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1350-911X
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0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 47, Issue 14, 7 July 2011
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Volume 47, Issue 14
7 July 2011
In Brief
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 14, page: 784 –784
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1951
- Type: Article
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- Author(s): Christoph Maier
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 14, page: 784 –784
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1934
- Type: Article
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Dr. Christoph Maier from the Bioengineering Department at the University of California San Diego, and first author on the Letter ‘Fast-settling multiple-loop adaptive frequency locking scheme for energy-efficient resonant FSK transmitter’ on page 794 talks about his research. - Author(s): H. Dyball
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 14, page: 785 –785
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1950
- Type: Article
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100 krad/s endless polarisation tracking is now possible thanks to the work of a team at the University of Paderborn in Germany, and its spin-off company Novoptel GmbH. Their latest optical polarisation controller, which can track arbitrary polarisation fluctuations without interruption, has a tracking speed that is nearly double their previous version and is over 100 times higher than their competitors' systems. - Author(s): H. Dyball
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 14, page: 786 –786
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1949
- Type: Article
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A carbon nanotube (CNT) forest-based pressure sensor that has a nearly symmetrical response for both positive and negative gauge pressures has been unveiled. Researchers at the University of British Columbia (UBC) in Canada created the sensor using a suspended diaphragm entirely covered with a CNT forest as a piezoresistive sensing element. Such a sensor could be used in a wide range of fields, and it is of particular interest for medical applications as the device is coated in Parylene, a biocompatible polymer.
Interview
On the fast track
The moving forest
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- Author(s): L. Hu and W. Hua
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 14, p. 789 –790
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0909
- Type: Article
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A novel wide dual-band design of a coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed antenna is proposed. By using a double C-shaped metallic strip embedded in a big rectangle slot and an inserted tuning strip, the dual-band resonances of the antenna are generated. Good impedance matching condition at the two separated wide frequency bands is achieved by using two pairs of tuning strips at the double C-shaped strips and a pair of symmetrical slots. The measured results show good dual-band operation, with −10 dB impedance bandwidths of 900 MHz (1.97–2.87 GHz) and 3.22 GHz (4.87–8 GHz) at the two frequency bands, and average antenna gains of 3.2 and 4 dBi, respectively. Monopole-like radiations with small cross-polarisation patterns over the operating bands have been obtained.
Wide dual-band CPW-fed slot antenna
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- Author(s): M.-S. Shin and O.-K. Kwon
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 14, p. 790 –791
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1351
- Type: Article
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A 14-bit two-step successive approximation analogue-to-digital converter (SA ADC) for high-resolution CMOS imagers is proposed. The proposed SA ADC consumes a small area because it uses only a capacitor array for 7-bit resolution to implement 14-bit ADC. To enhance accuracy, it uses digital-to-analogue conversion (DAC) embedded reference buffers to calibrate reference voltages. The average switching energy in the capacitor array is only 5.8 pJ per single conversion step. The HSPICE post-layout simulation results show that SNDR of the proposed ADC is improved from 73.41 to 81.52 dB after calibration. - Author(s): P. Liu ; P. Upadhyaya ; J. Jung ; D. Heo ; J.-H. Kim ; B.-S. Kim
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 14, p. 792 –793
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0741
- Type: Article
