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1350-911X
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0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 48, Issue 5, 1 March 2012
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Volume 48, Issue 5
1 March 2012
In Brief
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 5, page: 248 –248
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0516
- Type: Article
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- Author(s): Angel Abusleme
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 5, page: 248 –248
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0515
- Type: Article
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Dr Angel Abusleme, from Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, talks about the work behind his Letter ‘Mismatch of lateral field metal-oxide-metal capacitors in 180 nm CMOS process’ on page 286. - Author(s): D. Davies
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 5, page: 249 –249
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0518
- Type: Article
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An IBM semiconductor R&D team have reported the effects of a SiGe channel on threshold voltage mismatch in a 32 nm high-k metal gate (HKMG) technology. They have found that the improved threshold voltage comes at an acceptable cost in terms of transistor mismatch. - Author(s): H. Dyball
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 5, page: 250 –250
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0514
- Type: Article
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A tunable filter that can be integrated into an all-in-fibre Raman probe for remote in vivo measurements has been demonstrated. By exploiting the photonic bandgap effect in a filled solid-core photonic crystal fibre, researchers from Denmark have created a Rayleigh-rejection filter that can be tuned to operate at different wavelengths by simply heating the filling material.Anna Chiara Brunetti from the Department of Photonics Engineering at the Technical University of Denmark (DTU), who carried out the experimental work, said:“This work is part of a PhD project aiming at the development of an all-in-fibre Raman probe for real-time monitoring of yeast fermentation processes. The device will be integrated in a bioreactor currently under development at the department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, DTU. In general though, this device is suitable for all applications where a compact, tunable, low-loss and easy to operate probe is required, including lab-on-a-chip Raman devices.”
Interview
Studied variations
Sorting the scatter
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- Author(s): H. Takhedmit ; L. Cirio ; S. Bellal ; D. Delcroix ; O. Picon
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 5, p. 253 –254
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.3890
- Type: Article
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A compact and efficient rectenna based on a printed shorted annular ring-slot antenna with circular polarisation properties has been designed and evaluated at 2.45 GHz. The rectifier part is localised at the back side and centred inside the radiating element, resulting in a more compact structure in comparison with most conventional devices where rectifying circuit and antenna parts are geometrically clearly separated. In addition, the printed annular ring antenna is mismatched at the 4.9 GHz second and 7.35 GHz third harmonics, thus avoiding the use of an input lowpass filter. The proposed antenna and rectifier circuit have been first simulated and optimised separately using electromagnetic and circuit analyses, and then connected together. A maximum efficiency of 69% and an output DC voltage of 1.1 V have been measured over an optimised 2500 Ω resistive load at a power density of 20 µW/cm2. This rectenna is particularly suitable for powering wireless sensors or sensor networks by recycling ambient RF energy because it exhibits a global efficiency of more than 50% for power densities more than 10 µW/cm2. - Author(s): H.J. Lee ; K.L. Ford ; R.J. Langley
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 5, p. 254 –256
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.3748
- Type: Article
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The potential of employing textile materials to realise a switchable on- and off-body communication system at 2.45 GHz is demonstrated. It is based on an aperture-coupled rectangular textile microstrip patch antenna mounted on textile stripline with a pin diode switching network. Simulations and measurements are presented which show good agreement. On-body communication through a 600 mm-long stripline shows a transmission loss of around −5 dB. Off-body communication via the patch antenna shows a bandwidth from 2.4–2.48 GHz with a boresight gain of 1.48 dBi.
Compact and efficient 2.45 GHz circularly polarised shorted ring-slot rectenna
Switchable on/off-body communication at 2.45 GHz using textile microstrip patch antenna on stripline
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- Author(s): H.T. Wang and T. Li
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 5, p. 256 –257
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.4031
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RETRACTED
Brain-actuated wheelchair based on mixture model brain–computer interfaces - RETRACTED
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- Author(s): Bo Zhang ; Yong-Zhong Xiong ; Lei Wang ; Sangming Hu ; Le-Wei Li
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 5, p. 257 –259
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.3882
- Type: Article
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A 132–160 GHz low-noise amplifier (LNA) in 0.13 µm SiGe BiCMOS technology is presented. The gain-boosting technique and 3D grounded-shielding structures have been employed to achieve higher gain with lower power consumption and silicon occupation. The experimental results show that the LNA with a chip area of 400 × 900 µm achieves gain of 21 dB with a 3 dB bandwidth of 28 GHz and noise figure of 8.5 dB at 145 GHz, with total DC power consumption of 14.5 mW. - Author(s): J. Leis ; P. Martin ; D. Buttsworth
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 5, p. 259 –261
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0193
- Type: Article
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The phase-sensitive or ‘lock-in’ amplifier is a fundamental tool in experimental physics, and is able to extract exceedingly small signals in the presence of noise. Recently, there has been some interest in portable or embedded lock-in amplifiers for instrumentation and sensing. One difficulty with digital lock-ins is the required degree of numerical precision. Presented is a fast algorithm for combined phase-sensitive multiplication and filtering. It exploits symmetry to reduce the number of arithmetic operations, and is suitable for low-power embedded devices. As well as being computationally much simpler than a direct digital implementation, the results presented show that it yields a lower error in the estimation of the underlying signal amplitude.
