Chen ; J. Liu ; H. Liao
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 1, p. 18 –20
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3690
- Type: Article
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An ultra-low-power second-order Chebyshev active-RC complex filter for a low-IF ultra-low-power receiver is presented. By utilising a pole-cancellation push-pull buffer with feedforward phase compensation technology, the operational amplifier (opamp) realises superior stability while maintaining high gain bandwidth and ultra-low power consumption. A second-order complex filter with four proposed opamps and an adaptive bias fabricated in standard 180 nm CMOS process consumes only 460 μW at 1.8 V power supply. The measured centre frequency is 3 MHz and bandwidth is 2 MHz, while it achieves 32 dB image rejection ratio at the centre frequency.
- Author(s): A. Zargaran-Yazd ; K. Keikhosravy ; H. Rashtian ; S. Mirabbasi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 1, p. 20 –22
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3722
- Type: Article
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A phase-detection technique for digital clock and data recovery (CDR) in multi-Gbit/s serial links is presented. Compared to conventional sampling-based receivers, hardware efficiency at the system-level is achieved by extracting timing information from analysing the occurrence of certain patterns at the output of four comparators. The arrangement of the decision threshold and sampling time of these comparators is discussed, and the phase and frequency detection characteristic of such an arrangement is evaluated. The technique is validated through a proof-of-concept 12.5 Gbit/s CDR chip that is fabricated in 90nm CMOS.
- Author(s): Y. Zhang ; C.-H. Chen ; G.C. Temes
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 1, p. 22 –23
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3827
- Type: Article
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A charge compensation technique is proposed for switched capacitor stages with low-gain opamps. It cancels the error charge flow during the operation phase, thus enhancing the accuracy. A capacitive T-network can be employed to implement the resulting large capacitor ratio. A switched-capacitor integrator and a sample-and-hold stage were designed and simulated to verify the proposed technique.
- Author(s): T.S. Murray ; P.O. Pouliquen ; A.G. Andreou
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 1, p. 23 –25
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3861
- Type: Article
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A report is presented on the hardware implementation of a parallel multi-channel sampler in 0.5 μm CMOS technology. The system consists of eight parallel analogue processing channels, each one capable of modulation by a programmable binary chipping sequence. System operation is demonstrated in both Nyquist and compressive sampling of test signals.
- Author(s): M. Crepaldi and P.R. Kinget
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 1, p. 25 –27
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3607
- Type: Article
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Synchronised On/Off keying (S-OOK) is a pulse modulation format where timing synchronisation pulses are embedded with each bit in the data stream resulting in a 1.5 pulse/bit format, but allowing for synchronisation and demodulation with a single block. In this reported work, the error ratio for S-OOK symbols received in a non-fading AWGN channel is analysed and a mathematical model aware of the physical parameters of a CMOS integrated prototype is introduced. Using this model, the S-OOK RX sensitivity is shown to be close to that of a high-threshold OOK RX for similar error-ratios but assuming perfect synchronisation.
- Author(s): C.R. Rodrigues ; C. Muller ; D.J. Monteiro Neto
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 1, p. 27 –28
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3191
- Type: Article
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A hysteresis is a widely employed solution to mitigate the effect of noise on comparators. Presented is a very simple technique, applicable to any topology of MOS differential comparator. It consists of imposing different bulk-source voltage to the input MOS differential pair. Depending on the polarity of the input signal, one substrate is connected to the rail voltage and the other to a reference control voltage. So, when the slope inverts the connections are switched through pMOS switches. Simulation results show that the hysteresis up to 302,6 mV can be linearly controlled for bulk voltages ranging from 0 to 500 mV, for XFAB 0.35XH technology. Finally, an aproximation for the control rule is proposed.
- Author(s): D. Claeys ; H. Bruneel ; B. Steyaert ; W. Mélange ; J. Walraevens
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 1, p. 28 –29
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2092
- Type: Article
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In multi-core in-order processing systems, only one core can be utilised when the instruction at the head of the instruction queue produces data input for the next instruction in the queue. Although in-order processing has been studied in the past, the influence of data clustering, i.e. the extent to which subsequent instructions rely on each other's data, has been largely overlooked. Therefore a queueing model is developed and closed-form formulae are provided for the stability condition and the average time before instructions are executed. These expressions clearly reflect that data clustering can have a devastating impact.
