Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 47, Issue 13, 23 June 2011
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Volume 47, Issue 13
23 June 2011
In Brief
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 13, page: 730 –730
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1790
- Type: Article
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- Author(s): J. Baldwin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 13, page: 730 –730
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1785
- Type: Article
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Researchers in France have fabricated light emitting diodes based on GaN core/shell wires grown by metal organic chemical vapour deposition on Silicon substrates, with blue electroluminescence at 450 nm, reported for the first time. Their results presented in this issue of Electronics Letters open up a possible advance in lighting. Even after the initial LED breakthrough that occurred at the beginning of the century, with the emergence of high-brightness white LEDs – and the improvement in performance since then – the general lighting market is still not widely open to LEDs. Wire-based LEDs have the potential to greatly extend the performance limits of solid-state lighting. - Author(s): J. Baldwin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 13, page: 731 –731
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1784
- Type: Article
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Researchers in Australia have reported the use of a high temperature superconducting resistive superconducting quantum interference device (HTS R-SQUID) for the first time as a self-pumped mixer in the GHz frequency range. This opens the way for potential innovations in wireless receiver technology, where many HTS passive components with superior performance have already been employed. - Author(s): D. Davies
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 13, page: 732 –732
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1771
- Type: Article
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A piezoelectric actuator MEMS for middle ear implants has been proposed by a team in Spain. Their proposed design includes a novel attachment location and promises smaller cost, size and power consumption.
CVD, Blue and The Wire
SQUIDS mix it up
Forging a new chain
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- Author(s): F. Zhao ; K. Xiao ; H. Qi ; S. Chai ; J. Mao
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 13, p. 735 –736
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0872
- Type: Article
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A preconditioned alternate projections method is proposed for pattern synthesis in a conformal array. The algorithm applies the aperture projection with the null points adjusting technique to initialise the problem, which enhances the ability of the solution greatly; moreover, the improved project operator accelerates the convergency speed of the iteration. Using this algorithm, the low sidelobe scan beam pattern for a 12-element sectoral cylinder microstrip array is obtained with the mutual coupling considered. - Author(s): J.H. Kim ; G.Y. Jo ; W.S. Park
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 13, p. 736 –737
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0972
- Type: Article
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A two-inductor loaded small loop antenna for mobile phone applications is presented. To optimise the loop antenna, positions and values of the two inductors in the loop antenna are changed by a simple genetic algorithm. The algorithm makes the antenna operate in GSM and DCS bands. Simulated results are compared with measured results and good agreement is reported. - Author(s): T.-N. Chang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 13, p. 737 –739
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0994
- Type: Article
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An annular-slot antenna composed of two linked annular slots is presented. The return loss and the axial-ratio bandwidths are enhanced by tuning the distance between the two centres of the two annular slots. Under the optimum condition, the two circular patches associated with the two annular slots are found to be separated from each other. The measured 3 dB axial-ratio bandwidth is 1.4 GHz (46.7%) centred at 3 GHz.
Preconditioned alternate projections method to synthesise conformal array
Two-inductor loaded loop antenna for mobile phones
Wideband circularly polarised antenna using two linked annular slots
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- Author(s): J. López-García ; A. Daza ; H. Campanella ; A. González-Herrera ; R. Urquiza
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 13, p. 739 –740
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1062
- Type: Article
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A micro-machined transducer and sensor for a new implantable audioprosthesis to substitute the human tympanic-ossicular system has been developed. The device is intended to restore hearing by implanting it in patients with a damaged or surgically removed ossicular chain. Different configurations of devices have been analysed. The proposed piezo-actuator has a diameter of 1.0 mm with a total thickness of 3.5 µm, which reaches deformations of up 16.8 nm with a typical excitation of 3 V.
Piezo-actuator MEMS to substitute tympanic-ossicular system
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- Author(s): M. Condon ; A. Deaño ; A. Iserles
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 13, p. 740 –742
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1134
- Type: Article
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A new method for simulating radio-frequency (RF) oscillators is presented. The asymptotic numeric method enables the efficient simulation of the transient response of such oscillators. Simulation results are provided for a practical RF oscillator circuit to validate the approach. - Author(s): C.H. Kuo and C.E. Hsieh
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 13, p. 742 –743
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0822
- Type: Article
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An energy-efficiency floating-capacitor switching (FCS) scheme is proposed for successive approximation register (SAR) analogue-to-digital converters (ADCs). By rearranging the switching order from the smallest capacitor to the largest one, the switching energy can be significantly reduced, especially in the first several DAC switchings. With the presented scheme, a 97.66% less switching energy can be achieved compared to the conventional architecture (Ginsburg and Chandrakasan, 2005 [4]). - Author(s): B. Dehlaghi ; S. Magierowski ; L. Belostotski
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 13, p. 743 –745
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1279
- Type: Article
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A novel time-difference amplifier (TDA) is presented. The proposed circuit has a larger linear operation region with less sensitivity to process variations than the state-of-the-art TDAs. Two TDAs with gains of two and 20 have been simulated in a 65 nm CMOS process to validate the proposed architecture. Simulation results show less than 0.1% gain error for ±400 ps input time difference range, ten times the range of conventional TDAs. The proposed TDA consumes 740 µW from a 1 V supply.
