Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 47, Issue 16, 4 August 2011
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Volume 47, Issue 16
4 August 2011
In Brief
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 16, page: 888 –888
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.2308
- Type: Article
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- Author(s): Rolf Jakoby
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 16, page: 888 –888
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.2291
- Type: Article
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Professor Rolf Jakoby from the Technical University of Darmstadt talks about the work behind his group's latest paper ‘Compact tuneable dual channel antenna based on ferroelectric ceramics’ on page 897. - Author(s): Jens Hofrichter
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 16, page: 889 –889
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.2290
- Type: Article
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For the first time, a microdisc laser capable of both up and down wavelength conversion has been demonstrated by IBM. Jens Hofrichter from IBM Research – Zurich tells us how this has advanced the silicon photonics field. - Author(s): H. Dyball
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 16, page: 890 –890
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.2314
- Type: Article
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Vacuum logic OR gates based on nanodiamond emission devices have been demonstrated by researchers at Vanderbilt University in the US. By fabricating two identical nanodiamond lateral field emission diodes on a silicon-on-insulator wafer, and using diode-resistor logic, they have been able to realise logic devices that have the potential to be used in extreme environment applications.
Interview
Inside View
A diamond in the making
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- Author(s): M.J. Wu ; H. Jin ; S.R. Dong ; P.C. Jin ; J.K. Luo ; W.I. Milne
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 16, p. 893 –894
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1310
- Type: Article
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Film bulk acoustic resonators (FBARs) are typically characterised by a network analyser on a probe station to extract the device parameters, which are then used for circuit design. These measured parameters are different from the intrinsic ones owing to the existence of parasitic effects from the pads and testing environment which may lead to failure of the designed circuits. A method is proposed to extract the intrinsic Q-factor and resonant frequencies of the FBARs from the measured S-parameters. Results show that the intrinsic series resonant frequency could be a few megahertz different from the measured one, and the intrinsic Q-factors could be up to 100% larger than the measured ones.
Extracting intrinsic parameters of film bulk acoustic resonators with different sizes of pads
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- Author(s): L. Li ; Z.I. Zhou ; J.S. Hong ; B.-Z. Wang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 16, p. 894 –896
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1529
- Type: Article
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An improved compact ultra-wideband (UWB) printed monopole antenna is proposed. The total size is reduced by about 25% by adapting a special-shaped radiation patch, loading straight and cross gaps in the patch. Moreover, by changing the way of slotting on the ground, the impedance matching characteristics of the antenna are much better. The −10 dB impedance bandwidth of the proposed antenna is 3.07–40 GHz, which is about 188% broader. Both good radiation and practical characteristics are observed. Thus, this antenna would be a good choice for UWB wireless communications in the future. - Author(s): J. Ilvonen ; R. Valkonen ; O. Kivekäs ; P. Li ; P. Vainikainen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 16, p. 896 –897
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1320
- Type: Article
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A new method to decrease the effect of the hand and head on the operation of mobile terminal antennas at the 900 MHz frequency band is introduced. The proposed structure consists of two antenna elements. Depending on the use position, the better-performing antenna element is selected and the other is acting as a shield. It is shown by simulations that the proposed structure can improve the total efficiency with the hand by up to 4.8 dB and decrease the maximum specific absorption rate in the head by 30–44% compared to the traditional single element structure. - Author(s): Y. Zheng ; M. Sazegar ; H. Maune ; M. Arshad ; R. Jakoby
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 16, p. 897 –898
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1625
- Type: Article
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A low-profile tunable antenna integrated in ferroelectric ceramic substrate is presented. The antenna embodies two adjacent channels into a pair of closely located slots. For frequency division duplex applications, the centre frequency and the channel separation are conveniently controlled by the embedded ferroelectric varactors, which load across the slots. The slots are excited capacitively and matched by open-ended microstrip stubs. Resistive bias networks for the varactor are integrated on the substrate. The prototype is dimensioned as 25 × 6.75 × 0.65 mm, and is mounted at the edge of a small chassis of 30 × 55 mm. The centre frequency covers from 1.47 to 1.76 GHz. The channel separation can vary from 38 to 181 MHz, which is independent of the centre frequency tuning. - Author(s): J.-B. Wang ; B. Chen ; B.-H. Zhou
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 16, p. 898 –900
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1221
- Type: Article
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For analysing the oblique incident plane wave on periodic structures, an unconditionally stable finite-difference time-domain technique is presented to improve the split-field method. By splitting only one field component, the transformed Maxwell's equations can be subdivided into two sub-steps using the alternating-direction-implicit scheme. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method is verified by comparing with the original split-field method. - Author(s): V. Plicanic ; I. Vasilev ; R. Tian ; B.K. Lau
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 16, p. 900 –901
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1358
- Type: Article
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Reported is the capacity performance of a handheld dual-band dual-antenna compact MIMO terminal, which utilises uncoupled adaptive impedance matching for capacity maximisation. The capacity is evaluated at 0.825 and 2.35 GHz in an indoor office environment. The results show that adaptive matching enhances capacity by up to 44 and 22% at the low and high frequency bands, respectively, relative to no matching. At the low band, the capacity gain is attributed to both increased received power and decreased channel eigenvalue dispersion, whereas at the high band, the capacity gain is only due to increased power. - Author(s): G.-D. Ge ; R. Zang ; D. Wang ; S. Ding ; B.-Z. Wang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 16, p. 901 –903
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1144
- Type: Article
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A compact planar sub-wavelength array is proposed, which has planar antenna elements etched with defect oval rings on the surface. The array demonstrates a property of 1/20 wavelength super-resolution combined with time-reversed electromagnetic waves. This design is simple in structure, easy to integrate and convenient for the printing design of circuit boards.