- Author(s): C.-H. Chen ; Y. Jung ; J.L. Ceballos ; G.C. Temes
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 1, p. 30 –31
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3655
- Type: Article
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Extended-counting A/D converters are proposed which achieve a high accuracy by performing the conversion in several cycles. During the first cycle, the circuit performs as an incremental ADC, while during the remaining ones it acts as a multi-slope counting converter. With only one opamp and a single-slope ADC, the accuracy is comparable to that of a second-order incremental ADC. A three-step A/D converter using only a single opamp and a two-slope ADC achieves an accuracy comparable to that of a third-order incremental ADC, but with much higher power efficiency.
ΔΣ digital-RF transmitter with reduced LO leakage using segmented butterfly shufflers
460 μW 32 dB image rejection ratio second-order active-RC complex filter with improved power efficient opamp
Hardware-efficient phase-detection technique for digital clock and data recovery
Accuracy-enhanced switched-capacitor stages using low-gain opamps
8-channel 20 kHz to 200 MHz Nyquist and compressive sampler in 0.5 μm CMOS
Error ratio model for synchronised-OOK IR-UWB receivers in AWGN channels
Hysteresis settling technique for CMOS comparators based on substrate voltage
Influence of data clustering on in-order multi-core processing systems
Multi-step extended-counting analogue-to-digital converters
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- Author(s): H.J. Park ; S.C. Go ; H.J. Lee ; S.Y. Cho ; K.D. Lee ; H.W. Ahn ; J. Lee
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 1, p. 31 –33
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3326
- Type: Article
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Vector control provides a fast torque response for motor control. In general, the vector control is used for the control of a rotary machine. In the case of the 3-degree-of-freedom (3-DOF) motor, the position of the rotor is changed on three-dimensional space by tilting and rotating the motion of the shaft. Thus, when applying the vector control to the 3-DOF motor, the 3D co-ordinate transformation algorithm is required to decouple not only the field and torque current but the positioning (or tilting) current. The reliability of the proposed control algorithm was proven via experiments.
Application of co-ordinate transformation for 3-DOF motor's vector control
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- Author(s): J. Raman ; P. Rombouts ; L. Weyten
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 1, p. 33 –34
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3366
- Type: Article
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Electrostatic field problems occurring in Hall plates are difficult to solve, mainly because of a non-standard boundary condition defining an oblique angle of the electric field w.r.t. an isolating boundary. A new approach for solving Hall-related field problems is presented. Compared to prior approaches, the technique leads more easily to closed-form expressions for the electric field, and allows obtaining voltage-related Hall characteristics in numerically well conditioned forms.
Method for electric field and potential calculations in Hall plates
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- Author(s): Dai-Qiang Chen and Li-Zhi Cheng
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 1, p. 35 –36
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3054
- Type: Article
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Image inpainting is a classical inverse problem of image science and has many applications. In the previous works, most of the variational inpainting methods can be considered as special cases of the restoration model where the linear operator is just the project to the known indexes. In this reported work, the variational inpainting model is established from the view of image decomposition. Then the unknown component can be recovered by the known component under the low-rank and joint-sparse constraints. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms most of the current state-of-the-art methods with respect to the peak-signal-to-noise ratio value.
- Author(s): X. Ma ; J. Huo ; X. Yang ; G. Ren
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 1, p. 36 –38
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3839
- Type: Article
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An efficient early termination algorithm for depth coding is presented by considering the textureless characteristic of depth maps. In the proposed algorithm, all candidate modes are sorted in ascending order according to their inherent minimum rate-distortion costs (IMRDcost), resulting from the minimum number of head information coding bits. After finishing the rate-distortion cost (RDcost) calculation of each candidate mode, a termination decision will be made with IMRDcost of the next candidate mode to decide whether or not to terminate the mode decision process. Experimental results show that the algorithm can save encoding time by 84.20% on average, while the rate-distortion performance is invariant.
