Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 47, Issue 7, 31 March 2011
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Volume 47, Issue 7
31 March 2011
In Brief
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 7, page: 418 –418
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.9027
- Type: Article
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- Author(s): Shurong Dong
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 7, page: 418 –418
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.9028
- Type: Article
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Professor Shurong Dong from Zhejiang University in China talks about his Letter ‘Generalised Butterworth-Van Dyke equivalent circuit for thin-film bulk acoustic resonator’ on page 424. - Author(s): H. Dyball
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 7, page: 419 –419
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.9029
- Type: Article
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Near-transform limited optical pulses of 384 fs at 1960 nm have been generated from a passively modelocked gallium-antimonide-based disk laser. Collaborating researchers from Tampere University of Technology in Finland and Max Born Institute (MBI) in Berlin, Germany, developed a fast GaSb-based saturable absorber mirror to modelock the laser and achieved the shortest pulses so far for this material system.“We found it quite surprising that the much more exotic GaSb material platform can deliver components, both on the absorber and the gain side, that can match or even outperform the GaAs material system,” said Antti Härkönen, one of the researchers from Tampere. “This is indicated by both the subpicosecond recovery time of our absorber mirrors as well as the measured pulse duration, which is only 2% larger than the Fourier limit.” - Author(s): H. Dyball
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 7, page: 420 –420
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.9030
- Type: Article
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Silicon carbide thyristors can be optically triggered by commercially available UV LEDs, researchers have shown. This result, from collaborating institutions in France and Germany, demonstrates how applications taking advantage of silicon light-triggered thyristors today will also be able to benefit from the use of SiC.
Interview
GaSb lasers get pulses racing
Light as a trigger
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- Author(s): J. Verdú ; O. Menéndez ; P. de Paco
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 7, p. 423 –424
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0334
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A simple and successful bulk acoustic wave filter configuration based on the double-ladder topology is presented. Unlike the conventional double-ladder topology, this new one allows one to obtain either dualband or wideband bandstop responses. The predicted results are validated with measured data. - Author(s): H. Jin ; S.R. Dong ; J.K. Luo ; W.I. Milne
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 7, p. 424 –426
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0343
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A generalised Butterworth-Van Dyke (GBVD) equivalent circuit model for a thin-film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR), especially for a FBAR with a high electromechanical coupling constant (kt2), is presented. The derivation starts from the ideal impedance formula for the FBAR, then acoustic loss, dielectric loss, and electrode electrical loss are introduced step by step. Results show that the widely used modified Butterworth-Van Dyke (MBVD) model is a special case of a GBVD model using a low kt2 approximation.
Bandstop bulk acoustic wave filter based on double-ladder filter topology
Generalised Butterworth-Van Dyke equivalent circuit for thin-film bulk acoustic resonator
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- Author(s): Y. Liu ; X. Lu ; H. Jang ; H. Choi ; K. Jung ; H. Kim
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 7, p. 426 –427
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0094
- Type: Article
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A loop-type ground antenna, designed as a rectangular ground clearance connected by a capacitor, is proposed for mobile devices. The electromagnetic mechanism underlying the antenna operation is based on a new feeding method; a capacitor is used to cause a current loop to resonate at the operating frequency band. The proposed antenna is 5×3 mm and is easily implemented within mobile devices. The −10 dB bandwidth of the antenna is 400 MHz, from 2.3 to 2.7 GHz. The radiation pattern it produces shows omnidirectional performance on the horizontal plane. - Author(s): N. Chahat ; M. Zhadobov ; R. Augustine ; R. Sauleau
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 7, p. 427 –428
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0349
- Type: Article
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The complex permittivity of the human skin has been measured in vivo in the 10–60 GHz range using a recently developed coaxial slim probe. The results are compared with the literature data at millimetre waves, and a broad-band Cole-Cole model is proposed for several locations on the arm, namely at the palm, wrist, and forearm. This reported study provides relevant data required for studying interactions between emerging body-centric wireless millimetre-wave technologies and the human body. - Author(s): Q. Xin ; F.-S. Zhang ; B.-H. Sun ; Y.-L. Zou ; Q.-Z. Liu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 7, p. 428 –430
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0148
- Type: Article