Simulation technique for RF oscillators
Floating capacitor switching SAR ADC
Highly-linear time-difference amplifier with low sensitivity to process variations
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- Author(s): Q. Li ; M. Biswas ; M.R. Pickering ; M.R. Frater
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 13, p. 745 –746
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1093
- Type: Article
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Presented is a low-cost two-shot approach employing a projector and a camera to recover an object's sparse shape. The algorithm is based on projecting a grid pattern of adaptive colours which vary with the object and then matching grid points between the projected pattern and the image captured under this adaptive structured light. Results show the performance of this adaptive colours approach is superior to using constant colours in shape recovery of real-world objects with strong colours and textures under ambient light conditions.
Two-shot sparse depth estimation using adaptive structured light
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- Author(s): Y. Song ; C.C. Fung ; K.T. Wong ; H. Meng ; D.-F. Tseng
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 13, p. 746 –748
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0559
- Type: Article
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Proposed is a zero-inserting precoder and a two-stage linear equaliser, to shorten the guard interval in block-based single-carrier modulation. The first-stage equaliser consists of a linear single-tapper-subcarrier frequency-domain equaliser. The second-stage equaliser maximises the SINR, in the time-domain, based on the interference-plus-noise estimated from the zero-padded sub-intervals of the single-carrier modulation. This proposed scheme is applicable even without cyclic prefixing. - Author(s): D. Kbaier Ben Ismail ; C. Douillard ; S. Kerouédan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 13, p. 748 –749
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0990
- Type: Article
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Proposed is a method based on the Dijkstra's algorithm and an estimation of the distance to search for efficient interleavers, adapted to irregular turbo codes, in order to reduce the flattening effect. Simulations show that a gain of three decades and a half in the error floor is obtained for short block sizes. - Author(s): M.L.M.G. Alcoforado ; V.C. da Rocha ; G. Markarian ; M.J.C. Lima
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 13, p. 749 –751
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0851
- Type: Article
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Iterative decoding of turbo convolutional codes for the noisy two-user binary adder channel is investigated. It is shown that iterative BCJR decoding yields considerable gain after just a few iterations for low-complexity codes constructed from turbo convolutional codes.
Precoder/two-stage equaliser for block-based single-carrier transmission with insufficient guard interval
Design of suitable permutations for irregular turbo codes
Iterative decoding of turbo convolutional codes over noisy two-user binary adder channel
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- Author(s): P. Fei ; Y.C. Jiao ; Z. Zhang ; W. Hu ; F.S. Zhang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 13, p. 751 –752
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1078
- Type: Article
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A compact broadband microstrip to slotline transition is designed and experimentally studied. An elliptical tapered profile and patches are used to minimise the discontinuity effect of field variation from microstrip to slotline within a short range. A prototype of the back-to-back version transition is also fabricated. Measured results validate the design concept. - Author(s): B. Ravelo
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 13, p. 752 –754
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1227
- Type: Article
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This presented report deals with the synthesis of baseband negative group delay (NGD) RF circuits. A theoretical approach based on the S-parameter analysis is presented. The NGD circuit synthesis formulae according to the desired gain value, NGD level and bandwidth are established. To validate the theoretical approach, a two-stage NGD device employing LNAs was investigated. Baseband NGD with minimal value below −1 ns with 400 MHz frequency bandwidth was found. The synthesised circuit presents a gain higher than 5 dB. To highlight the functionality of the NGD effect, time-domain analysis was performed. The NGD circuit allows the reduction of signal pure delays caused by telecom devices and is useful for the correction of interleaved symbols in RF/digital numerical systems. - Author(s): L.N. Zhou ; Y.J. Cheng ; E.M. Xu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 13, p. 754 –755
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.3595
- Type: Article
