Electronics Letters
Volume 49, Issue 11, 23 May 2013
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Volume 49, Issue 11
23 May 2013
- Features
- Antennas and propagation
- Circuits and systems
- Image and vision processing and display technology
- Information and communications
- Microwave technology
- Optical communication
- Organic and inorganic circuits and devices
- Photonics
- Power electronics, energy conversion and sustainability
- Wireless communications
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- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 11, page: 680 –680
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.1607
- Type: Article
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- Author(s): Manuel Bandala-Sánchez
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 11, page: 680 –680
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.1615
- Type: Article
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- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 11, page: 681 –681
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.1595
- Type: Article
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- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 11, page: 682 –682
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.1594
- Type: Article
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in brief
interview
spinning into control*
broadcast energy*
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- Author(s): Junhui Wang ; Yingzeng Yin ; Xianglong Liu ; Tuo Wang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 11, p. 685 –686
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0934
- Type: Article
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A trapezoid monopole antenna with dual band-notched characteristics for UWB is presented. The antenna consists of a trapezoid patch and a rectangular ground plane. To realise dual notched-band characteristics, a U-shaped stub and a T-shaped stub are embedded in two trapezoid slots of the radiation patch, respectively. The measured results show that the proposed dual notched-bands planar has an impedance bandwidth of 3–11 GHz for VSWR < 2, except two frequency notched bands of 3.3–3.7 GHz (WiMAX band) and 5.15–5.825 GHz (WLAN band). Both the measured and simulated results of the proposed antenna are presented, indicating that the antenna is a good candidate for UWB applications.
- Author(s): H.S. Tae ; K.S. Oh ; W.S. Lee ; S.M. Moon ; J.W. Yu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 11, p. 686 –688
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.4158
- Type: Article
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Presented is a new compact dual-band quadruple planar inverted-F antenna (QPIFA) radiating right-hand circular polarisation characteristics. The size of the proposed dual-band QPIFA is 35 × 35 × 10 mm3 and the experimental results exhibit a peak gain of 2.5/4.5 dBic and an axial ratio under 1.5 dB in two target frequencies.
- Author(s): N. Basta and A. Dreher
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 11, p. 688 –689
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0219
- Type: Article
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A method for beam synthesis with arbitrarily configured transmitting pulsed antenna arrays based on the discrete Radon transform and its inverse is investigated. Remaining in the digital domain, by numerical means an optimal set of wave forms corresponding to the given array elements which allow for reconstruction of different time–space radiation masks is searched for. Simulation results are presented for the evaluation of the algorithm.
Trapezoid UWB antenna with dual band-notched characteristics for WiMAX/WLAN bands
Design of compact dual-band quadruple planar inverted-F antenna
Discrete Radon transform method for beam synthesis with arbitrarily configured antenna arrays in pulsed transmission mode
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- Author(s): S.-B. Lim ; S. Hwang ; J. You ; Y. Baek ; C. Kim
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 11, p. 689 –691
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3859
- Type: Article
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Presented is a current adjustable clock distribution network for GDDR5. In general, GDDR5 uses a current mode logic (CML) buffer as the global driver of the clock distribution. The wide-frequency range conventional CML buffer is designed to the fastest frequency. However, the CML buffer consumes constant current at all frequencies. For this reason, the conventional buffer dissipates current more than necessary at low frequencies. A proposed current adjustable clock distribution network scheme adjusts the amount of the current consumption of the global driver according to the clock frequency. The proposed scheme is implemented in 65 nm CMOS technology, reduces power consumption by 17.7% in the wide frequency range from an average 10.26 mW of the conventional scheme to 8.44 mW.
- Author(s): Yaming Zhang and Weixin Gai
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 11, p. 691 –692
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.4086
- Type: Article
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A deeper SSC estimator used as a CDR with a low power mechanism based on third-order architecture is proposed to suppress the disadvantage of the conventional third-order CDR happening at the switching points of SSC (spread spectrum clocking). For 10 Gbit/s data speed, the depth of its SSC tracking may be up to 10000ppm at 30 kHz which helps to reduce more EMI.
- Author(s): Yong Chen ; Pui-In Mak ; Li Zhang ; He Qian ; Yan Wang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 11, p. 692 –694
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0992
- Type: Article
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An extremely compact, doubly balancing single-to-differential converter (S2D) for high-speed wireline systems is reported. It incorporates a two-stage topology with ‘coarse balancing’ in the first stage and ‘fine balancing’ in the second stage by adopting a compact ‘positive-feedback active inductor’ that simultaneously boosts the signal bandwidth. Fabricated in 65 nm CMOS, the S2D measures < 1.1% data cross error and < 3.4 ps RMS jitter up to a 14 Gbit/s data rate. The die occupies 0.0012 mm2 and consumes 8 mW.