Image inpainting based on low-rank and joint-sparse matrix recovery
Rate-distortion performance-invariant early termination algorithm for depth coding
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- Author(s): Jeongsim Kim ; Bara Kim ; Jangha Kang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 1, p. 38 –39
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3520
- Type: Article
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This reported work considers a discrete-time multiserver queue in which the customers wait for service for a limited time with a general distribution and leave the system if the service has not begun within that time. The customers arrive according to a Bernoulli process and the service times are geometrically distributed. Presented are exact expressions for the loss probability and the queue length distribution.
- Author(s): J. Goodman and C. Bertoncini
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 1, p. 39 –40
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3072
- Type: Article
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The closed-form probability density for the envelope of multiplicative noise, both for the zero and nonzero mean case, is considered. The distribution parameters are determined using a curve fitting optimisation that shows excellent agreement between the measured and parametric form of the density function.
- Author(s): K. Heyse ; K. Bruneel ; D. Stroobandt
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 1, p. 41 –42
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2208
- Type: Article
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It is known that an often used implementation method for regular expressions that uses a combination of counters and nondeterministic finite automatons is incorrect for certain regular expressions. Determining which expressions can be correctly implemented with this method has proven nontrivial and has previously been done without proof. Presented is the first automatic method to prove the correctness of the implementation method for specific expressions and to detect which expressions should be implemented differently. The use (in previous work) of this implementation method in network intrusion detection systems without proof of correctness for every regular expression constitutes a security risk to the network it is supposed to protect. Presented is a solution for this issue.
- Author(s): F. Han ; Y. Feng ; C. Qi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 1, p. 42 –44
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3950
- Type: Article
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Presented is a method of transmitting multiple synchronised chaotic signals via a single channel based on time division multiplexing. Both the sampling and holding modes are used alternately during the transmission process so that multiple chaotic signals can be transmitted by sharing the single physical channel. The proposed method is implemented with an electronic circuit, and then is applied to solve simultaneous synchronisation of multi-pair chaotic systems using a single channel. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the method presented.
Discrete-time multiserver queue with impatient customers
Probability density for envelope of multiplicative noise
Proving correctness of regular expression matchers with constrained repetition
Time division multiplexing based multiple synchronised chaotic signals transmission
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- Author(s): F. Dadashi ; G.P. Millet ; K. Aminian
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 1, p. 44 –45
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3684
- Type: Article
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Presented is an accurate swimming velocity estimation method using an inertial measurement unit (IMU) by employing a simple biomechanical constraint of motion along with Gaussian process regression to deal with sensor inherent errors. Experimental validation shows a velocity RMS error of 9.0 cm/s and high linear correlation when compared with a commercial tethered reference system. The results confirm the practicality of the presented method to estimate swimming velocity using a single low-cost, body-worn IMU.
- Author(s): G.Y. Chen ; G. Brambilla ; T.P. Newson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 1, p. 46 –47
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3554
- Type: Article
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Presented is a compact and robust temperature sensor based on an optical microfibre to coil resonator packaged around a Teflon tube. The probe can efficiently slide along electrical wires to map the local temperature for locating insulation faults and reporting high current surges. A temperature responsivity of 95 pm/°C up to ∼80°C was demonstrated. This sensor is potentially low cost and simple to fabricate, making it attractive for domestic and industrial applications.
Gaussian process framework for pervasive estimation of swimming velocity with body-worn IMU
Inspection of electrical wires for insulation faults and current surges using sliding temperature sensor based on optical Microfibre coil resonator
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- Author(s): A. Sigg ; S. Heck ; A. Bräckle ; M. Berroth
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 1, p. 47 –49
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3984
- Type: Article
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In class-D operation the impedances of the output network at each harmonic frequency at the intrinsic terminals of the transistors are of main importance. This reported work demonstrates a new concept using pure differential transmission line filters for the matching of these impedances. Furthermore, de-embedding techniques are used to compensate the impedance transforming characteristics of the package parasitics. A current-mode class-D (CMCD) amplifier with a power-added efficiency (PAE) of 62% and a corresponding output power of 29.5 W at 2.6 GHz has been demonstrated. To the authors' knowledge, these are the highest reported values of the PAE as well as the output power at this frequency for a CMCD.