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A new high-Q infinite impulse response (IIR) microwave photonic filter is demonstrated, in which two active recirculating delay line loops based on a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) are cascaded. Due to cross-gain modulation in the SOA, interferences between light beams travelling along different paths are removed, ensuring stable operation and linearity of the electrical transfer function. The whole transfer function comprises a term representing a cascade response of two IIR filters, which significantly increases the free spectral range and the Q factor. The filter exhibits a Q factor of 1870 with a rejection ratio of 25 dB. - Author(s): K.W. Qian and X.H. Tang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 13, p. 755 –757
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1075
- Type: Article
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A novel low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) dual-band bandpass filter with compact size is reported. By using three semi-lumped resonators, not only the upper passband frequency can be conveniently tuned, but also the transmission zeros generated between the two passbands can be easily controlled by the elements of each resonator. A 2.5/5.2GHz dual-band experimental filter has been designed and fabricated to verify the proposed design concept. Based on the vertically-folded structure and LTCC technology, the filter only occupies an area of 5.1×4.6 mm2. - Author(s): B.-W. Liu ; Y.-Z. Yin ; Y. Yang ; S.-H. Jing ; A.-F. Sun
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 13, p. 757 –758
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1281
- Type: Article
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A novel and compact ultra-wideband (UWB) bandpass filter with dual narrow notched bands based on two mushroom-type electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures is presented. The UWB BPF comprises two coupled lines which are coupled to the open-ended coplanar waveguide on the ground and two EBG structures near the feedline. By simply adjusting the dimensions of the two EBG structures, the centre frequencies of the notched bands can be allocated at 5.2 and 5.8 GHz, respectively. The UWB bandpass filter has been simulated, fabricated and measured, with good agreement between the simulated and measured results. The two notched bands of the BPF centred at 5.2 and 5.8 GHz have 10 dB fractional bandwidths of about 5.7 and 3.4%, respectively. - Author(s): D. Hua and X. Liao
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 13, p. 758 –759
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0591
- Type: Article
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An X-band coplanar Wilkinson power divider based on GaAs MMIC technology is proposed. The power divider is designed at 10 GHz and simulated using HFSS, and simulated results show that it has reflection loss of less than −16.5 dB and insertion loss of less than −3.6 dB. Measured results show that the divider has reflection loss of less than −15.0 dB and insertion loss of less than −3.5 dB. Experimental results agree well with simulated results.
Compact coupled line broadband microstrip to slotline transition
Baseband NGD circuit with RF amplifier
Coherence-free cascade IIR microwave photonic filter with high Q factor
Compact dual-band semi-lumped bandpass filter with LTCC technology
Compact UWB bandpass filter with two notched bands based on electromagnetic bandgap structures
X-band coplanar Wilkinson power divider based on GaAs MMIC technology
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- Author(s): E.J. Ng ; J.B.W. Soon ; N. Singh ; N. Shen ; V.X.H. Leong ; T. Myint ; V. Pott ; J.M. Tsai
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 13, p. 759 –760
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1073
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Presented is a resistive, vertically oriented, silicon electromechanical cantilever switch, fabricated with a two-mask top-down CMOS-compatible process. The fabricated switch has a vertical height of approximately 500 nm, a tip width of 35 nm, and an airgap of 30 nm between the cantilever and two lateral gates. Preliminary testing results show an initial pull-in voltage of 17 V with contact held by van der Waals forces even in the absence of actuation voltage. Subsequent switching occurs at 25 V. With low-cost fabrication and high integration density, the vertical nanoelectromechanical (NEM) switch is a promising candidate for memory and computing applications.
High density vertical silicon NEM switches with CMOS-compatible fabrication
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- Author(s): A. Gharba ; P. Chanclou ; J. Le Masson ; M. Ouzzif ; N. Genay ; B. Charbonnier ; E. Grard ; V. Rodrigues ; M. Hélard
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 13, p. 761 –762
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1159
- Type: Article
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Adaptively modulated optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (AMOOFDM) modulation is experimentally evaluated using different photodiodes. A comparison is made between positive-intrinsic-negative (pin) and avalanche photodiode (APD) receivers in next generation passive optical network (NG-PON) downlink architecture. Direct modulation in transmission as well as direct detection in reception allows reducing the cost of the system. The results are obtained respecting the requirements of a class B+ optical budget. An additional amplifier is implemented to increase the reach of the pin photodiode. Although having a narrower bandwidth, the APD offers better performance than the pin. A bit rate of 10 Gbit/s can be reached for a distance of 60km with an optical budget of 30dB and without any optical amplifier.