- Author(s): Li Lu and Changzhi Li
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 11, p. 694 –696
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0765
- Type: Article
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Presented is a gain-boosted gate-bulk-driven error correction amplifier with reduced offset errors for low-voltage sub-bandgap reference designs. The method can be applied to sub-bandgap circuits with BJT diodes, subthreshold MOSFETs or Schottky barrier diodes. Detailed analysis and circuit implementation are presented. Low voltage operation has been verified over − 55 to 125 °C. Simulation and measurement results demonstrate the minimised offset error and improved supply sensitivity, which indicates the effectiveness of the proposed gain boosting mechanism.
- Author(s): E. Gluskin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 11, p. 696 –697
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0006
- Type: Article
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In power electronics circuits, the capacitor, whose charging and discharging provides the energy transfer from a source to the load is, usually, a linear one. It is interesting to consider also a nonlinear capacitor having a smooth voltage-current characteristic, as, e.g. a ferroelectric capacitor, or a piecewise linear characteristic, as a switched unit in which linear capacitors are switched. This can give a designer an additional degree of freedom for optimisation of such a circuit, first of all for minimisation of the power losses in it. The proof of the reasonability to use a current (and not a voltage) source is provided in terms of the variation principle that is widely used in classical mechanics. The use of the variational principle not just for optimisation of some parameters (which is usual), but also for the qualitative conclusion regarding the circuit structure – the use of the current source – is another methodological point not to be missed.
- Author(s): Y.F. Hou ; Z.W. Li ; L. Hong ; A.M. Al-Ahmari
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 11, p. 697 –699
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.4512
- Type: Article
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A controllability condition of a siphon composed of three elementary ones in a class of Petri nets, namely S3PR, is developed. Under the condition, a maximally permissive liveness-enforcing supervisor expressed by a set of monitors (control places) can be decided by an algorithm with polynomial complexity for an S3PR if every dependent siphon is m-composed with m ≤ 3.
- Author(s): A.M. Sommariva
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 11, p. 699 –701
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0614
- Type: Article
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A rigorous and complete analysis of the inductive two-ports that are linear lumped time-invariant, duly-controlled and non-trivial, reciprocally coupled and passive is carried out. It is based on the use of the flux/current transmission matrix, which permits pursuing a straightforward unified investigation. It clarifies some important features concerning the perfect coupling mode of operation, and shows the existence of another mode of operation that in some sense is the counterpart of the perfect coupling one.
Current adjustable clock distribution network scheme for GDDR5
Deeper SSC estimator used as CDR
0.0012 mm2, 8 mW, single-to-differential converter with < 1.1% data cross error and < 3.4 ps RMS jitter up to 14 Gbit/s data rate
Offset error reduction using gate-bulk-driven error correction amplifier for low-voltage sub-bandgap reference
Minimisation of power losses in source-R-C circuit with any (possibly nonlinear) capacitor
Optimal controllability of 3-composed siphons in a class of Petri nets
Class of inductive two-ports that includes two-winding coupled inductors
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- Author(s): H. Malekmohamadi ; W.A.C. Fernando ; A.M. Kondoz
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 11, p. 701 –702
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0559
- Type: Article
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A new reduced reference objective quality metric for stereoscopic video is proposed that incorporates spatial neighbouring information from grey-level co-occurrence matrices and edge properties. Extracted colour and depth features are combined unequally to maximise the performance of the proposed metric. The performance of this metric is validated through a series of subjective tests and the average correlation 0.82 is achieved when colour to depth importance ratio is near 0.80.
Reduced reference metric for compressed stereoscopic videos
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- Author(s): F. Abdelkefi and J. Ayadi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 11, p. 703 –704
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0803
- Type: Article
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The use of sigma–delta (ΣΔ) quantisers in the context of an oversampled odd-stacked cosine modulated filter bank (CMFB) is investigated. Shown is that the exploitation of the ΣΔ quantisers jointly with the CMFB ensures significant robustness of the transmitted signal against transmission errors. In this context, an upper bound of the minimum squares error of the reconstructed signal is derived and it is proved that it decreases as (1/r 2), where r denotes the CMFB frame redundancy, for the first- and the second-order ΣΔ quantisers.