Compact ultra-wideband printed monopole antenna
Antenna shielding method reducing interaction between user and mobile terminal antenna
Compact tunable dual-channel antenna based on ferroelectric ceramics
Improved split-field method for solving oblique incident wave on periodic structures
Capacity maximisation of handheld MIMO terminal with adaptive matching in indoor environment
Sub-wavelength array of planar antennas with defect oval rings based on far-field time reversal
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- Author(s): M. Kalofonou and C. Toumazou
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 16, p. 903 –904
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1946
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An ion-sensitive field effect transistor (ISFET) based chemical Gilbert cell is presented, capable of differential measurement of pH signals during thermocycling reactions. The proposed circuit is capable of measuring the difference between two reaction chambers allowing stable drift reduction. Implemented in a typical 0.35 µm CMOS process, the resulting topology has a tunable gain of up to 40 dB, is temperature stable, with a variation of just 0.7% within the range of 0 to 100°C and achieves a low power consumption of 198 nW.
ISFET based chemical Gilbert cell
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- Author(s): S. Kim ; H.-C. Kim ; D.-H. Kim ; S. Jeon ; M. Kim ; J.-S. Rieh
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 16, p. 904 –906
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1741
- Type: Article
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A V-band wideband variable gain low-noise amplifier (VGLNA) with a 3 dB bandwidth of 14 GHz (58–72 GHz) is developed in a 65 nm RFCMOS technology. The three-stage VGLNA, adopting the current steering method for the gain control, shows a measured peak power gain of 21.8 dB with a 1 dB gain flatness of 10 GHz (60–70 GHz). With tuning voltage adjusted from 0.8 to 2.8 V, the gain and noise figure are varied from 21.8 to 12.8 dB and from 4.2 to 5.7 dB, respectively, at 64 GHz. Input P−1dB was measured to be −22.1 dBm. DC power consumption is 36 mW with VDD=1.2 V and the chip size is 0.75×0.65 mm. - Author(s): Y. Hu and R. Bashirullah
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 16, p. 906 –907
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0673
- Type: Article
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A simple yet accurate delay model based on the method of logical effort is presented for the analysis of high-speed current-mode logic (CML) circuits. The model describes the logical effort of a CML gate in terms of its operating current density normalised to the characteristic current density that yields peak transistor cutoff frequency (fT). Since the latter remains largely invariant over technology nodes as a result of constant-field scaling, the proposed logical effort model quantifies the effect of gate sizing, biasing and loading to simplify delay analysis for CML gates. - Author(s): I. Ku ; Z. Xu ; Y.C. Kuan ; Y.H. Wang ; M.-C.F. Chang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 16, p. 907 –909
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1368
- Type: Article
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A 7-bit, 2.6 GS/s time-interleaved analogue-to-digital converter (ADC) for 60 GHz applications is designed and fabricated in 65 nm CMOS. The proposed subranging ADC architecture with time-shifting track-and-hold and two-phase amplification and encoding significantly enhances the speed of individual ADCs and reduces the number of interleaved channels to only four. At 2.6 GS/s sampling rate with a 1.355 GHz input signal, the ADC achieves an effective number of bits of 5.5 bits. Its core occupies 0.3 mm2 chip area and draws 45 mA current from a 1 V supply. - Author(s): M. Lee
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 16, p. 909 –910
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0502
- Type: Article
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A novel flip-flop that has constant switching current profile is proposed. The proposed flip-flop contributes no pattern dependent current consumption compared to a conventional sense amplifier-based flip-flop. It can be useful for supplying noise-sensitive analogue circuits or adopted in smart cards or cryptographic processors, which can secure sensitive data from differential power analysis. - Author(s): M. Ali-Bakhshian and G.W. Roberts
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 16, p. 910 –911
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1406
- Type: Article
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Presented are novel digital methods to perform storage, addition and subtraction of time-mode variables. The concept of a switched delay unit is introduced and by adopting this key element, the instantaneous phase difference between two rising edges can be latched and used to perform various arithmetic operations. The proposed technique can be used to implement analogue sampled-data signal processing using digital circuitry. Simulation results are provided. - Author(s): B.-G. Lee and S.-G. Lee
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 16, p. 911 –913
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1642
- Type: Article
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An input-tracking DAC for successive approximation register (SAR) ADCs that allows the ADC to process only the difference between two successive samples to generate an output is presented. Exploiting the fact that ADCs deployed in baseband applications are often oversampled for anti-aliasing purposes, the input sample-to-sample variation can be predicted and bounded, resulting in significant switching-power savings and ADC linearity improvement.