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A compact Yagi-Uda antenna for vehicle directional communications in tactical VHF (30–88 MHz) is presented. A special double-folded monopole is designed as the element of the Yagi-Uda antenna to realise compact size and high directivity. The proposed antenna designed and optimised at 59 MHz can utilise the vehicle space reasonably with greatly compact height (0.1199λ) and space between elements (0.125λ). It has satisfactory performances of high directivity, gain (6.3 dBi) and front-to-back ratio (8.6 dB) in the operating band (VSWR<2), better than the typical monopole-type Yagi-Uda antenna. Thus, it is suitable for vehicle directional communications in tactical VHF. The effectiveness of the design is verified by a scaled-down model at 1 GHz. - Author(s): J.-Y. Kim ; B. Lee ; C.W. Jung
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 7, p. 430 –431
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0278
- Type: Article
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A novel reconfigurable beam-steering antenna composed of double loops is presented. The operation frequency of the antenna is 14.5 GHz. The antenna using two artificial switches configures three cases (case 1, case 2, case 3), and has three maximum beam directions of Ømax=0°, thetasmax=0° (case 1), Ømax=230°, thetasmax=40° (case 2) and Ømax=130°, thetasmax=40° (case 3). The peak gains of the antenna are 6.5 dBi (case 1), 7.6 dBi (case 2) and 7.8 dBi (case 3). The half power beam width of each case is 95°–105°. - Author(s): J. Lee ; S.I. Kwak ; S. Lim
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 7, p. 431 –433
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0312
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Proposed is a zeroth-order resonant antenna placed on a wrist for wireless body area network (WBAN) applications. The proposed antenna is insensitive to human body effects and its curvature shape, owing to a bottom ground plate and zero phase constant features. The antenna's performance is simulated and measured through body equivalent liquid and the human body. The radiation patterns and reflection coefficient are constant when the antenna is placed on the body equivalent liquid and the wrist.
Loop-type ground antenna using resonated loop feeding, intended for mobile devices
Human skin permittivity models for millimetre-wave range
Yagi-Uda antenna with small size for vehicles
Reconfigurable beam-steering antenna using double loops
Wrist-wearable zeroth-order resonant antenna for wireless body area network applications
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- Author(s): C. Huang and S. Chakrabartty
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 7, p. 433 –434
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0338
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State-of-the-art logarithmic amplifiers use a transimpedance technique based on the exponential dependence between input current and output voltage as exhibited by p-n junction diodes, bipolar transistors and MOS transistors in the subthreshold region. Presented is a CMOS current-input current-output logarithmic amplifier based on a translinear Ohm's law principle which involves a floating voltage source and a passive resistor embedded within a translinear loop. It is demonstrated that the input–output range of the proposed logarithmic amplifier can be controlled using a reference bias and the response of the amplifier can be temperature compensated using a PTAT and a resistive cancellation technique. - Author(s): M. Chae ; J.-W. Lee ; S.H. Hong
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 7, p. 434 –436
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.7283
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A new four-transistor dynamic CAM (DCAM) is introduced. The DCAM design addresses the inherent data retention problem by proposing a modified sensing scheme. The results indicate over an order of magnitude improvement in data retention time. In addition, the DCAM structure realises a decoupled match-line structure, which enables high density configurations not possible from previous 4T CAM approaches. - Author(s): S. Lee ; S. Hyun ; K. Koh ; H. Bahn
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 7, p. 436 –437
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.3600
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An efficient I/O processing scheme for flash memory storage systems is presented. The scheme minimises the I/O processing time of flash memory by removing unnecessary context switches and overlapping the I/O polling time with page frame allocation procedures. Measurement studies show that the proposed scheme improves the I/O performance of flash memory significantly.
Current-input current-output CMOS logarithmic amplifier based on translinear Ohm's law
Decoupled 4T dynamic CAM suitable for high density storage
Efficient I/O processing scheme for flash memory storage systems
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- Author(s): C.J. Taylor ; A. Chotai ; K.J. Burnham
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 7, p. 437 –439
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0029
- Type: Article
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Bilinear structures are able to represent nonlinear phenomena more accurately than linear models, and thereby help to extend the range of satisfactory control performance. However, closed loop characteristics are typically designed by simulation and stability is not guaranteed. In this reported work, it is shown how bilinear systems are a special case of the more general state dependent parameter (SDP) model, which can subsequently be utilised to design stabilising feedback controllers using a special form of nonlinear pole assignment. To establish the link, however, an important generalisation of the SDP pole assignment method is developed.
