Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 47, Issue 18, 1 September 2011
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Volume 47, Issue 18
1 September 2011
In Brief
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 18, page: 1006 –1006
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.2625
- Type: Article
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- Author(s): Clint Schow and Alexander Rylyakov
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 18, page: 1006 –1006
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.2628
- Type: Article
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Dr Clint Schow (right) and Dr Alexander Rylyakov (left) from IBM T. J. Watson Research Center in the US talk about their Letter ‘30-Gbit/s, 850-nm, VCSEL-based optical link’ on page 1035. - Author(s): H. Dyball
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 18, page: 1007 –1007
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.2623
- Type: Article
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Highly efficient power-gating systems beyond conventional CMOS technology could be realised using a new non-volatile flip-flop design based on a ‘pseudo-spin-MOSFET’ (PSMOSFET), researchers in Japan have shown. The non-volatile flip-flop architecture is faster and uses less power than other backup architectures using ordinary flip-flops, and is compatible with existing CMOS fabrication and circuit technologies. - Author(s): H. Dyball
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 18, page: 1008 –1008
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.2622
- Type: Article
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A vertical external cavity surface emitting laser (VECSEL) that has a continuous tuning over 3.22 to 3.3 µm at temperatures up to 5°C has been demonstrated. This PbSe quantum well VECSEL, developed for hydrocarbon absorption spectroscopy, is one of a range of lead-salt-based VECSELs from a team at ETH Zurich, Switzerland, for mid-IR applications in the 2.5–10 µm wavelength range.
Interview
A new spin on the MOSFET
A VECSEL worth its salt
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- Author(s): Z. Yu ; M.A.P. Pertijs ; G.C.M. Meijer
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 18, p. 1011 –1012
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1786
- Type: Article
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The proposed ultrasound beamformer is based on the delay-and-sum beamforming principle. The circuit consists of several programmable delay lines. Each delay line is constructed by pipeline-operated sample-and-hold (S/H) stages with digitally-assisted delay control, which ensure delay-independent gain and good timing accuracy. The summation is realised in the charge domain using the charge-averaging method, which consumes virtually no extra die area or power. A prototype beamformer has been fabricated in a 0.35 µm CMOS process to interface nine transducer elements. Measurement results show that this circuit consumes much less power and chip area than the prior art, while maintaining good accuracy and flexibility. - Author(s): Y. Liu ; C.H. Wang ; Y. Li
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 18, p. 1012 –1014
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.2078
- Type: Article
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Novel benzocyclobutene (BCB) film based surface acoustic wave (SAW) humidity sensors were successfully designed and fabricated. A sensitivity of 0.26 dB/RH% was successfully demonstrated between 8.6 and 90.6% relative humidity (RH), with a linear relationship between RH level and resonance amplitude. The temperature stability of resonance frequency and amplitude has also been studied.
Ultrasound beamformer using pipeline-operated S/H delay stages and charge-mode summation
BCB film based SAW humidity sensor
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- Author(s): L.C. Fernandes and A.J.M. Soares
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 18, p. 1014 –1015
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1917
- Type: Article
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Proposed is a correction in the model adopted by Recommendation P.368-9 to consider the effect of the urban environment on the propagation of medium waves. The proposed method uses information of the area occupied by buildings to represent the city, and was developed based on measurements made in São Paulo, Brazil. It was tested through comparisons with measurements made in São Paulo and Brasília, Brazil.
