Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 47, Issue 12, 9 June 2011
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Volume 47, Issue 12
9 June 2011
In Brief
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 12, page: 680 –680
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1615
- Type: Article
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- Author(s): Qiang Wu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 12, page: 680 –680
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1600
- Type: Article
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Dr. Qiang Wu of the Dublin Institute of Technology (DIT) in Ireland talks about his research in optical fibre components. - Author(s): H. Dyball
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 12, page: 681 –681
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1599
- Type: Article
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A flexible fully integrated transimpedance amplifier based on amorphous oxide semiconductor for use in system-on-panel has been built by researchers at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich. Their device, made from an amorphous indium-gallium-zinc-oxide (a-IGZO) thin-film transistor (TFT) and two a-IGZO TFT-based resistors integrated on a flexible substrate, can be bent to a radius of 5mm without significant degradation to the amplifier performance. - Author(s): H. Dyball
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 12, page: 682 –682
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1612
- Type: Article
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A single element antenna has been integrated with a commercially available switch system to achieve beam steering for portable and compact applications. A team of collaborating researchers from the UK and Japan created the low profile reconfigurable antenna system using a hybrid high-impedance surface (HHIS)-based square loop antenna and a PIN diode-based SP4T switch, and demonstrated it as a complete unit with its associated electronics.
Interview
Round the bend
One good turn
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- Author(s): K. Yang ; H. Wang ; Z. Lei ; Y. Xie ; H. Lai
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 12, p. 685 –686
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1232
- Type: Article
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A novel CPW-fed slot antenna for Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) and World Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) applications is proposed, which can produce dual bands. Employing a CPW feedline terminated with a triangular split-ring resonator (SRR), good wide impedance matching can be achieved without an external matching circuit, and then wide bandwidths in the two working bands could be implemented conveniently. Measured results show that the proposed antenna can yield an impedance bandwidth of 1.96–4.33 and 5.05–7.23 GHz with reflection coefficient (S11) less than −10 dB. In addition, the antenna has good radiation patterns in both E- and H-planes. A comparison between measured and simulated results is demonstrated. - Author(s): P. Deo ; M. Pant ; A. Mehta ; D. Mirshekar-Syahkal ; H. Nakano
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 12, p. 686 –687
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0905
- Type: Article
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For the first time, integration of a commercial single-pole four-throw RF switch with beam steerable square loop antenna is presented. By controlling the switch bias the high gain tilted beam of the antenna can be steered electronically in all the four space quadrants. A model of the complete integrated switch with the antenna has been developed and simulated. Further, for achieving distortion-free patterns and error-free simulation comments are made on the placement of the RF switch and associated meshing considerations. For the test band (4.3–5.0 GHz) the antenna generates a steerable tilted beam with a directivity of 8.0 dBi±0.4 dB. - Author(s): L.Y. Cai ; G. Zeng ; H.C. Yang ; Y.Z. Cai
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 12, p. 688 –689
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1285
- Type: Article
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A novel planar antenna integrated Bluetooth and multi-band ultra-wideband antenna is presented. This antenna is electromagnetically coupled to the feed microstrip-line on one side of the dielectric substrate, and through a via-hole, to a radiating element in the ground plane. By inserting a triangular slot inserted in the ground plane, a much wider impedance bandwidth from 2.7–15 GHz is realised. By inserting a complementary split-ring resonator (SRR) slot in the radiating element, two notched bands at WLAN (4.76–6 GHz) and some C-band satellite communication systems (6.6–7.5 GHz) are realised, and owing to the coupling between the two SRRs, the Bluetooth band will be generated.
CPW-fed slot antenna with triangular SRR terminated feedline for WLAN/WiMAX applications
Implementation and simulation of commercial RF switch integration with steerable square loop antenna
Integrated Bluetooth and multi-band ultra-wideband antenna
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- Author(s): L. Dai
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 12, p. 689 –690
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0795
- Type: Article
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A novel instruction identification algorithm of instruction-set extensions based on a relationship matrix is proposed. Through using a relationship matrix the infeasible regions in the complete search space are pruned and the search speed for subgraphs of the application data flow graph is accelerated greatly. Compared with Atasu's algorithm, the experiments prove that the search number of valid nodes is the same but the search number of invalid nodes is decreased by about 40–82%. - Author(s): C. Zysset ; N.S. Münzenrieder ; T. Kinkeldei ; K.H. Cherenack ; G. Tröster
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 12, p. 691 –692
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0659
- Type: Article
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A mechanically flexible amorphous indium-gallium-zinc-oxide (a-IGZO) based transimpedance amplifier is demonstrated. The circuit consists of an a-IGZO thin-film transistor (TFT) and two resistors made of a-IGZO TFTs, integrated on a 50 µm-thick Kapton substrate. A transimpedance (current-to-voltage) gain of 86.5 dBΩ and a cutoff frequency of 8.38 kHz are measured at a supply voltage of 5 V. The mechanical flexibility of the transimpedance amplifier is tested by bending the circuit to radii of 10 and 5 mm generating tensile strains of 0.3 and 0.5%, respectively. Bending the circuit to a radius of 5 mm decreases the gain by 1 dBΩ and increases the cutoff frequency by 1.45 kHz. The decreased gain is due to the increased electron mobility in the a-IGZO devices caused by the strain.