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A novel load-independent switched LC VCO with PMOS dynamically switched current source and harmonic filtering is presented. The VCO has been designed and implemented with Jazz 0.18 µm CMOS process. At 5.47 GHz carrier frequency, the VCO achieves a measured phase noise of −122.4 and −102 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz and 100 kHz offset, respectively. The VCO works between 5.3–5.7 GHz, which yields a tuning range of 400 MHz. This VCO consumes 4.2 mA from a 1.2 V supply and the figure-of-merit (FOM) is −190.2 dBc/Hz, which is among the best published FOM results for 5–6 GHz VCOs in standard CMOS process. - Author(s): M.J. Park ; J.Y. Lee ; H.H. Boo ; B.H. Mhin ; S.D. Kim ; M.Y. Park ; C.S. Lee ; H.K. Yu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 14, p. 793 –794
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1426
- Type: Article
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A time-to-digital converter (TDC) using a low rate clock is presented. A simple TDC, capable of decreasing power consumption and solving the metastability problem by using low-rate clocks to detect the fine fractional time difference between the reference clock and digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) clock, is presented. The proposed TDC also includes a simple DCO clock period (Tv) calculation algorithm. An all-digital phase-locked loop (ADPLL), fabricated in 90 nm CMOS process, dissipates 0.8 mA at 1.2 V, and achieves 6.25 ps period RMS jitter from 2 GHz. - Author(s): C. Maier ; T.-V. Cao ; D. Wisland ; T.S. Lande ; G. Cauwenberghs
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 14, p. 794 –796
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1448
- Type: Article
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An architecture for an energy-efficient frequency shift keying transmitter is presented, comprising a resonant tank oscillator with a loop antenna radiating inductor, a digitally controlled capacitor array, and interleaved frequency locked loops (FLLs). The interleaved FLLs allow frequency adaptation concurrent with data transmission, and retain frequency settings between bursts of data transmission, eliminating the need for dedicated frequency adaptation intervals prior to sending data.
14-bit two-step successive approximation ADC with calibration circuit for high-resolution CMOS imagers
Dynamically switched low-phase-noise LC VCO with harmonic filtering
Low power digital PLL based TDC using low rate clocks
Fast-settling multiple-loop adaptive frequency locking scheme for energy-efficient resonant FSK transmitter
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- Author(s): K.S. Zou ; Z.Q. Chen ; W.H. Ip
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 14, p. 796 –797
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0012
- Type: Article
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An effective 3D model retrieval approach based on fractal D2 is presented, which is a combination of shape distribution and fractal dimensions of 3D models. Experimental results show that the proposed method is superior to other shape distribution approaches. - Author(s): K. Choi and Y. Seo
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 14, p. 797 –799
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0807
- Type: Article
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In general, to calibrate a camera, a set of 2D–3D correspondences are needed. Because of its invariance under projective automorphisms, cross-ratio has been used to identify 2D points on a grid pattern yielding 2D–3D correspondences. However, the pixel errors in detecting grid corner points make the identification challenging. This even gets harder if the given cross-ratios are not distributed separatively enough. To build such a distribution of cross-ratios, in this work the authors have approximated the error propagation from corner point detection to cross-ratio calculation by unscented transform and optimised the distribution by particle swarm optimisation. Experimental results show that the grid patterns generated by the authors are unique enough to give automatic 2D–3D correspondences. - Author(s): S.Y. Du ; J.H. Zhu ; N.N. Zheng ; J.Z. Zhao ; C. Li
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 14, p. 799 –800
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1071
- Type: Article
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The problem of partial registration of isotropic scaling point sets with outliers including noises and missing data is discussed. To solve this problem, a novel objective function based on bidirectional distance is proposed by introducing an overlapping percentage and a scale factor. Furthermore, a novel isotropic scaling iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm is proposed which can compute the scale transformation, the correspondence and the overlapping percentage automatically at each iterative step. Experimental results demonstrate that the algorithm is more robust and precise than the traditional ICP and the state-of-the-art algorithms.