Effect of urban environment on propagation of medium waves
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- Author(s): D. Brox ; A.R. Mohammadi ; K. Takahata
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 18, p. 1015 –1017
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.2230
- Type: Article
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A novel micromachined capacitive pressure sensor fabricated on a metal substrate without using a photolithographic process is reported. The device is constructed by thermal bonding of a Parylene membrane onto a 1.5×1.5×0.2 mm3 stainless-steel chip with a shallow cavity created using micro-electro-discharge machining. The fabrication approach enables rapid, low-cost manufacturing of the device with biocompatibility. The sensor is designed to provide a gauge pressure range of 200 mmHg or greater to be potentially suitable for invivo blood-pressure sensing applications. A highly linear response of 2 fF/mmHg is demonstrated with the fabricated devices. The temperature coefficient of the sensor is observed to be 250 ppm/°C. - Author(s): G. Higgins ; B. McGinley ; N. Walsh ; M. Glavin ; E. Jones
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 18, p. 1017 –1018
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1037
- Type: Article
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A method of compressing electroencephalographic signals using the set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT) algorithm is described. The signals were compressed at a variety of different compression ratios (CRs), with the loss of signal integrity at each CR determined using the percentage root-mean squared difference between the reconstructed signal and the original. An analysis of the computational complexity of the SPIHT algorithm is also presented, using the Blackfin processor as an example implementation target.
Non-lithographically microfabricated capacitive pressure sensor for biomedical applications
Lossy compression of EEG signals using SPIHT
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- Author(s): C. Azcona ; B. Calvo ; S. Celma ; N. Medrano
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 18, p. 1018 –1019
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.2053
- Type: Article
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Presented is a new high-performance CMOS V-I converter based on an OTA/common source amplifier configuration. To achieve rail-to-rail operation, the voltage across the linear V-I conversion resistor is reduced by means of local feedback, thereby keeping the output mirroring transistor in saturation over the entire input voltage range. Experimental results for a 1.2 V–0.18 µm CMOS design confirm rail-to-rail operation with transconductance gain errors below 2.2 % over a −40 to +120°C range, THD below −52 dB for a 100 kHz–1 Vpp input signal and bandwidth above 14 MHz with 70 µW power consumption and 100×112 µm2 active area. - Author(s): S.-W. Chen ; J.-W. Wu ; J.-D. Wu ; J.-S. Li
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 18, p. 1019 –1021
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1401
- Type: Article
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A tunable active bandpass filter that uses control voltage to select passband frequency response is presented. The proposed topology basically consists of a cascoded current-injection active inductor so as to tune passband frequency response from 2.35 to 3.66 GHz and extend the available bandwidth.
Highly-linear rail-to-rail 1.2 V–0.18 µm CMOS V-I converter
Tunable active bandpass filter design
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- Author(s): J.-H. Lee ; S.-C. Huang ; Y.-H. Wu ; K.-H. Chen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 18, p. 1021 –1022
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1904
- Type: Article
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A mutual-protection scheme is proposed to achieve an ultra-low capacitance electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection device. The ESD protection device can not only dissipate ESD current, but also can make the vulnerable output transistor have the ESD protection capability. Namely, the output transistor can also protect ICs and help the ESD protection device to share the ESD current. Using this scheme can discharge more ESD current than the summation current of the two individual devices. From the ESD test result, it can achieve the required ESD level by using the ultra-low capacitance ESD protection device (∼1.2 fF).
1 fF ESD protection device for gigahertz high-frequency output ESD protection
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- Author(s): A. Colmenarejo ; M. Escudero-Viñolo ; J. Bescós
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 18, p. 1023 –1024
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.2095
- Type: Article
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A background subtraction video segmentation algorithm that works by modelling the different appearances of a pixel in a set of independent layers is proposed. The main contribution of this work with respect to the existing approaches is the use of an a priori classification scheme that classifies the pixel before updating the background model. This scheme isolates the pixel instances that belong to the foreground, hence avoiding their influence in the model updating and discrimination processes of the subsequent frames. The presented results demonstrate the successful performance of the algorithm in the presence of highly dynamic backgrounds, foreground–background similarity, hot starts and abrupt illumination changes. - Author(s): J. Xu and J. Yang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 18, p. 1024 –1026
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.2420
- Type: Article
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Based on a fundamental concept that most similar properties of samples from a single-object class should be congregated on their class mean, an efficient and simple approach for pattern identification, called the mean representation based classifier (MRC), is presented. MRC is a linear model representing a testing sample as a linear combination of all class means and the class associating the biggest item of the linear combination coefficient is favoured. MRC is easy to employ with a least squares estimator. In addition, MRC need not tune any parameter and avoids mistaking the local optimum value as the global optimal one. MRC is evaluated on three standard databases. The experimental results show MRC is superior to other state-of-the-art nonparametric classifiers.