Controllable forms for stabilising pole assignment design of generalised bilinear systems
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- Author(s): K.K. Lai ; Y.L. Chan ; C.H. Fu ; W.C. Siu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 7, p. 439 –441
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.3102
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A hybrid motion estimation algorithm for secondary SP-frame coding is proposed. This hybrid algorithm effectively combines two existing techniques: one provides high coding efficiency and the other is computationally less intensive. The combination is based on inter-frame correlation, which is measured using the bit-count of its corresponding primary SP-frame. Experimental results show that this is an effective measure of selecting an appropriate domain for motion estimation in secondary SP-frame coding. - Author(s): D. Žunić and J. Žunić
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 7, p. 441 –442
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0020
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A new method for measuring shape rectangularity is introduced. The new shape measure is invariant with respect to similarity transformations, ranges over the interval (0,1] and picks the value 1 if and only if the measured shape is a rectangle. The measure is theoretically well founded and has a clear geometric meaning, i.e. it indicates how the shape considered differs from a rectangle. So, the measure behaviour can be predicted to some extent, which is always an advantage. - Author(s): D. Szolgay and T. Szirányi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 7, p. 442 –444
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.3692
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The stopping condition is a common problem for non-regularised deconvolution methods. Introduced is an automatic procedure for estimating the ideal stopping point based on a new measure of independence, checking an orthogonality criterion of the estimated signal and its gradient at a given iteration. An effective lower bound estimate than the conventional ad hoc methods is provided, proving its superiority to the others at a wide range of different noise models.
Hybrid motion estimation algorithm for secondary SP-frame coding based on inter-frame correlation
Measuring shape rectangularity
Optimal stopping condition for iterative image deconvolution by new orthogonality criterion
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- Author(s): D. Lin ; M. Xiao ; Y. Xiao ; S. Li
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 7, p. 444 –445
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.7528
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A new packet-combining (PC) scheme based on packet-level coding is proposed. Through feedback, the receiver controls the transmitting node to encode (XOR) source packets. Efficient methods to combat even-errors among erroneous packets are investigated. Also proposed is a reduced-complexity decoder. Numerical results show that the proposed scheme can significantly outperform the ARQ scheme or PC without coding.
Efficient packet combining based on packet-level coding
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- Author(s): L.Y. Cai ; G. Zeng ; H.C. Yang ; Y.Z. Cai
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 7, p. 445 –447
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0275
- Type: Article
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A novel filter prototype composed of a slotline resonator and back-to-back microstrip-slotline transition is an eligible candidate for radio-frequency identification (RFID) reader applications. Two microstrip feedlines are placed on the opposite plane, perpendicular to the slotline resonator, which is further twisted to an M shape to reduce the overall filter size, thus assigning two transmission zeros towards the out-of-band signal, thereby suppressing the spurious passband. The filter has been fabricated in microstrip line and simulated by CST Microwave Studio software. The dimensions of the module can be controlled within 16×15 mm, and the results exhibit a passband from 5.3 to 5.9 GHz with mid-band insertion loss of 0.5 dB and group delay variation <0.5 ns. - Author(s): L.S. Liu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 7, p. 447 –448
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.3687
- Type: Article
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An empirical large-signal model for a high-power AlGaN/GaN metal–insulator–semiconductor HEMT (GaN MISHEMT) utilising improved drain current (I–V) and gate charge (Q–V) formulation is presented. The proposed modelling equations accurately model the asymmetric bell-shaped transconductance (Gm) and gate capacitance (C11) characteristics over a wide bias range of operation. The simulation results of RF large-signal harmonic power levels and two-tone intermodulation distortion products show excellent agreement with the measured data. - Author(s): H.-C. Lu ; C.-S. Yeh ; S.-A. Wei
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 7, p. 448 –450
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.3636
- Type: Article
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A dual-mode rectangular ring bandpass filter at 60 GHz using 90 nm CMOS process is presented. Transmission lines in the ring are converted into meander lines to reduce the size of the ring. Capacitors are also added at four corners of the rectangle ring to miniaturise further the core size of the filter to 355 × 335 µm. The measured insertion loss is 4.2 dB at the centre frequency 59 GHz with 14.5 GHz of 3 dB bandwidth. Return loss is better than 12 dB at the passband. Measurement results agreed well with EM simulation. - Author(s): N.-B. Zhang and Z.-L. Deng
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 7, p. 450 –451
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.3623
- Type: Article