58–72 GHz CMOS wideband variable gain low-noise amplifier
Current-density centric logical effort delay model for high-speed current-mode logic circuits
Compact low-power 7-bit 2.6 GS/s 65 nm CMOS ADC for 60 GHz applications
Design of CMOS constant switching current flip-flop
Digital storage, addition and subtraction of time-mode variables
Input-tracking DAC for low-power high-linearity SAR ADC
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- Author(s): J. Lee
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 16, p. 913 –915
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1734
- Type: Article
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A new bit allocation technique between motion vectors and DCT coefficients for video encoding is presented. In video encoding, the difference between two neighbouring motion vectors is encoded by a lossless coding technique. To adjust the bit allocation for motion vectors, motion vector filtering is used. An algorithm based on the Lagrange multiplier is used to achieve the optimal bit allocation between the motion vector and DCT coefficients. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms conventional encoders such as an MPEG-4 Part 2 encoder, and it can also be easily extended to an H.264 encoder. - Author(s): L. Sun ; M.H. Wu ; X.X. Dai
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 16, p. 915 –916
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1047
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A novel TIR/VIS cross-modality model is presented. It has a live signature and is illumination invariant for the thermal infrared spectrum. It can be used to solve several difficult problems in face biometrics, e.g. face recognition under weak illumination while lacking a thermal infrared face template of enrollment, liveness assurance against photograph and video face spoofing, face disguise identification, etc. In the presented approach, correlative subspace for TIR/VIS cross-modality is learned by canonical correlation analysis and correlation coefficients between TIR and VIS face variables on different face patches are presented by leave-one-out cross-validation. The experiment results show that it is effective to model TIR/VIS cross-modality using canonical correlation analysis via patch correlation coefficient based weighting. - Author(s): S. Wang ; Z.W. Liu ; W.S. Dong ; L.C. Jiao ; Q.X. Tang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 16, p. 916 –918
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1409
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An improved total variation (TV) based image deblurring method combining nonlocal (NL) self-similarity constraint is proposed. TV based image deblurring methods are effective in restoring image structures from blurred image data. However, they tend to over smooth the local image details. This drawback is overcome by combining a local TV regulariser with a NL self-similarity constraint, which helps to sharpen image edges and restore the fine details. The local TV model and NL self-similarity constraint are complementary to each other, making the proposed approach highly effective in removing blur while preserving image edges. Experimental results validate the performance of the proposed approach in both evaluation indexes and visual quality. - Author(s): Z. Zhao and L. Cheng
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 16, p. 918 –919
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1164
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A variational active contour model to segment images corrupted by multiplicative gamma noise is proposed. Inspired by the well-known AA model, a new energy functional is derived to attract the contour to the true boundary. Split Bregman methods are adopted to resolve the corresponding energy minimisation problem. Experimental results for synthetic and real images show that the proposed algorithm is very efficient and effective.
Rate-distortion optimised motion vector filtering for video coding
TIR/VIS cross-modality modelling via correlative subspace learning
Total variation based image deblurring with nonlocal self-similarity constraint
Variational image segmentation in presence of multiplicative gamma noise
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- Author(s): S.K. Planjery ; D. Declercq ; L. Danjean ; B. Vasic
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 16, p. 919 –921
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1184
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Introduced is a new type of message-passing (MP) decoders for low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes over the binary symmetric channel. Unlike traditional belief propagation (BP) based MP algorithms which propagate probabilities or log-likelihoods, the new MP decoders propagate messages requiring only a finite number of bits for their representation in such a way that good performance in the error floor region is ensured. Additionally, these messages are not quantised probabilities or log-likelihoods. As examples, MP decoders are provided that require only three bits for message representation, but surpass the floating-point BP (which requires a large number of bits for representation) in the error-floor region.