Class-driven Bayesian background modelling for video object segmentation
Mean representation based classifier with its applications
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- Author(s): X.J. Shen ; Z.Q. Jiang ; X.Y. Zhang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 18, p. 1026 –1027
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1167
- Type: Article
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Proposed is a search algorithm based on information diffusion for effectively searching resource in a dynamic unstructured peer-to-peer network. The learning phase for the resource changes could be accelerated in the network while still maintaining high accuracy. An improved performance compared with the adaptive probabilistic search algorithm is demonstrated in terms of search efficiency, success rates, as well as consuming of bandwidth.
Search algorithm based on information diffusion for unstructured peer-to-peer networks
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- Author(s): S. Yamamoto ; Y. Shuto ; S. Sugahara
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 18, p. 1027 –1029
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1807
- Type: Article
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The power-gating (PG) ability of the authors' previously proposed nonvolatile delay flip-flop (NV-DFF) using pseudo-spin-transistors with spin transfer torque magnetic tunnel junctions (STT-MTJs) is computationally analysed. Break-even time (BET) for nonvolatile logic circuits, which is an important index of energy performance for PG systems, is also formulated for the first time. The BET of the proposed NV-DFF can be effectively reduced by the design of the pseudo-spin-transistor parts of the cell. The NV-DFF is applicable to coarse- and fine-grained PG architectures owing to its potential BET of sub-microseconds in practical CMOS logic applications.
Nonvolatile delay flip-flop using spin-transistor architecture with spin transfer torque MTJs for power-gating systems
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- Author(s): I.-T. Lee ; C.-H. Wang ; S.-I. Liu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 18, p. 1029 –1030
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1658
- Type: Article
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A current-reused divide-by-3 injection-locked frequency divider (ILFD) is realised in a 65 nm CMOS process. This divide-by-3 ILFD achieves the input locking range from 117.45 to 118.38 GHz and its power consumption is 12 mW for a supply of 1.3 V excluding buffers and the biasing circuit. This divide-by-3 ILFD achieves the higher operational frequency and lower power dissipation. - Author(s): H.-X. Xu ; G.-M. Wang ; C.-X. Zhang ; X. Wang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 18, p. 1030 –1032
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.3707
- Type: Article
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A composite right/left-handed transmission line (CRLH TL) and its equivalent circuit model is proposed based on the cascaded complementary single split ring resonator (CCSSRR). The circuit analysis based on Bloch theory is performed to characterise the balanced condition, whereas the constitutive electromagnetic parameters are extracted to demonstrate the negative refractive index (NRI) and propagation constant. The CRLH TL features an enhanced selectivity because an additional transmission zero is introduced in the upper edge of the passband and a relative wide band owing to its intrinsic balance, showing superiority of more flexibility and convenience in the design of novel artificial TLs. - Author(s): H. Wang ; X. Li ; N. Zhang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 18, p. 1032 –1033
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.2069
- Type: Article
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The asymmetric half-wavelength resonator filter with shunt open stubs is analysed. Compared with the filter without shunt open stubs, two applications of shunt open stubs are obtained. First, it can be used for miniaturisation of the filter; secondly, the second passband can be obtained by it. To verify the analysis above, filters with and without shunt open stubs have been fabricated. The centre frequency of the passband was shifted to 1.90 GHz from 2.45 GHz and the second passband was realised. Simulated and measured results agree well. - Author(s): H.T. Zhu ; W.J. Feng ; W.Q. Che ; Q. Xue
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 18, p. 1033 –1035
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.2088
- Type: Article
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A new microstrip ultra-wideband (UWB) differential bandpass filter using two broadband planar Marchand baluns is proposed. Based on the transversal signal-interference concept, a passband with adjustable fractional bandwidth from 80 to 124% can be achieved for the differential mode, while the common mode can easily be suppressed in the whole frequency band. Good agreement is observed between simulation and measurement.