Optical transmission performance in AMOOFDM downlink NG-PON systems using APD and pin receivers
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- Author(s): R. Liu ; D. Schreurs ; W. De Raedt ; F. Vanaverbeke ; R. Mertens
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 13, p. 762 –763
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1627
- Type: Article
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An RF-MEMs based tri-band GaN power amplifier with state-of-the-art performance is presented. The active device is a low-cost GaN-on-Si transistor with a plastic package. A dedicated broadband output matching network is designed to provide the desired waveform at the device intrinsic level. The frequency reconfigurability is implemented with one RF-MEMS at the input stage. Measured results show a 45, 28 and 46% power added efficiency (PAE) for an output power of 5.6, 3.0 and 4.5 W at 1.4, 2.5 and 3.6 GHz, respectively. Furthermore, the power amplifier exhibits a high drain efficiency of more than 46% across 1.3–1.4 and 3.4–3.7 GHz whilst delivering an output power of more than 4.3 W.
RF-MEMS based tri-band GaN power amplifier
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- Author(s): B. Kögel ; P. Westbergh ; Å. Haglund ; J.S. Gustavsson ; A. Larsson
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 13, p. 764 –765
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1494
- Type: Article
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The modulation bandwidth of micromachined tunable VCSELs is typically limited by the parasitic capacitance associated with the large mesa platform for the movable mirror. Presented is a simple technology for wafer-scale integration of tunable VCSELs with low mesa capacitance and high modulation bandwidth. Small signal measurements show a 3dB bandwidth of up to 6 GHz over a tuning range of 18 nm. Digital modulation is demonstrated with error-free data transmission at 5 Gbit/s and eye diagrams at 10 Gbit/s. - Author(s): A.-L. Bavencove ; D. Salomon ; M. Lafossas ; B. Martin ; A. Dussaigne ; F. Levy ; B. André ; P. Ferret ; C. Durand ; J. Eymery ; Le Si Dang ; P. Gilet
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 13, p. 765 –767
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1242
- Type: Article
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A report is presented on the fabrication of light emitting diodes (LEDs) based on GaN core/shell wires on conductive substrates by metal organic vapour phase epitaxy. Catalyst-free GaN-based wires are grown spontaneously on 2-inch n-doped silicon substrates without any thick buffer layer. The LED wire heterostructure consists of an n-type GaN:Si core covered radially by five InGaN/GaN quantum wells and a p-type GaN:Mg shell. Macroscopic devices that integrate around 106 wire-LEDs have been obtained thanks to a simple, direct and full-wafer scale contacting process. For the first time, continuous-wave electrical injection at room temperature through the Si substrate into a cm2-chip of GaN-based core/shell wire-LEDs is successfully demonstrated, producing blue electroluminescent emission at 450 nm.
Integrated MEMS-tunable VCSELs with high modulation bandwidth
Light emitting diodes based on GaN core/shell wires grown by MOVPE on n-type Si substrate
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- Author(s): C. Chen ; J.H. Wu ; Z.X. Wang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 13, p. 767 –768
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0771
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A low-drop-out regulator with dynamic biased buffers for self-adjusting frequency compensation is presented. The proposed buffer, based on gm-boost elements, keeps the second pole beyond the unity-gain frequency of the loop by dynamically changing its bias current according to the load condition. The LDO has a quiescent current of 23 µA and is able to deliver 150 mA load current. With wide loop bandwidth and adequate phase margin, improved transient response with 38 mV output variation is achieved under a 0–100 mA load current switching test. - Author(s): S.-Y. Youn and J.-Y. Lee
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 13, p. 768 –770
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0997
- Type: Article
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Proposed is an electrolytic-capacitor-less AC/DC on-board charger for electric vehicles. To remove the high-voltage electrolytic capacitor, the proposed charger uses a rectified AC type link voltage generated by an isolated resonant converter, and harmonic and charge controls are achieved through a discontinuous conduction mode buck–boost converter. It provides normal control operation under wide input voltage range with only a single control loop. The feasibility has been verified with a 3 kW prototype.
150 mA LDO with self-adjusting frequency compensation scheme
Electrolytic-capacitor-less AC/DC electric vehicle on-board battery charger for universal line applications
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- Author(s): S. Huixia and L. Zheng
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 13, p. 770 –772
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0580
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To elucidate nutation signatures, the model of nutation for a ballistic missile warhead is established and formulas of micro-Doppler induced by a target with nutation are derived. Two micro-Doppler features, which are micro-motion period and micro-Doppler bandwidth, are extracted based on high-resolution time-frequency transform. The validity of the features extracted in this reported work is verified by computer simulations even with low signal-to-noise ratio.