Use of first- and second-order sigma–delta quantisers in context of odd-stacked cosine modulated filter banks
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- Author(s): A. Contreras ; M. Ribó ; L. Pradell ; J. Casals-Terré ; F. Giacomozzi ; J. Iannacci
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 11, p. 704 –706
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0681
- Type: Article
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A K-band RF-MEMS uniplanar second-order bandpass filter with reconfigurable bandwidth is presented. The filter is based on inductively-coupled half-wavelength slotline resonators and CPW-slotline multimodal immittance inverters (MIIs). The coupling inductance and the MII length are reconfigured using RF-MEMS ohmic-contact switches. Experimental results show a 3 dB relative-bandwidth change from 4.5 to 8.5% (maintaining a Butterworth response), and insertion losses of 5.2 and 3.7 dB for either state.
- Author(s): Pinping Sun and Peng Liu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 11, p. 706 –708
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0945
- Type: Article
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A comparison between a conventional body floating single pole double throw (SPDT) CMOS switch design and a proposed switched gate floating CMOS SPDT switch design based on an analysis of parasitic effects is presented. In standard CMOS technology, the switched gate floating switch is analytically proved to have higher isolation owing to the alleviation of parasitic diode and substrate coupling effects in the operation state. The proposed switch maintains a similar insertion loss as conventional swithches while achieving an average of 6 dB isolation improvement over the operating frequency, which agrees well with the presented analysis.
- Author(s): X.B. Wei ; G.T. Yue ; J.X. Liao ; P. Wang ; Z.Q. Xu ; Y. Shi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 11, p. 708 –709
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0862
- Type: Article
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Proposed is a compact dual-band bandpass filter (BPF) using stepped impedance resonators (SIRs). To improve the upper-stopband of the proposed filter, tri-section folded SIRs are used. By adjusting the impedance ratio and electronical length ratio of the tri-section SIR, the out-of-band of the filter can be improved. A 2.09/2.62 GHz dual-band experimental BPF has been designed and fabricated to demonstrate the proposed method. The measured results are in good agreement with the electromagnetic simulation. The spurious frequencies of the upper-stopband are suppressed below 20 dB from 2.79 to 22.13 GHz. The circuit only occupies 0.29 λg × 0.13 λg.
- Author(s): K. Rabbi ; L. Athukorala ; C. Panagamuwa ; J.C. Vardaxoglou ; D. Budimir
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 11, p. 709 –711
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3555
- Type: Article
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A compact bandpass filter is presented for ultra-wideband (UWB) applications with a reconfigurable notched band to reject unwanted signals from the WiMAX systems. A single pin diode is used for the purpose of switching the notch. An optical switch, comprised of a silicon dice activated using near infrared light is also investigated as an alternative to the pin diode. While the switch is in the ON state this reconfigurable filter behaves as a bandpass filter with a notch at 3.5 GHz and a full band response is obtained in the OFF state. The filter offers excellent performance for the lower-band frequency of a UWB system, ranging from 3.1 to 5.0 GHz and exhibits very low passband insertion loss. Also, transmission zeros are generated at the passband edges to enhance the signal selectivity. A filter sample has been designed and fabricated to provide experimental verification on the proposed filter. A good agreement has been achieved between simulated and measured results with both the pin diode as well as the optical switch. The proposed reconfigurable filter with notched band was able to achieve 40% size reduction as compared to an embedded open-circuited stub.
K-band RF-MEMS uniplanar reconfigurable-bandwidth bandpass filter using multimodal immittance inverters
Analysis of parasitic effects in triple-well CMOS SPDT switch
Compact dual-band bandpass filter with ultra-wide upper-stopband
Compact UWB bandpass filter with reconfigurable notched band
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- Author(s): Y. Abe ; K. Shikama ; S. Yanagi ; T. Takahashi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 11, p. 711 –712
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.1262
- Type: Article
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Demonstrated is a fan-out device using small diameter fibres for 7-core singlemode multicore fibre, which realises a compact size with ferrules and a split sleeve, and also achieves physical contact connection with an average connection loss of 0.17 dB and a return loss exceeding 49 dB.
Physical-contact-type fan-out device for multicore fibre
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- Author(s): S. García-Moreno and M. Bandala-Sánchez
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 11, p. 712 –714
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0087
- Type: Article
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A model for the fringing field in sections of circular parallel plates is derived using potential-theoretic methods. The calculation accurately predicts fringing effects when the overlapping area is varied by one plate being slided on top of one another. This capacitance calculation can be useful to estimate torque in several micromotor configurations.