Current-reused divide-by-3 injection-locked frequency divider in 65 nm CMOS
Characterisation of composite right/left-handed transmission line
Applications of shunt open stubs in filter design
Ultra-wideband differential bandpass filter based on transversal signal-interference concept
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- Author(s): C.L. Schow and A.V. Rylyakov
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 18, p. 1035 –1036
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.2239
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A complete 30 Gbit/s VCSEL link is reported. The driver and receiver amplifiers were fabricated in a 0.13 µm SiGe BiCMOS process and the 850 nm VCSELs and photodetectors are commercial 10 Gbit/s-class components. Transmitter pre-emphasis applied through the feed-forward equaliser circuit enables the full link to operate at 30 Gbit/s at a bit error ratio less than 10−12 with a 9 dB link budget.
30 Gbit/s, 850 nm, VCSEL-based optical link
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- Author(s): H.K. Teng and K.C. Lang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 18, p. 1036 –1037
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1974
- Type: Article
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A truly optical balanced detection (OBD) with a single photoreceiver instead of two for suppressing excess noise is experimentally demonstrated. The proposed OBD not only rejects common noise, but also it enables the interferometer to operate as a double sideband suppressed carrier and at dark fringe so that quantum noise limited phase detection is possible. - Author(s): M. Rahim ; A. Khiar ; M. Fill ; F. Felder ; H. Zogg
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 18, p. 1037 –1039
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.2201
- Type: Article
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A singlemode tunable vertical external cavity surface emitting laser (VECSEL) has been realised. The VECSEL can be tuned continuously over more than 80 nm from ∼3.22 to 3.3 µm wavelength. Tuning is performed by changing the cavity length with a piezoelectric driver. Covering this wavelength range allows various potential applications, especially for gas spectroscopy of organic compounds. The VECSEL is optically pumped, and emits a maximum output power of 20 mWp when cooled with a Peltier element to −20°C. The active medium consist of PbSe quantum wells embedded in Pb1−xSrxSe (x=0.08) barrier layers and is grown on a Si-substrate. - Author(s): A. Klehr ; H. Wenzel ; S. Schwertfeger ; O. Brox ; A. Liero ; Th. Hoffmann ; G. Erbert
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 18, p. 1039 –1040
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.2139
- Type: Article
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The generation of optical pulses with very high-peak power by gain-switching of a distributed-feedback (DFB) ridge-waveguide (RW) laser emitting at a wavelength of 1064 nm is demonstrated. With 4 ns-long pulses a peak power of 2.6 W is achieved at a repetition frequency of 250 kHz. The rise and fall times of the pulses are about 1.2 ns. The spectral full width at half maximum ranges between 30 and 40 pm for all powers, whereas the width enclosing 95% of the intensity increases from 90 to 450 pm from low to high power. The laser has a cavity length of 1 mm. - Author(s): T. Yoshino
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 18, p. 1040 –1042
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1423
- Type: Article
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The reflecting spectral properties of a long low-loss singlemode fibre subject to randomly distributed Rayleigh backscattering feedback are theoretically analysed from the optical beat produced when two-frequency light is input into the fibre. The theoretical results can well explain the recent experimental observations on all-fibre cavity lasers that are featured by the broad continuum of multiple spiky narrowband spectral lines.
Carrier-suppressed single photoreceiver optical balanced detector
Continuously tunable singlemode VECSEL at 3.3 µm wavelength for spectroscopy
High peak-power nanosecond pulses generated with DFB RW laser
Simple theoretical approach for spectral properties of Rayleigh backscattering feedback fibre lasers
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- Author(s): X. Liu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 18, p. 1042 –1043
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1168
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The economic load dispatch (ELD) problem with valve-point effects is characterised by multimodality and was commonly solved by the genetic algorithm. It is shown that the multimodal ELD problems could be also dealt with by the filled function method.