Gain-enhanced 132–160 GHz low-noise amplifier using 0.13 µm SiGe BiCMOS
Simplified digital lock-in amplifier algorithm
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- Author(s): G.Di Caterina and J.J. Soraghan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 5, p. 261 –262
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.3888
- Type: Article
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The sum of absolute differences (SAD) is widely used in video coding and disparity computation for its simplicity. However, SAD is not very common in tracking applications owing to issues like partial occlusion and target changes, which can dramatically affect its performance. Presented is a novel adaptive template matching algorithm for target tracking, based on a sum of weighted absolute differences (SWAD). The target template is updated using an infinite impulse response filter, while a weighting kernel is adopted to reduce the effects of partial occlusion. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed tracker outperforms conventional SAD in terms of efficiency and accuracy, and its performance is comparable with more complex trackers, such as the mean shift algorithm. - Author(s): A.A. Liu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 5, p. 262 –264
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.3530
- Type: Article
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Proposed is a bidirectional integrated random fields (BIRF) model for human behaviour understanding. The traditional hidden-state conditional random fields (HCRF) and conditional random fields (CRF) are bridged by modifying the feature functions of both, which propagates sequence classification or segmentation information in-between. Consequently, the sequence classification result by HCRF and the sequence segmentation results by CRF can be utilised to supervise the decision of each other and the performance of both models will be boosted iteratively. Large-scale experiments show that the BIRF model can achieve competing performance with the state-of-the-art methods for human behaviour understanding. - Author(s): F. Bonin-Font ; A. Burguera ; A. Ortiz ; G. Oliver
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 5, p. 264 –266
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.3577
- Type: Article
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A low-cost, simple and efficient approach to reactive visual navigation addressed to mobile robots, complemented with an accurate localisation algorithm' is presented. The system is mainly supported on the continuous detection and tracking of image features which are classified as obstacle or ground points using the inverse perspective transformation. While obstacle points are used for collision avoidance, ground points are used for localisation in a Rao-Blackwellised particle filter context. Results obtained from experiments conducted indoors and outdoors illustrate the wide range of scenarios where the technique can be successfully employed. - Author(s): Jing-Wein Wang ; Wen-Yuan Chen ; Jiann-Shu Lee
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 5, p. 266 –267
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.3746
- Type: Article
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Singular value decomposition is used to obtain the mean value of the first and second singular value ratios of normal and defect LCD images. Then the third and fourth singular values matched with the standard deviation of the first two singular value ratios are used to divide the defect images into two categories: coarse and fine. Finally, 2D discrete wavelet coefficient filtering combined with region growing is adopted to extract defect regions.
Adaptive template matching algorithm based on SWAD for robust target tracking
Bidirectional integrated random fields for human behaviour understanding
Concurrent visual navigation and localisation using inverse perspective transformation
Singular value decomposition combined with wavelet transform for LCD defect detection
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- Author(s): K. Lee
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 5, p. 267 –269
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.3803
- Type: Article
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Complexity-efficient time interpolation for pilot-symbol-assisted channel estimation in OFDM systems is presented. The method exploits a ‘fraction l+1’-step linear prediction, which leads to no need of symbol data buffers required in a conventional method to match an estimate of channel with the corresponding symbol data due to the difference of their process latencies. The simulation demonstrates a performance comparable to or better than that of the conventional method.