Finite alphabet iterative decoders for LDPC codes surpassing floating-point iterative decoders
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- Author(s): S. Wang and R.-X. Wang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 16, p. 921 –922
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1165
- Type: Article
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A Q-enhanced inductor using the tapped-inductor feedback technique is presented. Compared with conventional transformer feedback architectures, this proposed technique not only compensates for resistive losses with low power consumption but also provides a high-inductance inductor. The semi-passive inductor, which consists of an NMOS transistor, a capacitor, and a tapped inductor has been designed, implemented and verified in a standard 0.18 µm CMOS process. The measured resistance is about 1.0 Ω at 3 GHz, and the 3.9 nH semi-passive inductor with a measured Q-peak of 74.2 around 3 GHz is also demonstrated. The semi-passive inductor draws 1.5 mA from a 0.8 V supply voltage while the chip size is 0.5×0.56 mm including all testing pads. - Author(s): J. Mata-Contreras ; C. Camacho-Peñalosa ; T.M. Martín-Guerrero
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 16, p. 922 –924
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1980
- Type: Article
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Distributed amplifiers based on the active coupling of two artificial composed right/left-handed transmission lines can give rise to a dual-band/diplexer performance. This reported work shows that it is possible to improve the isolation between bands by means of a non-uniform distribution of the devices’ transconductance. The theoretical basis of this approach is presented as well as an experimental validation, where improvements of more than 10 dB in the isolation are obtained. - Author(s): C.-Y. Kuo ; A.Y.-K. Chen ; C.-M. Lee ; C.-H. Luo
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 16, p. 924 –925
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1665
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The performance of a miniature 60 GHz branch-line coupler (BLC) based on a slow-wave coplanar waveguide (SW-CPW), implemented in the back-end-of-the-line of a low-cost 90 nm digital CMOS technology, is reported. Design insights addressing the coupler structural dimensions, artificial dielectric, and loss are discussed. The BLC achieves a measured insertion loss of 2.8 dB, isolation of 25 dB at 60 GHz, and return losses (all four ports) of greater than 10 dB from 46 GHz to at least 67 GHz. The measured amplitude imbalance and phase difference are 0.8 dB and 90.3° at 60 GHz, respectively. By utilising the slow-wave technique, an area reduction of >75% compared to a conventional CPW design has been accomplished with a compact coupler core size of only 290×285 µm2 (0.083 mm2).
Q-enhanced CMOS inductor using tapped-inductor feedback
Diplexing distributed amplifier with improved isolation
Miniature 60 GHz slow-wave CPW branch-line coupler using 90 nm digital CMOS process
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- Author(s): N. Ghosh ; W.P. Kang ; J.L. Davidson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 16, p. 926 –927
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1586
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Reported are fabrication and characterisation of a novel vacuum logic OR gate using two identical nanodiamond lateral field emission diodes fabricated on silicon-on-insulator wafers. Each diode consists of 9000 finger-like emitters with 4 µm interelectrode spacing. High and stable emission current with low turn-on field have been observed and verified by a Fowler-Nordheim plot for each structure. Diode-resistor logic is used to realise the logic OR function. This nanodiamond vacuum logic gate is very promising for application in harsh environments.