Fringing capacitance in sections of circular parallel plates with variable overlapping area
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- Author(s): G.Y. Chen ; G. Brambilla ; T.P. Newson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 11, p. 714 –715
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0651
- Type: Article
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A flexible technique to periodically perturb the evolution of differential phase in birefringent optical microfibre is proposed. This conceptual demonstration offers a simple yet effective solution to rectify non-ideal microfibre coil sensor heads for high-performance current sensing.
Birefringence treatment of non-ideal optical microfibre coils for continuous Faraday rotation
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- Author(s): A. Ayachit and M.K. Kazimierczuk
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 11, p. 715 –717
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0781
- Type: Article
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Equivalent circuit modelling of pulse-width modulated (PWM) converters requires averaging the on-state and forward resistances of transistor (M) and diode (D) over one switching period. Their values vary between a finite number (M-ON) and infinity (M-OFF) during the switching instants. Analytically, it becomes impossible to calculate the equivalent average resistance over one switching period. By determining their averaged conductances, a more intuitive model is derived for continuous conduction mode. Using reflective rules, these conductances are transferred to the inductor branch and an equivalent averaged conductance is derived and analysed.
- Author(s): C.Y. Xia ; J. Zhang ; N. Jia ; Y.H. Zhuang ; X.J. Wu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 11, p. 717 –719
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.4132
- Type: Article
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A new asymmetric magnetic unit is proposed, which can effectively eliminate the ‘dead spot’ in a three-phase IPT (inductive power transfer) system, in which the spiral direction of any one of the three primary coils is opposite to that of the other two, and the pick-up voltage can increase more effectively compared to that of the traditional symmetrical magnetic unit. The viability of the proposed magnetic unit is supported by experiments, the results of which show that the unit plays a key role in the three-phase IPT system design.
- Author(s): R. Shuttleworth and K. Simpson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 11, p. 719 –720
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.3879
- Type: Article
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A circuit is described that enables the output of a thermoelectric generator (TEG) to be boosted to around 5V over a TEG open circuit voltage range of 60 to 400mV. The topology has a JFET and MOSFET start-up system which operates sequentially to charge a reservoir capacitor. When the capacitor is charged, the topology is converted to a discontinuous current mode flyback circuit which uses a BUZ11 MOSFET as the switch. The flyback circuit matches the converter input resistance to the TEG output resistance, thereby obtaining maximum power from the TEG. The circuit uses easily obtainable discrete components.
Analysis of switching network in PWM DC–DC converters in terms of averaged resistance and conductance
Asymmetric magnetic unit of three-phase IPT system for achieving effective power transmission
Discrete, matched-load, step-up converter for 60–400 mV thermoelectric energy harvesting source
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- Author(s): Chen Feng ; Xiaopeng Yu ; Wei Meng Lim ; Jiangmin Gu ; Wenquan Sui
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 11, p. 720 –722
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0817
- Type: Article
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A compact two-stage 50–62 GHz low-noise amplifier is proposed. Gate-drain transformer feedback and the current-reuse technique are employed to achieve input impedance matching, a low noise figure and low power dissipation simultaneously. The proposed low-noise amplifier, implemented in the Global Foundries 65 nm CMOS process, exhibits a peak gain of 11.8 dB at 58.5 GHz and a minimum noise figure of 5.6 dB. It consumes 15.4 mW from 1.5 V supply with a small area of 0.12 mm2 including all testing pads.
- Author(s): A. Takacs ; H. Aubert ; L. Despoisse ; S. Fredon
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 11, p. 722 –724
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.0372
- Type: Article
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This reported work addresses microwave energy harvesting for powering wireless sensors onboard brodcasting geostationary satellites. The electromagnetic environment existing on such satellites is first investigated. Experimental results in K-band demonstrate for the first time the feasibility of such energy harvesting for powering autonomous wireless sensors used to monitor the satellite health.
- Author(s): X. Dai ; S. Sun ; Y. Wang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 49, Issue 11, p. 724 –725
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2013.1024
- Type: Article
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Proposed is a simplified branch metric calculation method for the (quasi-)maximum-likelihood (ML) detector for square quadrature amplitude modulation (S-QAM) aided multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) multiplexing systems while retaining identical performance to the respective one. The key idea of the proposed method is to exploit the geometric property of the S-QAM constellation, so that the branch metric calculation for all the constellation points can be calculated in an incremental way from any constellation point mainly through addition and bit-shift, thus significantly reducing the computational complexity of the ML detector.
Compact 50–62 GHz current-reused low-noise amplifier with gate-drain transformer feedback
Microwave energy harvesting for satellite applications
Reduced-complexity performance-lossless (quasi-)maximum-likelihood detectors for S-QAM modulated MIMO systems
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