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A new method to design a band-stop filter is presented. The impedances of coplanar-waveguide (CPW) structures are used to design the filter, and the conformal transformation is utilised to calculate the capacitance of structures in the coplanar-waveguide. The design and experimental characterisation of the ultra-wideband of a fully differential filter is also presented. The performance of the filter shows 10 GHz bandwidth from 14 to 24 GHz. Experimental results show acceptable agreement between the measured result and the simulation result. - Author(s): L. Arapan ; I.D. Avramov ; V. Yantchev
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 7, p. 452 –453
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0381
- Type: Article
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Two-port film plate acoustic resonators (FPAR) devices operating on the lowest order symmetric Lamb wave mode (S0) in C-oriented AlN membranes on Si were fabricated and tested for their power handling capabilities in a feedback-loop power oscillator circuit. The FPAR was operated at an incident power level of 24 dBm for several weeks without performance degradation. Its flicker noise constant was calculated from close-in phase noise data as αR=2.1×10−36/Hz. The results indicate that IC-compatible S0 FPARs are well suited for integrated microwave oscillators with thermal noise floor (TNF) levels below −175 dBc/Hz. - Author(s): E. Peytavit ; C. Donche ; S. Lepilliet ; G. Ducournau ; J.-F. Lampin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 7, p. 453 –454
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0369
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Thin-film microstrip lines and a grounded coplanar waveguide using a cyclic-olefin copolymer as low-loss thin film have been fabricated and characterised up to 220 GHz. Attenuation as low as 0.6 dB/mm around 220 GHz has been measured on a grounded coplanar waveguide with a 22 µm-thick cyclic-olefin copolymer thin film.
Compact bandpass filter for RFID reader applications
Enhanced prediction of GaN MISHEMT RF power performance using improved large-signal model
Miniaturised 60 GHz rectangular ring bandpass filter in 90 nm CMOS technology
Method to design microwave band-stop filter based on CPW
Thin film plate acoustic resonators for integrated microwave power oscillator applications
Thin-film transmission lines using cyclic olefin copolymer for millimetre-wave and terahertz integrated circuits
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- Author(s): A. Härkönen ; C. Grebing ; J. Paajaste ; R. Koskinen ; J.-P. Alanko ; S. Suomalainen ; G. Steinmeyer ; M. Guina
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 7, p. 454 –456
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0253
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A gallium-antimonide-based semiconductor disk laser was passively modelocked to produce near transform-limited 384 fs pulses at a wavelength of 1960 nm. A fast semiconductor saturable absorber mirror was used as a modelocking element in the laser. Both the gain structure and the saturable absorber incorporated multiple InGaSb/GaSb quantum wells, providing necessary gain and absorption. - Author(s): N.D. Jankovic and V. Brajovic
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 7, p. 456 –457
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0335
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A simple active-matrix organic light-emitting diode (AMOLED) pixel with conventional voltage driving and ability to compensate for the Vth shift of thin-film transistors (TFTs) is proposed. The stable pixel operation is achieved by the employment of a dual-gate TFT for OLED driving. Simulation results also show that a new pixel exhibits almost linear programming I–V characteristics, whereas a conventional pixel design features a highly nonlinear behaviour.
Modelocked GaSb disk laser producing 384 fs pulses at 2 µm wavelength
Vth compensated AMOLED pixel employing dual-gate TFT driver
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- Author(s): K.I. Hwu and W.C. Tu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 7, p. 457 –459
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0025
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A LED dimming circuit, together with the KY converter, is presented, which is controlled based on a field-programmable gate array. Via the proposed feedback control strategy, the voltage across the linear current regulator is reduced so as to upgrade the efficiency of the overall system, with the proposed maximum error selection based on a suitable voltage turning on the diode. Aside from this, each LED string takes direct dimming, and is powered by the KY converter, which has an output inductor and hence upgrades the life of the output capacitor. Experimental results show that the efficiency based on the proposed control method is higher than that based on the traditional control one, particularly at light load. - Author(s): N. Dheilly ; G. Pâques ; S. Scharnholz ; P. Bevilacqua ; C. Raynaud ; D.-M. Nguyen ; R.W. De Doncker ; D. Planson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 7, p. 459 –460
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.7041
- Type: Article
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This reported work describes the demonstration of direct light triggering of 4H-SiC thyristors by UV LEDs. Two different structures with etched and non-etched gate were successfully tested. The current rise time was less than 100 ns and the delay time in the range 2–16 µs depending on experimental conditions. The delay time dependency on the LED current is compared with simulation results. This work shows that the UV LED technology is becoming sufficiently mature to switch on SiC thyristors. Thus, an alternative, less expensive and more compact gate light source than the UV laser is now possible. This is of particular interest for very high voltage and pulse power electronic applications.