- Author(s): L. Minkevičius ; B. Voisiat ; A. Mekys ; R. Venckevičius ; I. Kašalynas ; D. Seliuta ; G. Valušis ; G. Račiukaitis ; V. Tamošiu¯nas
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 1, p. 49 –50
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3509
- Type: Article
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Properties of zone plates with integrated bandpass filters were simulated numerically and demonstrated experimentally for 0.76 THz frequency. Finite-difference time-domain simulations were used to predict properties of a conventional zone plate and laser-ablated zone plate with resonant filter areas. Zone plates were produced employing laser direct writing and characterised by Fourier spectroscopy and an optically pumped terahertz laser.
- Author(s): F. Zhu ; W. Hong ; J.X. Chen ; K. Wu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 1, p. 50 –52
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3891
- Type: Article
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A type of substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) ‘corner cavity’ is proposed. For each corner cavity, two transmission zeros (TZs) can be introduced and the location of either TZ can easily be controlled by adjusting suitable geometrical parameters. Using the corner cavities, a novel SIW filter with wide stopband characteristic is implemented. The central frequency of the filter is 20 GHz, and the first spurious appears at about 40 GHz, which is two times the central frequency. In addition, the measured stopband attenuation of the filter is better than 50 dB from 21.24 to 37.71 GHz.
High efficiency GaN current-mode class-D amplifier at 2.6 GHz using pure differential transmission line filters
Terahertz zone plates with integrated laser-ablated bandpass filters
Wide stopband substrate integrated waveguide filter using corner cavities
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- Author(s): T. Shen ; Z. Hu ; T. Wong
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 1, p. 52 –54
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3358
- Type: Article
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By consideration of the physical process of charge carrier motion and lattice polarisation, an equivalent circuit for a semiconductor nano-particle in the terahertz frequency range is obtained. All circuit elements are of electrical nature and can be directly expressed in terms of material parameters. When the generalised admittance of the circuit is multiplied by the intensity of an externally applied field, the total induced dipole moment of the nanoparticle results, which is in good match to that given by field analysis and simulation. The readily obtained polarisability can serve as the basis of analysis for composite structures and aggregates of which the nanoparticle is a constituent.
Transport-based equivalent circuit for semiconductor nanoparticle in terahertz frequency range
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- Author(s): S.-H. Yang ; E.-M. Jeong ; D.-R. Kim ; H.-S. Kim ; Y.-H. Son ; S.-K. Han
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 1, p. 54 –56
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3167
- Type: Article
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A novel concept for integrating visible light communications (VLC) with three-dimensional indoor positioning is presented. A VLC link based on transmitter and receiver characteristics using experimental measurements was modelled. Proposed is a three-dimensional positioning algorithm using received signal strength indication, which changes based on the angle and distance of the location based service. To reduce inter-cell interference, the transmitter's location code was sent using different subcarriers. A demonstration shows that the proposed algorithm can obtain a user's position, including height, accurately and without inter-cell interference.
- Author(s): Y. Mizuno ; N. Hayashi ; K. Nakamura
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 1, p. 56 –57
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3918
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In general, the state of polarisation (SOP) should be adjusted to optimise the signal-to-noise ratio of Brillouin measurement based on self-heterodyne detection. Although Brillouin Stokes power in silica fibres is known to be enhanced by optimising the SOP, the role of SOP optimisation in polymer optical fibres (POFs) is quite different from that in silica fibres. In this reported work, it is clarified that the role of SOP optimisation in POFs lies not in enhancing the Brillouin Stokes power but in suppressing the tail of the Rayleigh-scattered light spectrum.
Indoor three-dimensional location estimation based on LED visible light communication
Polarisation state optimisation in observing Brillouin scattering signal in polymer optical fibres
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- Author(s): M.S. Kayastha ; D.P. Sapkota ; M. Takahashi ; K. Wakita
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 1, p. 57 –58
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3728
- Type: Article
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The excitonic electroabsorption has been investigated for a high-purity GaAs epilayer of 10 µm thickness at room temperature and clear red-shift (≃1.44 nm) of the excitonic absorption peak has been observed. An extinction ratio over 10 dB has been obtained with an applied voltage of 11 V, which is nearly five times larger than the theoretical estimation without considering the exciton. This may be the first observation for of a surface normal structure with a polyaniline as a transparent Schottky electrode. The insertion loss is estimated to be 3 dB. This relative low driving voltage for a bulk configuration without quantum wells is due to high-purity GaAs.