3D model retrieval method by using fractal D2 distribution
Optimal grid pattern generation for automatic 2D–3D correspondence
Isotropic scaling iterative closest point algorithm for partial registration
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- Author(s): G.-Q. Liu ; L.-S. Wu ; W.-Y. Yin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 14, p. 800 –802
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1488
- Type: Article
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A dual-band rat-race coupler is proposed with double-sided parallel stripline topology, phase inverter and E-shaped impedance transformers. The developed component shows a miniaturised size and a flexible frequency ratio of two operating bands. For validation, a prototype operating at 0.9/1.8 GHz has been designed and measured with a very compact configuration and good performance has been obtained. - Author(s): T.Y. Wu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 14, p. 802 –804
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1200
- Type: Article
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A dual channel phase-shift measurement system from 2 to 18 GHz using heterodyne receivers is described. The calculated phase-shift of a beadless air line has been used to verify this measurement system. The differential phase-shift measurement uncertainty is estimated to be 0.08°–0.31° for a two-port device with variable attenuation from 0 to 140 dB. The phase-shift measurement results of a 0–140 dB step attenuator at 18 GHz are presented. - Author(s): A.Y.-K. Chen ; Y. Baeyens ; Y.-K. Chen ; J. Lin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 14, p. 804 –805
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1454
- Type: Article
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A report is presented on the performance of a low-power 100 GHz high-speed shuntpeaked regenerative frequency divider (RFD) fabricated in a low-cost 200/180 GHz fT/fmax 0.18 µm SiGe BiCMOS technology. A bandwidth enhancement technique based on inductive peaking is employed to improve further the high frequency performance of the RFD with low power consumption. Design measures including the loop dynamics and selection of the shunt-peaked inductor are discussed. The RFD operates with a wide operation bandwidth from 20 GHz to at least 100 GHz with excellent input sensitivity while consuming a total DC power of only 198 mW from a nominal 3.3 V supply. The compact chip area including the pads is 0.6×0.4 mm2. - Author(s): D. Férachou ; G. Humbert ; J.-M. Le Floch ; M. Aubourg ; J.-L. Auguste ; M.E. Tobar ; D. Cros ; J.-M. Blondy
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 14, p. 805 –807
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1308
- Type: Article
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A report is presented on the improvement by an optimised hexagonal metallic cavity of the electromagnetic field confinement in a hollow-core resonator based on out-of-plane two-dimensional photonic band-gap crystal cladding. A resonator was constructed with silica rods to prove the concept at frequencies around 30 GHz. It is shown that the technique can reduce the resonator size by 8.1 times without loss in quality.
Miniaturised dual-band rat-race coupler based on double-sided parallel stripline
Accurate measurement of microwave phase-shift from 2 to 18 GHz using heterodyne receiver
Low-power 100 GHz shunt-peaked regenerative frequency divider using 0.18 µm SiGe BiCMOS
Compact hollow-core photonic band gap resonator with optimised metallic cavity at microwave frequencies
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- Author(s): A. Bsoul ; M.S. Mohamed Ali ; K. Takahata
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 14, p. 807 –808
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1498
- Type: Article
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A pressure sensor functionalised with vertically aligned carbon nanotubes is presented. The sensor is fabricated to have a multi-walled carbon-nanotube forest supported by a deflectable 8 µm-thick Parylene-C membrane that is suspended by the silicon frame. The responses of the fabricated sensors are experimentally characterised. The sensitivities to positive and negative gauge pressures are found to be comparable in magnitude with the average values of −986 and +816 ppm/kPa, respectively. The measurement also reveals that the temperature coefficient of resistance for the forest suspended with the Parylene membrane is −515 ppm/°C and ∼3× smaller than that for the forest fixed onto the silicon substrate.
Piezoresistive pressure sensor using vertically aligned carbon-nanotube forests
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- Author(s): G.K.P. Lei ; Y. Dai ; J. Du ; C. Shu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 14, p. 808 –810
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1132
- Type: Article
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10 Gbit/s 1×4 wavelength multicasting of a DPSK signal with NRZ-to-RZ format conversion is demonstrated. The operation is achieved by four-wave mixing of the input DPSK signal with a time- and wavelength-interleaved pulsed source. Four multicast channels have been achieved with error-free operation. - Author(s): G. Fiol ; J.A. Lott ; N.N. Ledentsov ; D. Bimberg
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 14, p. 810 –811
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1148
- Type: Article
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Error-free 25 Gbit/s optical fibre communication links at 850 nm with vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) via bit error ratio tests are demonstrated. At 25°C through 300 m of fibre a VCSEL dissipated-energy-to-bit-rate ratio of only 122.4 mW/Tbits is achieved. The energy efficient VCSELs reduce the energy required for data and computer communication. - Author(s): Y. Zhang ; L. Lei ; J. Dong ; X. Zhang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 14, p. 811 –813
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1235
- Type: Article
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A simple design of a 2-to-1 photonic data selector is proposed and has been experimentally demonstrated at 40 Gbit/s, employing four-wave mixing and cross-gain modulation in two parallel semiconductor optical amplifiers. All output signals with over 10 dB extinction ratios, clear and wide open eyes, are obtained without additional input. - Author(s): B. Koch ; R. Noé ; V. Mirvoda ; D. Sandel
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 14, p. 813 –814
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1522
- Type: Article
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For the first time, an endless optical polarisation tracking speed of 100 krad/s is demonstrated. During a 64-hour measurement, a polarisation trajectory of 18 gigaradian length was tracked with mean and maximum polarisation errors of 0.096 and 0.220 rad, respectively.