Complexity-efficient time interpolator for channel estimation in OFDM systems
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- Author(s): J.J. Wu ; D.J. Hou ; T.J. Yang ; I.J. Hsieh ; Y.H. Kao ; H.E. Lin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 5, p. 269 –270
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.3693
- Type: Article
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Based on the mechanism of spoof surface plasmon polaritions (spoof SPPs), a kind of microwave bandpass filter is presented in both theory and experiment, which is realised by a periodic subwavelength metallic Domino array. The transmission bandwidth of spoof SPPs is controllable by designing the geometric parameters of the periodic structure. Simulation and experimental results of the spoof SPPs agree well with each other and verify the feasibility in bandpass filter applications. - Author(s): Yunhua Zhang and V. Fusco
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 5, p. 270 –271
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.3276
- Type: Article
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A single pole multi-throw RF switch has been developed based on a Rotman lens. The Rotman lens is used in reflection mode wherein a short circuited phase shifter network replaces the array port antennas. An input signal fed to a single beam port can, depending on the phase slope of the phase shifter network, be routed to any of the remaining beam ports. An unoptimised proof-of-concept 8-way switch based on a conventional Rotman lens design is demonstrated at 12 GHz.
Bandpass filter based on low frequency spoof surface plasmon polaritons
N-way switch based on Rotman lens
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- Author(s): Pei Zhou ; Zhenzhou Tang ; Shilong Pan ; Shuhong Cai ; Dan Zhu ; De Ben
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 5, p. 271 –272
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.3269
- Type: Article
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An optical up-conversion scheme using an optoelectronic oscillator based on a polarisation modulator is proposed and demonstrated. A baseband signal with a bandwidth as large as 5 or 10 GHz is successfully up-converted to a 10 or 20 GHz carrier without any replacement of the devices in the scheme. The conversion loss is independent of the wavelength of the laser source. The stability of the operation is also investigated.
Photonic microwave up-conversion using optoelectronic oscillator based on polarisation modulator
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- Author(s): X. Yuan ; Q. Zhang ; H. Tran ; S. Fox ; M. Sherony
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 5, p. 273 –274
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.3830
- Type: Article
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The effect of a silicon germanium (SiGe) channel on pFET threshold voltage (VTH) mismatch in 32 nm high-K/metal-gate (HKMG) process is characterised. Additional variability is observed in the SiGe-channel pFET as compared with the traditional pFET with a silicon (Si) channel. Despite the extra VTH mismatch introduced by the SiGe channel, the traditional mismatch figure of merit from a Pelgrom plot (AVT) continuously scales down as technology advances from poly/SiON to HKMG process. - Author(s): A. Terano ; T. Tsuchiya ; K. Mochizuki
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 5, p. 274 –275
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.3919
- Type: Article
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The influence of the density of two-dimensional electron gas (ns) formed in AlGaN/GaN-based planar Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) on the reverse leakage current (IR) was investigated by fabricating SBDs with three different AlN mole fractions in the AlGaN layers. It was found that IR decreased exponentially with the reduction of ns; e.g. IR decreased by seven orders of magnitude simply by reducing ns from 1.0×1013 to 3.6×1012 cm−2.
Effect of SiGe channel on pFET variability in 32 nm technology
Investigation of relationship between 2DEG density and reverse leakage current in AlGaN/GaN Schottky barrier diodes
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- Author(s): A.C. Brunetti ; L. Scolari ; T. Lund-Hansen ; J. Weirich ; K. Rottwitt
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 5, p. 275 –276
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.2866
- Type: Article
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An in-line Rayleigh-rejection filter for Raman spectroscopy is demonstrated. The device is based on a solid-core photonic crystal fibre infiltrated with a high-index liquid. At room temperature, the filter exhibits a full width at half maximum bandwidth of 143 nm and an insertion loss of 0.3 dB. A shift of 32 nm of the central wavelength is demonstrated by increasing the temperature from 22 to 70°C. FEM simulations of the spectra at different temperatures showed good agreement with experimental results. The device was successfully employed to perform Raman spectroscopy of a sample of cyclohexane and allowed for a fourfold attenuation of the Rayleigh scattered light. - Author(s): M. Jahjah ; S. Moumdji ; O. Gauthier-Lafaye ; S. Bonnefont ; Y. Rouillard ; A. Vicet
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 5, p. 277 –278
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.3614
- Type: Article
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GaInAsSb/AlGaAsSb quantum wells lasers have been grown by molecular beam epitaxy and processed into ridge cavities coupled by an intracavity photonic crystal mirror. The lasers operate at room temperature in the continuous wave regime at 2.35 µm. One of these devices was used as an excitation source on a methane sensor based on quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy. A spectrophone, consisting of a quartz tuning fork and two steel microresonators, was used. A detection limit of 400 ppbv was achieved using second derivative wavelength modulation detection. - Author(s): A. Sulaiman ; S.W. Harun ; F. Ahmad ; H. Arof ; H. Ahmad
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 5, p. 278 –280