Nanodiamond lateral field emission vacuum logic OR gate
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- Author(s): J. Hofrichter ; O. Raz ; L. Liu ; G. Morthier ; F. Horst ; P. Regreny ; T. De Vries ; H.J.S. Dorren ; B.J. Offrein
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 16, p. 927 –929
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1602
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Wavelength conversion using an indium phosphide based microdisc laser (MDL) heterogeneously integrated on a silicon-on-insulator waveguide is reported. Several lasing modes are present within the disc cavity, between which wavelength conversion can be performed by mode switching and spectral filtering. For the first time, low-power wavelength up- and downconversion using one single MDL is demonstrated. Operation with a bit error rate below 10−9 at 2.5 Gbit/s and operation below the forward-error-correction limit of 10−3 at 10 Gbit/s are shown without the use of additional seeding beams. - Author(s): J.-D. Lin ; Y.-Z. Huang ; Q.-F. Yao ; X.-M. Lv ; Y.-D. Yang ; J.-L. Xiao ; Y. Du
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 16, p. 929 –930
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.2098
- Type: Article
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InAlGaAs/InP cylinder microlasers with radius of 15 µm, connected with two 2 µm-wide output waveguides, are fabricated by conventional photolithography and inductively coupled-plasma etching techniques. Room-temperature continuous-wave electrically injected singlemode operation is realised at the lasing wavelength of 1577 nm and sidemode suppression of 32 dB. - Author(s): F. Xie ; H. Lu ; D.J. Chen ; P. Han ; R. Zhang ; Y.D. Zheng ; L. Li ; W.H. Jiang ; C. Chen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 16, p. 930 –931
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1695
- Type: Article
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Large-area metal–semiconductor–metal (MSM) solar-blind photodetectors with a device area of 5×5 mm2 have been fabricated on Al0.4Ga0.6N/AlN/sapphire epistructure. The photodetector exhibits ultra-low dark current density of 3.2×10−12 A/cm2 under 20 V bias and a corresponding breakdown voltage of up to 385 V. The solar-blind/ultraviolet rejection ratio of the photodetector is more than four orders of magnitude with a maximum quantum efficiency of 28% at 275 nm. - Author(s): N. Hossain ; S.J. Sweeney ; S. Rogowsky ; R. Ostendorf ; J. Wagner ; S. Liebich ; M. Zimprich ; K. Volz ; B. Kunert ; W. Stolz
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 16, p. 931 –933
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1927
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Recent significant improvements in Ga(NAsP)/GaP quantum well lasers grown by metal organic vapour phase epitaxy on a GaP substrate are reported. At room temperature, the devices show a threshold current density of 4.0 kAcm−2 at a lasing wavelength of 981 nm for a cavity length of 1 mm and a characteristic temperature of 58 K in the temperature region of 220–295 K. These improvements further verify the possible application for the novel III/V Ga(NAsP)/GaP material system to integrate long-term stable laser diodes in a standard CMOS-compatible electronic chip.
All-optical wavelength conversion using mode switching in InP microdisc laser
InAlGaAs/InP cylinder microlaser connected with two waveguides
Large-area solar-blind AlGaN-based MSM photodetectors with ultra-low dark current
Reduced threshold current dilute nitride Ga(NAsP)/GaP quantum well lasers grown by MOVPE
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- Author(s): S. You ; H. Lee ; D. Lee ; H. Mok ; Y. Lee ; S. Han
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 16, p. 933 –934
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1546
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An effective and simple speed ratio control for use in the electronic differentials found in electric vehicles is presented. It is shown through a small-scale experiment that the proposed control has a better steady-state and transient performance than existing independent speed controls and equally distributed torque controls.
Speed ratio control for electronic differentials
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- Author(s): Y. Zheng and Z. Cao
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 16, p. 934 –936
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0949
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A novel classification method for aerial LiDAR data is proposed. It is implemented by maximising the marginal probabilities, inferred from a Markov random field which models the neighbourhood and altitude difference between surface patches extracted from LiDAR points. Experiment results show the proposed method can classify the LiDAR data properly.
Classification method for aerial LiDAR data based on Markov random field
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- Author(s): W. Yao ; G. Gildenblat ; C.C. McAndrew ; A. Cassagnes
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 16, p. 936 –937
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1954
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Berglund related a certain area associated with the normalised MOS C(V) curve to the energy gap of silicon. Despite the fact that in LDMOS transistors the gate capacitance exhibits complicated behaviour associated with the presence of the drift region, it turns out that the Berglund relation remains valid, as confirmed by both measurements and simulations.
Generalised Berglund relation in LDMOS transistors
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- Author(s): F. Campillo and E.R. Banga
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 16, p. 937 –938
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1097
- Type: Article
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p.
937
–938
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Unit selection speech systems generate synthetic speech by concatenation of acoustic units that are chosen by means of a Viterbi search on a previously recorded corpus of the same speaker. Given the finite nature of the corpus, there is usually a trade-off between the acoustic quality of the signal, and the quality of the prosody. Proposed is a parallel Viterbi search considering multiple intonation contours that improves at the same time both acoustic quality and intonation, while maintaining the computational efficiency of the process.
Multiple f0 contour parallel Viterbi search for unit selection speech synthesis
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- Author(s): Y.J. Kim ; S.H. Won ; N.Y. Park ; L. Hanzo
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 16, p. 938 –939
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1202
- Type: Article
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p.
938
–939
(2)
A two-stage reduced-complexity index search algorithm is proposed for finding the best vector in the codebook of quantised equal gain transmission based multiple-input multiple-output arrangements. When the number of transmit antennas is more than three, the normalised complexity is halved while maintaining the same symbol error rate as the benchmark.
Reduced-complexity transmit-beamforming codebook search algorithm
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