Wavelength multicasting of DPSK signal with NRZ-to-RZ format conversion
Multimode optical fibre communication at 25 Gbit/s over 300 m with small spectral-width 850 nm VCSELs
40 Gbit/s 2-to-1 photonic data selector via XGM and FWM in two SOAs
100 krad/s endless polarisation tracking with miniaturised module card
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- Author(s): G. Zhou ; L. Zhang ; F. Li ; X. Hu ; T. Wang ; Q. Li ; M. Qiu ; Y. Su
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 14, p. 814 –816
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0500
- Type: Article
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A high-speed all-optical temporal differentiator based on a compact silicon microring resonator with a radius of 20 µm is demonstrated. 80 Gbit/s signal differentiation is experimentally realised. - Author(s): J. Maxin ; S. Molin ; G. Pillet ; L. Morvan ; A. Mugnier ; D. Pureur ; D. Dolfi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 14, p. 816 –818
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1196
- Type: Article
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Presented is a new dual-frequency laser based on an erbium-doped distributed feedback fibre laser operating on two orthogonally polarised eigenstates around 1.55 µm, exhibiting a frequency offset in the microwave domain. The beatnote in the free running regime between these two optical waves allows the generation of an RF signal around 1 GHz with a RIN lower than −115 dB/Hz over the frequency range 50 kHz to 10 MHz and a phase noise of −67 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz of the RF carrier. Up to 600 MHz tunability of the beatnote is obtained by mechanical stress applied to the cavity. - Author(s): Z.G. Lu ; P.J. Poole ; J.R. Liu ; P.J. Barrios ; Z.J. Jiao ; G. Pakulski ; D. Poitras ; D. Goodchild ; B. Rioux ; A.J. SpringThorpe
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 14, p. 818 –819
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0946
- Type: Article
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A high performance ridge-waveguide InAs/InP quantum dot distributed feedback laser around 1.52 µm with a cavity length of 1 mm and a stripe width of 3 µm is demonstrated. In continuous-wave operation singlemode output power was up to 18.5 mW and its sidemode suppression ratio was greater than 62 dB. The relative intensity noise was measured to be less than −154 dB/Hz from 10 MHz to 10 GHz, and the optical linewidth smaller than 150 kHz when the injection current was 200 mA at room temperature of 18°C. - Author(s): C. Ye ; J. Koponen ; T. Kokki ; J. Montiel i Ponsoda ; A. Tervonen ; S. Honkanen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 14, p. 819 –821
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1105
- Type: Article
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A confined-doped ytterbium fibre with a 41 µm core diameter has been fabricated by direct nanoparticle deposition process. Near-diffraction-limited beam quality (M2∼1.3) was experimentally demonstrated from an amplified spontaneous emission source setup. Owing to the large core size and the confined Yb doping, the mode area is significantly enlarged while good beam quality is maintained. Such fibres have great potential for mitigating the detrimental nonlinear effects and for power scaling of fibre lasers and amplifiers. - Author(s): J.K.J. Teo ; C.M. Chua ; L.S. Koh ; J.C.H. Phang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 14, p. 821 –822
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0302
- Type: Article
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The variation of backside reflectance modulation effects on metal line samples at different electrical bias and silicon backside thicknesses is investigated. Negative reflected intensity modulations are observed and are one to two orders of magnitude larger than the values from published results. It was found that the negative reflected intensity modulation with electrical bias depends on the temperature variation of the absorption coefficient while observed positive reflectance intensity modulation is due to temperature variation of the reflectance.