Application of filled function method to multimodal economic load dispatch problems
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- Author(s): M. Bao ; M.D. Xing ; Y. Wang ; Y.C. Li
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 18, p. 1043 –1045
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1322
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To improve further the accuracy in the approximation of the range history for a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) onboard a medium-earth-orbit (MEO) satellite a fourth power term has been added to the advanced hyperbolic range equation (AHRE), and the new one is called a modified AHRE (MAHRE). Then, a two-dimensional spectrum using the MAHRE was derived, and the accuracy of the spectrum analysed. Promising results were obtained.
Two-dimensional spectrum for MEO SAR processing using a modified advanced hyperbolic range equation
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- Author(s): P. Song ; Y.Q. Bao ; L. Zhao ; C.R. Zou
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 18, p. 1045 –1046
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1851
- Type: Article
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A new voice conversion method based on support vector regression (SVR) is proposed, and the mapping abilities of a multi-dimensional SVR are exploited to perform the mapping of spectral features of a source speaker to that of a target speaker. A novel mixed kernel is presented to improve the mapping performance, the correlations between frames of the source speaker are considered to overcome the discontinuities of converted speech, and an adaptive median filter is adopted in the conversion phase to smooth the converted spectral parameter trajectory. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art Gaussian mixture model based method, it can achieve high similarity between converted and target speakers, and has good quality and naturalness.
Voice conversion using support vector regression
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- Author(s): C. Chen and A. Abdi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 18, p. 1046 –1048
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1992
- Type: Article
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A recursive and computationally efficient new formula for bit error rate (BER) in multipath channels with several specular components is derived. Using Jensen's inequality, it is shown that one specular component, Rice fading, provides the lowest possible BER. Using Lagrange multipliers to solve a constrained optimisation problem, it is further shown that, for two specular components, BER is maximum when the two components have equal strengths. BERs for three and four specular paths are studied and compared numerically. The results show the impact of the number of specular paths on BER, as well as the smallest and largest BERs. - Author(s): L.-Y. Shi ; J. Peng ; Y. Wang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 18, p. 1048 –1049
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1989
- Type: Article
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The dominating tree (DT) problem has engineering value in wireless network design and network routing. A novel algorithm for the DT problem is presented. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method. - Author(s): M. Sybis
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 18, p. 1049 –1050
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.2141
- Type: Article
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A low-complexity decoding algorithm for turbo trellis-coded modulation (TTCM) is proposed. The algorithm is a simple modification of the log-MAP decoding algorithm in which a correcting term is applied only once in calculation of the Jacobian logarithm for more than two arguments. BER performance has been evaluated by simulation for an additive white Gaussian noise channel and uncorrelated Rayleigh fading channel showing log-MAP-equivalent decoding performance. Additionally, complexity comparison is reported, showing significantly lower computational complexity in comparison to log-MAP. - Author(s): H. Guo ; J. Ge ; M. Gao
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 18, p. 1050 –1052
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1408
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Transmit antenna selection schemes for a two-hop decode-and-forward relay system with a source-destination direct link are considered, and the optimal selection scheme and a suboptimal one are proposed. The exact closed-form expressions for the outage probabilities of the two selection schemes are derived. Moreover, the asymptotic expressions at high signal-to-noise ratio for the outage probabilities are presented, and show that both the optimal and the suboptimal transmit antenna selection scheme can achieve the full diversity order.
Bit error rate in multipath wireless channels with several specular paths
Dominating tree construction in wireless networks using all-pair shortest paths in graph
Log-MAP equivalent Chebyshev inequality based algorithm for turbo TCM decoding
Transmit antenna selection for two-hop decode-and-forward relaying
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