Effect of electric field on exciton in high-purity GaAs epilayer measured at room temperature
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- Author(s): S. Ranta ; M. Tavast ; T. Leinonen ; N. Van Lieu ; G. Fetzer ; M. Guina
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 1, p. 59 –60
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3450
- Type: Article
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The highest power result for an optically-pumped single-chip vertical external-cavity surface-emitting laser with emission near 1180 nm is reported. The gain mirror was grown by molecular beam epitaxy and incorporated a strain compensated GaInAs/GaAs/GaAsP active region. An intra-cavity diamond heat spreader was attached to the gain mirror for thermal management. In free-running operation, the laser emitted more than 20 W at a mount temperature of about 12 °C. The output spectrum was centred between 1165–1190 nm depending on the mount temperature and pump power. By using an intra-cavity birefringent filter, the full width at half-maximum linewidth could be narrowed to ≤1 nm and at the same time achieved approximately 14 W of output power near 1178 nm. Moreover, the lasing wavelength could be tuned over more than 40 nm.
- Author(s): B. Frison ; A.R. Sarmani ; L.R. Chen ; X. Gu ; M. Saad
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 1, p. 60 –61
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3944
- Type: Article
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A dual-wavelength Tm3+:ZBLAN fibre laser operating around 1480 nm is demonstrated. A linear cascaded cavity with bidirectional upconversion pumping at 1064 nm was used; alternate single wavelength and dual-wavelength operation is achieved by simple adjustment of the pump powers. A wavelength spacing of only 0.6 nm is obtained for dual-wavelength operation.
- Author(s): M. Nada ; Y. Muramoto ; H. Yokoyama ; T. Ishibashi ; H. Matsuzaki
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 1, p. 62 –63
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3922
- Type: Article
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A wide optical-input dynamic range is demonstrated for an inverted p-down InAlAs/InGaAs avalanche photodiode. The 3 dB down bandwidth maintains a value as high as 18 GHz for an input optical power level of up to + 2.5 dBm. Such high-power tolerance meets the requirements of various future optical fibre communications systems such as 100 Gbit/s Ethernet which has a serial baud rate of 25 Gbit/s.
- Author(s): U. Møller and O. Bang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 1, p. 63 –65
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3774
- Type: Article
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The relative intensity noise (RIN) properties at different wavelengths and power levels for picosecond supercontinuum (SC) generated by pumping a PCF in its normal dispersion regime is investigated. For low power levels the all-normal SC is generated while the generated SC extends beyond the zero dispersion wavelength (ZDW) at high power levels. The RIN measurements are compared with a red-edge matched SC generated in a highly nonlinear PCF pumped in the anomalous dispersion regime close to its ZDW.
1180 nm VECSEL with output power beyond 20 W
Dual-wavelength S-band Tm3+:ZBLAN fibre laser with 0.6 nm wavelength spacing
High-power-tolerant InAlAs avalanche photodiode for 25 Gbit/s applications
Intensity noise in normal-pumped picosecond supercontinuum generation, where higher-order Raman lines cross into anomalous dispersion regime
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- Author(s): D. Yun and K.-S. Yun
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 1, p. 65 –66
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3712
- Type: Article
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The energy harvester is an attractive power source for wireless portable electronics, especially in applications for handheld and wearable electronic devices. Proposed is a woven piezoelectric structure for possible application as a wearable energy harvester. The proposed device consists of polymer column threads and a piezoelectric film weaving them into stitches in the row. Polymer patches are alternately patterned on the upper and bottom sides of the piezoelectric film, where the charges are generated when subjected to a stretching and contraction motion. A maximum peak power density of 0.63 mW/cm2 was obtained from repeated stretching and contraction motion at an operation frequency of 8 Hz.
Woven piezoelectric structure for stretchable energy harvester
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- Author(s): Moon-Kyu Cho ; Donghyun Baek ; Jeong-Geun Kim
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 1, p. 66 –68
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2475
- Type: Article
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Presented is a compact X-band bidirectional gain amplifier in 0.18 μm CMOS, which eliminates two T/R switches in the conventional one. The gain of >14 dB and the in/output return losses of >8 dB are achieved at 8–14 GHz. The measured output P1dB is ∼1 dBm at 10 GHz. The chip size is 0.62 × 0.60 mm2, which is compact due to the removal of two T/R switches for the bidirectional operation. The DC power consumption is 54 mW at 1.8 V supply voltage. Nearly identical performance is achieved in the forward and reverse operations at X-band. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first demonstration of an X-band CMOS bidirectional gain amplifier with the smallest size.