All-optical temporal differentiation of ultra-high-speed picosecond pulses based on compact silicon microring resonator
Dual-frequency distributed feedback fibre laser for microwave signals generation
High-performance 1.52 µm InAs/InP quantum dot distributed feedback laser
Near-diffraction-limited output from confined-doped ytterbium fibre with 41 µm core diameter
Negative backside thermoreflectance modulation of microscale metal interconnects
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- Author(s): G.V. Weinberg
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 14, p. 822 –824
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0963
- Type: Article
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The Pareto distribution has been proposed recently as a model for intensity clutter measurements, for maritime high resolution radar returns. Using the theory of spherically invariant random processes, a generalised likelihood ratio test is used to construct a simple detector, and its performance is gauged against several other suboptimal decision rules. - Author(s): K. Olivier ; J.E. Cilliers ; M. du Plessis
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 14, p. 824 –825
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0362
- Type: Article
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The test and evaluation of modern radars using hardware in the loop simulators requires the use of wideband high-fidelity, digital radio frequency memories (DRFM) in order to generate realistic target returns. Important aspects of wideband DRFM design on a printed circuit board are highighted and the architecture of the DRFM that was implemented using commercial-off-the-shelf components is presented. The spurious free dynamic range of the DRFM was characterised as −47 dBc worst case over an instantaneous bandwidth of 800 MHz. An experimental pulse-Doppler radar was used to compare the fidelity of the returns from the DRFM and an optical delay line.
Coherent multilook detection for targets in Pareto distributed clutter
Design and performance of wideband DRFM for radar test and evaluation
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- Author(s): M. Gas ; K. Kosek-Szott ; M. Natkaniec ; A.R. Pach
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 14, p. 826 –827
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0693
- Type: Article
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A new analytical model of enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) which builds on an existing comprehensive model is presented. The model implements virtual collisions and combines the advantages of both accurate backoff countdown and accurate arbitration inter-frame space (AIFS) differentiation. The correctness of the model is evaluated by comparison with ns-2 simulations and two previous models. The comparison gives very good results. - Author(s): J. Ko and C. Kim
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 14, p. 827 –829
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0915
- Type: Article
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A method that facilitates message exchange between spectrum heterogeneous secondary users in OFDM-based cognitive radio networks is presented. The proposed method utilises error correction coding to address spectrum heterogeneity. An example of how the proposed method is used to negotiate a control channel is provided. - Author(s): R.S.C. Whitlock and T.W.C. Brown
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 14, p. 829 –830
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1374
- Type: Article
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The rationale for this Letter is to present a method which would enhance the resolution and accuracy of timing advance (TA) in 2G GSM TDMA and 3G UMTS TDD networks. The method would enable a stationary or slow-moving mobile station (MS) to determine its location using trilateration, with enhanced resolution and accuracy. An outstanding feature of the method is that the only changes required are to software. Low resolution TA samples would be processed into enhanced resolution measurements by applying fractional bit perturbations (dither) over an extended sampled measurement period. The existing TA mechanism and word length for ensuring correct MS uplink arrival times would remain unchanged. It is proposed that enhanced timing advance (ETA) could provide a low risk, low cost alternative to location finding technologies such as angle of arrival, time of arrival, enhanced observed time difference, uplink time difference of arrival and GPS, at the same time satisfying the FCC mobile E-911 accuracy requirement.
3D Markov chain-based saturation throughput model of IEEE 802.11 EDCA
Communication method between spectrum heterogeneous secondary users in OFDM-based cognitive radio
Enhanced timing advance in TDM cellular radio systems
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