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.3595
- Type: Article
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A dual-wavelength fibre laser is demonstrated using a 2 m-long erbium-doped fibre (EDF) with a microfibre knot resonator (MKR) structure at the output end. The MKR is fabricated by heating and stretching an EDF to form a microfibre with diameter of around 2 µm, which is then manipulated to create a knot. At a loop diameter of 2 mm for the MKR, dual-wavelength laser is obtained at 1533.8 and 1555.4 nm with peak powers of −28.1 and −27.1 dBm, respectively. Both laser output is stable with a signal-to-noise ratio of more than 18.5 dB at room temperature. - Author(s): Y. Kawamura and K. Mitsuyoshi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 5, p. 280 –281
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0186
- Type: Article
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An In0.53Ga0.47AsN0.01/AlAs0.56Sb0.44 resonant tunnelling diode (RTD) has been fabricated by molecular beam epitaxy on InP substrates for the first time. A clear negative differential resistance (NDR) characteristic was observed at room temperature, where the peak/valley (P/V) ratio is as high as 19.6. This result indicates that the use of an InGaAsN layer in the RTD structure is very effective on obtaining an NDR characteristic with high P/V ratio. - Author(s): Feng Feng ; H. Page ; R.V. Penty ; I.H. White ; T.D. Wilkinson ; N. Michel ; M. Calligaro ; Y. Robert ; O. Parillaud ; M. Krakowski
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 5, p. 281 –283
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2012.0093
- Type: Article
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A two-electrode tapered laser uses a separate excitation to achieve high output modulation depth with a small input current swing that can be provided with existing standard optical communication components, making it a novel source for optical wireless communications. Presented is a 1.25 Gbit/s free-space optical wireless communication system over a distance of 60 m, with a high power and high modulation efficiency two-electrode tapered laser. The system exhibits a 6.5 dB power penalty. - Author(s): Pengfei Wang ; Ming Ding ; G. Brambilla ; Y. Semenova ; Qiang Wu ; G. Farrell
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 5, p. 283 –284
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.3181
- Type: Article
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The dependence of the transmission spectrum of an optical microfibre coupler at high temperatures is investigated experimentally. Results show a temperature sensitivity up to 36.59 pm/°C at a taper waist outer diameter of 2.5 µm. Such a temperature-dependent performance can be utilised for temperature sensing up to 1000°C.
All-in-fibre Rayleigh-rejection filter for Raman spectroscopy
Antimonide-based 2.3 µm photonic crystal coupled-cavity lasers for CH4 QEPAS
Dual-wavelength laser generation using highly concentrated erbium-doped fibre coupling with microfibre knot resonator
Fabrication of In0.53Ga0.47AsN0.01/AlAs0.56Sb0.44 resonant tunnelling diodes grown on InP by molecular beam epitaxy
Free space optical wireless communications using directly modulated two-electrode high brightness tapered laser diode
High temperature performance of an optical microfibre coupler and its potential use as a sensor
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- Author(s): W. Liu ; Y. Hu ; X.Q. Zhan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 5, p. 284 –286
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.3278
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A class of particularly attractive modulations for global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), generalised family of binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) and binary offset carrier (BOC) modulations, called generalised binary offset carrier (GBOC) modulations, is presented. The GBOC modulations can offer additional degrees of freedom for shaping the signal's spectrum and provide superior performance in code tracking, multipath and compatibility compared to other BPSK and BOC modulations. GBOC modulations provide potential opportunities for GNSS modernisation and construction.
Generalised binary offset carrier modulations for global navigation satellite systems
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- Author(s): A. Abusleme ; A. Dragone ; G. Haller ; B. Murmann
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 5, p. 286 –287
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.3804
- Type: Article
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Metal-oxide-metal (MOM) capacitors represent an attractive alternative to metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitors in mixed-signal integrated circuits. Since they are made of metal lines, they can be integrated in standard CMOS processes, and tailored over a wide range of sizes. Mismatch data of MOM capacitors, however, is scarce and typically conservative. Presented is the design and the test results of a custom ADC that employs an array of 1024 MOM capacitors sized at 2 fF. Static performance metrics are presented and compared with those for an ADC based on MIM capacitors. Mismatch data is computed from the results. - Author(s): L.J. Wu ; W.T. Zhang ; M. Qiao ; B. Zhang ; Z.J. Li
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 5, p. 287 –289
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.3437
- Type: Article
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A novel high concentration linear variable doping interface thin silicon layer (TSL) silicon-on-insulator (SOI) super junction (SJ) LDMOS is proposed. The design of the linear variable doping can deplete the high drift concentration. The proposed structure uses a TSL to achieve charge balance and eliminate substrate-assisted depletion effect. The dielectric electric field (EI) and the breakdown voltage (BV) of the TSL SOI SJ are 530 V/μm and 552 V with 30 µm length drift region and 1 µm-thick dielectric layer, respectively, and the specific on-resistance (Ron, sp) is 0.03403 Ω·cm2 and FOM (FOM=BV2/Ron,sp) is 8.95 MW/cm2, when gate voltage is 5 V.