Nutation feature extraction of ballistic missile warhead
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- Author(s): J. Du and J.C. Macfarlane
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 13, p. 772 –773
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0404
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A pair of high-temperature-superconducting (HTS) step-edge Josephson junctions connected in the ‘resistive-SQUID’ (R-SQUID) configuration has been previously shown to generate a heterodyne oscillation which is frequency-tunable by a control current across the resistor. A method is described which enables the R-SQUID to act both as the local oscillator (LO) and simultaneously as a radio- frequency down-converter element. For the first time the autonomous Josephson mixer–local oscillator device for signal frequencies between 1–5 GHz, over a temperature range of 20–70 K, is demonstrated.
Frequency down-conversion in self-pumped HTS R-SQUID mixer
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- Author(s): J. Gelabert ; D.J. Edwards ; C.J. Stevens
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 13, p. 773 –775
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0475
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A novel concept of the use of an ultra-wide bandwidth (UWB) ultra-small-scale wireless interconnect scheme inside an electrically small enclosure is proposed. The concept is presented using a PC tower case as a model environment in which a channel measurement campaign has been made with two different types of antennas. Ricean K factor analysis was conducted for different positions of the antennas to identify the multipath behaviour of the channel, as well as channel capacity. An average maximum channel capacity of almost 6 Gbit/s is achieved using the whole UWB band for one of the antennas, assuming a signal-to-noise ratio of 25 dB. This work supports the proposal that a high-capacity UWB wireless interconnect scheme for communicating different devices within a PC case scenario may be used to replace wired interconnections, providing a wireless backplane system. - Author(s): X. Yang ; Y. Wang ; T. Zhang ; L. Cuthbert ; L. Xiao
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 13, p. 775 –776
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0736
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A new approach for improving the throughput and reducing the transmit power of OFDMA networks is presented. This combines Co-ordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) with variable cell radiation patterns from semi-smart antennas to optimise the network configuration leading to greater throughput for lower transmission power compared with CoMP on its own. - Author(s): E. Biglieri
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 13, p. 776 –778
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0495
- Type: Article
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A case of modelling uncertainties in spectrum sensing is examined, whereby the interference which, in addition to additive noise, affects a sensor has an unknown probability distribution, and only its maximum power is known. Application of moment-bound theory allows the derivation of sharp (i.e. achievable) upper and lower bounds to the performance of the sensor. Coherent and energy detectors are analysed. - Author(s): X.M. Yang and Y. Xiong
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 13, p. 778 –779
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0947
- Type: Article
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Linear precoding by gleaning energy from known multiple-antenna interference is able to achieve lower error rate than conventional schemes with interference zeroing under multiple input multiple output (MIMO) broadcast channels. Presented are modified constructions for a linear precoding matrix by separately evaluating the interference from each MIMO link. Analysis and simulation show that more interference energy can be exploited compared to existing methods, which leads to more diversity gain. - Author(s): B. Zhou ; W. Rhee ; Z. Wang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 13, p. 779 –780
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1300
- Type: Article
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A CMOS relaxation oscillator which generates quadrature triangular and square waveforms is presented and fabricated in 0.18 µm CMOS. The proposed oscillator consists of cascaded two-stage charge-discharge full-differential circuits with sequential common-mode comparators based on cross-coupled connection. Experimental results show that the proposed oscillator generates quadrature-phase waveforms with less than 1% phase mismatch. The proposed oscillator also achieves a tuning range of more than 40% with digitally programmable timing capacitors and offers phase noise of −132 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset frequency. - Author(s): D. Lee ; S. Kim ; E. Yoon
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 13, p. 780 –782
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0777
- Type: Article
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p.
780
–782
(3)
A subcarrier allocation method is proposed for the improvement of the preamble sequence detection. Precise detection of the preamble sequence is crucial for identifying the base station. It is shown that the proposed method can substantially enhance the performance of the preamble sequence detection. Finally, the condition under which the proposed method can maintain the performance of the channel quality indicator measurement is investigated.
Experimental evaluation of UWB wireless communication within PC case
Combining CoMP with semi-smart antennas to improve performance
Effect of uncertainties in modelling interference in spectrum sensors
Linear precoding with known interference for MIMO broadcast channels
Relaxation oscillator with quadrature triangular and square waveform generation
Subcarrier allocation for improvement of preamble sequence detection
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