Instruction identification algorithm of instruction-set extensions based on relationship matrix
Indium-gallium-zinc-oxide based mechanically flexible transimpedance amplifier
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- Author(s): N. Sadati ; K.A. Hamed ; W.A. Gruver ; G.A. Dumont
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 12, p. 692 –694
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0692
- Type: Article
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Presented is a novel and analytical approach to design a hybrid controller based on hybrid zero dynamics for exponential stabilisation of a desired periodic orbit for a hybrid model of walking composed of single and double support phases. To achieve this goal, the effect of a double support phase on angular momentum transfer and stabilisation is investigated. Also, the class of control inputs corresponding to an orbit during double support is presented. A smooth feedback law based on a radial basis function network is then proposed for the double support phase such that (i) the desired orbit is exponentially stable and (ii) the control vector minimises the least square control cost.
Radial basis function network for exponential stabilisation of periodic orbits for planar bipedal walking
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- Author(s): L. Gao ; M. Xu ; S.F. Yan ; M.G. Liu ; C.H. Hou ; D.H. Wang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 12, p. 694 –695
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0544
- Type: Article
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A content-aware video retargeting method is proposed for playing broadcast soccer video in small displays. Four visual perception clues are predefined based on soccer game-specific knowledge and modelled by visual attention features firstly. Then, a fuzzy logic inference system is proposed to estimate visual attention values (AVs) of ball and players by fusing attention features. AVs are later used to determine the region of interest (ROI) of each frame. Finally, a retargeted video is generated by the ROI of each frame with polynomial curve fitting for temporal smoothing. Both subjective and objective evaluation results are promising. - Author(s): C. Ma ; D. San Segundo Bello ; C. Hoof ; A. Theuwissen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 12, p. 695 –696
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0808
- Type: Article
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A new readout imaging system with enhanced dynamic range (DR) and low power consumption is presented. The DR is enhanced by using feedback to control the integration time of the sensor. The feedback is implemented within an in-pixel-level ADC. The power consumption is reduced by switching the bias circuit off when it is not needed for the system, this readout circuit is used for a hybrid sensor: the photodiode and the readout circuits are placed in two different layers, the interconnections are made through bond pads. - Author(s): T. Gonzalez-Sanchez and D. Puig
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 12, p. 697 –698
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0967
- Type: Article
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Human body gesture recognition is a common problem in human–robot interaction. Presented is a novel method for body gesture recognition using a RGB-Depth camera. The proposed technique is able to recognise body gestures, which allow communication between human and robot in order to perform a set of actions by a robot. Also presented is a simple, but fast and effective method for body gesture recognition, which includes illumination invariant skin-colour segmentation.
Content-aware broadcast soccer video retargeting using fuzzy logic
High dynamic range hybrid pixel sensor
Real-time body gesture recognition using depth camera
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- Author(s): T. Bandi ; C. Affolderbach ; C.E. Calosso ; G. Mileti
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 12, p. 698 –699
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0389
- Type: Article
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Presented is a double-resonance continuous-wave laser-pumped rubidium (Rb) atomic clock with a short-term stability of 4×10−13 τ−1/2 for integration times 1 s≤τ≤1000 s, and a medium- to long-term stability reaching the 1×10−14 level at 104 s. The clock uses an Rb vapour cell with increased diameter of 25 mm, accommodated inside a newly developed compact magnetron-type microwave cavity. This results in a bigger signal with reduced linewidth, and thus improved short-term stability from a clock with 1 dm3 physics package volume only. The medium- to long-term clock stability is achieved by minimising the effects of light-shift and temperature coefficient on the atoms. Potential applications of the clock are discussed.
High-performance laser-pumped rubidium frequency standard for satellite navigation
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- Author(s): C.W. Ahn
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 12, p. 700 –701
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0805
- Type: Article
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Presented is a fast and adaptive evolutionary algorithm that minimises the resource consumption of network coding while achieving the target multicast rate. To this end, infeasible individuals adaptively participate as well in searching for better solutions, and all individuals are evaluated in an opportunistic manner. The empirical results have adduced grounds for the effectiveness of the approach.