Mismatch of lateral field metal-oxide-metal capacitors in 180 nm CMOS process
SOI SJ high voltage device with linear variable doping interface thin silicon layer
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- Author(s): B. Wang ; F. Wan ; P.-U. Mak ; P.-I. Mak ; M.-I. Vai
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 5, p. 289 –290
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.2797
- Type: Article
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A deterministic annealing (DA)-based expectation-maximisation (EM) algorithm is proposed for robust learning of Gaussian mixture models. By combing the DA approach, trimmed likelihood function and Bayesian information criterion (BIC), the proposed algorithm can simultaneously perform model selection and outlier detection, and mitigate the problems of local optima and boundary of parameter space with the conventional EM algorithm. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can determine the number of components correctly even though the data are contaminated by outliers.
Robust deterministic annealing based EM algorithm
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- Author(s): Ing-Jr Ding
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 5, p. 290 –292
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.3839
- Type: Article
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An optimal linear interpolation scheme applied to MLLR speaker adaptation is presented. The proposed reinforced MLLR method, called αopt-MLLR, regulates the influence of MLLR adaptation when the training data from a new speaker is improper by adequately incorporating prior knowledge of the initial models into adaptation, and thus ensures the robustness of MLLR adaptation. The proposed mechanism is conceptually simple and computationally inexpensive, and is superior to FLC-MLLR in regard to lower computing cost.
Reinforcement of MLLR speaker adaptation using optimal linear interpolation
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- Author(s): J. Núñez ; M.J. Avedillo ; J.M. Quintana
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 5, p. 292 –293
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.3295
- Type: Article
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MOBILE networks can be operated in a gate-level pipelined fashion allowing high through-output. If MOBILE gates are directly chained, a four-phase clock scheme is required. A single phase scheme has been recently reported that alternates rising and falling edge-triggered MOBILE gates. A novel two-phase interconnection scheme resembling conventional domino pipelines is proposed and validated. It exhibits advantages in terms of speed with respect to both four-phase and single-phase interconnection schemes. In addition, the new architecture improves logic flexibility regarding the domino pipeline counterpart, since inverting and non-inverting stages can be interspersed. - Author(s): Chanhong Kim and Jungwoo Lee
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 5, p. 294 –295
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.2650
- Type: Article
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Derived are the exact cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) of each user's feedback signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), and the post-scheduling SINR in orthogonal random beamforming systems with M transmit antennas and K single-antenna users considering both user feedback and scheduling. A key contribution is to derive the exact CDF of the post-scheduling SINR by direct integration, and it is verified by Monte-Carlo simulations. It is also shown that the existing approximate CDF is different from the exact distribution for SINR smaller than 0 dB. - Author(s): Quanzhong Li ; Liping Luo ; Jiayin Qin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 48, Issue 5, p. 295 –297
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.3707
- Type: Article
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A study is presented of an optimal relay precoder design for non-regenerative MIMO cognitive relay systems where all the nodes are equipped with multiple antennas. With underlay spectrum sharing, the authors derive the optimal structure of the relay station (RS) precoding matrix to maximise the capacity subject to the transmit power constraint at the RS and the interference power constraint at the primary user (PU). Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed precoder.
Domino inspired MOBILE networks
Exact post-scheduling SINR analysis for orthogonal random beamforming systems
Optimal relay precoder for non-regenerative MIMO cognitive relay systems with underlay spectrum sharing
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- Author(s): G. Tsirimokou ; C. Psychalinos ; A.S. Elwakil ; K.N. Salama
- Type: Article
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54 Gbit/s OOK transmission using single-mode VCSEL up to 2.2 km MMF
- Author(s): G. Stepniak ; A. Lewandowski ; J.R. Kropp ; N.N. Ledentsov ; V.A. Shchukin ; N. Ledentsov Jr. ; G. Schaefer ; M. Agustin ; J.P. Turkiewicz
- Type: Article