LED dimming with efficiency considered
Optical triggering of SiC thyristors using UV LEDs
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- Author(s): L.J. Kong ; B. Zhao ; G.L. Cui
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 7, p. 460 –462
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.3412
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The problem of sidelobe suppression for stepped frequency continuous-wave (SFCW) radar is addressed. A sidelobe suppression algorithm is proposed via the reiterative minimum mean-square error strategy, where a minimum mean-square error filter is designed for each range cell. The performance of the proposed algorithm is assessed by simulations and real data. Results show that the proposed algorithm can successfully suppress range sidelobes to the level of noise for SFCW radar. - Author(s): Y.D. Guo ; Y.S. Zhang ; N.N. Tong
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 7, p. 462 –463
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.7254
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It is shown that the steering vectors of coherently distributed targets for bistatic MIMO radar possess a property called Hadamard product rotational invariance, and a novel central angle estimation algorithm is derived by using this property. The proposed algorithm need not search and can pair the estimated angles easily. Furthermore, it can deal with different coherently distributed targets with different angular distribution functions or unknown angular distribution functions. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by simulation results. - Author(s): B. Xia ; J. Xu ; Y.-N. Peng ; X.-G. Xia ; J. Tang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 7, p. 464 –465
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.3615
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After range cell migration correction in the range-Doppler domain, it is found that the two-dimensional envelope of a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) moving target exhibits a skew with the slope proportional to its Doppler ambiguity integer. Therefore, a novel approach is proposed for Doppler ambiguity resolving of SAR moving targets based on linear residual migration correction. The results of both Monte-Carlo trials and real data are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Sidelobe suppression method for stepped frequency continuous-wave radar
Central angle estimation of coherently distributed targets for bistatic MIMO radar
Doppler ambiguity resolving for SAR moving targets via linear migration correction
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- Author(s): Y. Jeong
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 7, p. 465 –467
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0036
- Type: Article
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The two major discrepancies between the training and deployment conditions in automatic speech recognition are speaker and noise environment. Presented is a speaker adaptation method which is robust to noise environments in the framework of the basis-based technique. A training tensor composed of speaker-dependent models is decomposed by parallel factor analysis, which can produce the bases that are more robust and compact than those obtained by principal component analysis. Experimental results show that the proposed method performed as good as the eigenvoice in a clean environment and outperformed the eigenvoice in noise environments.
Robust speaker adaptation based on parallel factor analysis of training models
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- Author(s): M. Ärlelid ; M. Egard ; L. Ohlsson ; E. Lind ; L.-E. Wernersson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 7, p. 467 –468
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0098
- Type: Article
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A 4 Gbit/s radio link using impulse-based on-off keying at 60 GHz is demonstrated. The input baseband signals are transferred to radio frequency wavelets through direct conversion, by switching a GaAs gated tunnel diode oscillator on and off. The wavelet generator drives an antenna directly without any buffer or power amplifier. The peak output power is −11 dBm at a power consumption of 30 mW. The signals are detected with an energy detector and the link has a bit error rate<10−12 for distances shorter than 35 cm. - Author(s): D. Torrieri
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 7, p. 468 –469
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.3597
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Simple formulas for the SIMO and MISO ergodic capacities of independent Rayleigh fading channels with uniform power distribution are derived. These formulas are closed-form solutions of integrals if the special functions are included among the well-known functions. - Author(s): M. Cardenas-Juarez and M. Ghogho
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 7, p. 469 –471
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0307
- Type: Article
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For a cognitive radio, there is a trade-off between time used for spectrum sensing and the achievable throughput. For given constraints on the probability of detection, finding the optimum sensing time that maximises secondary users' throughput is of great importance. This issue has been addressed previously but the effect of the unknown fading channel was not taken into account. When the fading channel is random and unknown, the constraints on the probability of detection cannot be met for all instantaneous signal-to-noise ratios. Here, a more realistic approach is adopted, which allows the constraint on the probability of detection to be in outage with a specified percentage. The spectrum sensing time/secondary user's achievable throughput trade-off is then formulated and optimised accordingly.
Impulse-based 4 Gbit/s radio link at 60 GHz
Simple formulas for SIMO and MISO ergodic capacities
Spectrum sensing and data transmission trade-off in cognitive radio under outage constraints
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