- Author(s): F. Bandiera ; O. Besson ; G. Ricci
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 1, p. 68 –69
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3101
- Type: Article
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Adaptive detection of distributed radar targets in homogeneous Gaussian noise plus subspace interference is addressed. It is assumed that the actual steering vectors lie along a fixed and unknown direction of a preassigned and known subspace, while interfering signals are supposed to belong to an unknown subspace, with directions possibly varying from one resolution cell to another. The resulting detection problem is formulated in the framework of statistical hypothesis testing and solved using an ad hoc algorithm strongly related to the generalised likelihood ratio test. A performance analysis, carried out also in comparison to natural benchmarks, is presented.
- Author(s): Fang Shang and A. Hirose
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 1, p. 69 –71
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3376
- Type: Article
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Based on the polarimetric-basis transformation principle, a method for utilisation of the scattering mechanism vectors for land classification is proposed. The experimental results show that both the amplitude and the phase components of the vectors can be used for land classification. By implementing different linear transformation processes of the scattering matrix, a variety of areas can be extracted separately.
Compact X-band CMOS bidirectional gain amplifier without T/R switches
Direction detector for distributed targets in unknown noise and interference
Polarimetric-basis transformation for land classification in PolInSAR
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- Author(s): Haijia Wu ; Xiongwei Zhang ; Jianjun Huang ; Weiwei Chen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 1, p. 71 –73
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3262
- Type: Article
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A novel approach for time-scale modification (TSM) of speech based on temporal continuous nonnegative matrix factorisation (TCNMF) is presented. First, the magnitude spectrum of the speech is factorised to the nonnegative space and the time-varying gains, and then the TSM problem is transformed into an interpolation problem of the time-varying gains, which leads to a better performance over the traditional methods based on waveform overlap-add. The superiority of the proposed approach is confirmed by the comparative tests against the traditional methods, including OLA, SOLA, WSOLA, and PSOLA.
Approach for time-scale modification of speech based on TCNMF
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- Author(s): Z. Wang ; G. Wu ; H. Li
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 1, p. 73 –75
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3782
- Type: Article
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A family of near-complementary sequences with peak-to-mean envelope power ratio (PMEPR) < 4 was proposed for peak power control in multicarrier communications by Yu and Gong recently. In this Letter, the PMEPR bound of these near-complementary sequences are improved to asymptotically equivalent to 2. Based on the proof, new near-complementary sequences constructed by other seed pairs are proposed. The PMEPR of these near-complementary sequences are still asymptotically equivalent to 2.
- Author(s): W. Zhang ; S. Wu ; J. Wang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 1, p. 75 –76
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3182
- Type: Article
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In the presence of significant direction-of-arrival (DOA) mismatch, a robust Capon beamforming approach is proposed. The basic idea of the proposed method is first to estimate a set of the desired steering vectors corresponding to DOAs coming from a DOA uncertainty region by using the uncertainty set based approach, then a Bayesian approach is employed to obtain the weight vector.
- Author(s): X. Yu ; J. Xu ; Z. Luo ; X. Chen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 1, p. 76 –78
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.2971
- Type: Article
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A sub-optimal precoding scheme for distributed antenna systems in a spatially correlated Rayleigh channel is developed by asymptotical analysis at low and high SNRs. A Newton's method based practical iterative algorithm is presented to find the power allocation coefficients in this scheme. Compared to the existing optimal scheme which requires multidimensional roots finding, the scheme developed in this reported work only needs one-dimensional root finding, and thus it has lower calculation complexity. Moreover, it can converge to the solution quickly, and obtain a performance close to a optimal scheme. Simulation results corroborate the effectiveness of the developed scheme.
Improved PMEPR bound on near-complementary sequences constructed by Yu and Gong
Robust Capon beamforming in presence of large DOA mismatch
Sub-optimal precoding scheme for distributed antenna systems in correlated Rayleigh channel
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