Fast and adaptive evolutionary algorithm for minimum-cost multicast with network coding
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- Author(s): S.H. Choi ; Y.M. Lee ; M. Kim
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 12, p. 701 –703
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1107
- Type: Article
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A two-bit reflection-type phase shifter (RTPS) is fabricated using 0.13 µm CMOS process for 60 GHz operation. The reflective loads in the RTPS are designed to achieve minimal loss with use of shunt switches and body-floating resistors. The measurement shows an average insertion loss of 6.4 dB for four phase states with the worst case loss of 7.7 dB at 60 GHz. - Author(s): T.T.N. Tran ; C.C. Boon ; M.A. Do ; K.S. Yeo
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 12, p. 703 –704
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0961
- Type: Article
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In the 2.4 GHz IEEE 802.15.4 standard, the noise figure (NF) requirement can be relaxed to minimise power consumption. A fully differential gm-boosting common-gate (CG) low-noise amplifier (LNA) with a series inductor input matching network is proposed. The LNA consumes less than 1 mA from 1 V power supply and achieves a measured gain of 15.5 dB. The series inductor input matching CGLNA is attractive for low-power fully integrated applications in CMOS technologies. - Author(s): K.W. Qian and X.H. Tang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 12, p. 704 –705
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0775
- Type: Article
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A novel broadband bandpass filter with semilumped resonators based on low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) technology is proposed. By properly controlling the elements of each resonator, two transmission zeros can be located at both sides of the passband for better selectivity. Moreover, multilayer capacitors are adopted to increase the capacitance without area increment. Measured results show a bandwidth of more than 65%, where the centre frequency is 3.6 GHz. - Author(s): H.S. Tae ; K.S. Oh ; M.Q. Lee ; J.W. Yu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 12, p. 706 –707
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0728
- Type: Article
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Presented is a new dual-band differential quadrature divider with asymmetric structure operating at GPS L1 and L2 bands (1575 and 1227 MHz) for circularly polarised (CP) antennas and RF transceivers. The proposed structure is composed of one ring hybrid coupler and two Wilkinson dividers with three λ/4 short stubs. Each circuit is designed asymmetrically for dual-band characteristics. - Author(s): H.W. Zhang ; X.W. Shi ; F. Wei ; B. Liu ; L. Xu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 12, p. 707 –708
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1045
- Type: Article
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A novel reconfigurable coupler with two operating modes is presented. The proposed structure can be electronically configured to operate as either a forward coupler or backward coupler, which is very useful in transceivers and diversity systems. Flat coupling in backward mode and high isolation in forward mode can be obtained, respectively, while the bandwidth is enhanced at the same time. For demonstration purposes, a 3 dB reconfigurable coupler at the centre frequency of 2.4 GHz is fabricated and examined. Both simulated and measured results are presented, and good agreement between them is observed.
60 GHz reflection-type phase shifter using 0.13 µm CMOS body-floating switches
Ultra-low power series input resonance differential common gate LNA
Design of LTCC wideband bandpass filter using semilumped resonators
Dual-band differential quadrature divider with asymmetric structure
Reconfigurable coupler with two operating modes for transceivers and diversity systems
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- Author(s): T. Fujisawa ; K. Takahata ; W. Kobayashi ; T. Tadokoro ; N. Fujiwara ; S. Kanazawa ; F. Kano
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 12, p. 708 –710
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1126
- Type: Article
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A 1.3 µm, 50 Gbit/s electroabsorption modulator integrated with a DFB laser for future parallel LAN, the total data rate of which is over 100 Gbit/s, is developed. Very clear eye openings after 40 km transmission under 50 Gbit/s operation on singlemode fibre are demonstrated for eight wavelengths with discrete packages for the first time. - Author(s): H. Bai and Y. Ji
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 12, p. 710 –711
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0182
- Type: Article
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The active fault alarm (AFA) has been developed to achieve fast recovery of various network services, but the false-alarm still exists when applied to multicast restoration. To solve this problem, an AFA based pre-restoration (AFA-PR) scheme is proposed. The AFA-PR scheme takes full advantage of the AFA technologies, and allows establishing in advance a segment of the pre-restoration path for each suffered leaf on the multicast tree. Simulation results suggest the achievement of better performance by the new mechanism and show that the AFA-PR can solve the false-alarm problem efficiently. - Author(s): J. Zhao and A.D. Ellis
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 12, p. 711 –713
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0496
- Type: Article
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This reported work significantly extends the reach of 10Gbit/s on-off keying singlemode fibre (SMF) transmission using full-field based electronic dispersion compensation (EDC) to 900 km. In addition, the EDC balances the complexity and the adaptation capability by employing a simple dispersive transmission line with static parameters for coarse dispersion compensation and 16-state maximum likelihood sequence estimation with Gaussian approximation based channel training for adaptive impairment trimming. Improved adaptation times of less than 400 ns for a bit error rate target of 10−3 over distances ranging from 0 to 900 km are reported.
1.3 µm, 50 Gbit/s electroabsorption modulators integrated with DFB laser for beyond 100G parallel LAN applications
Active-fault-alarm based pre-restoration for multicast
Demonstration of 10 Gbit/s transmission over 900 km SMF with <400 ns adaptation time using full-field EDC
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- Author(s): Q. Wu ; Y. Semenova ; P. Wang ; G. Farrell
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 12, p. 713 –714
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0974
- Type: Article
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Reported is an experimental study of a novel fibre heterostructure that utilises multimode interference employing two multimode fibre sections to allow simultaneous measurement of both strain and temperature. By measuring two peak wavelengths, strain and temperature can be determined with a demonstrated sensitivity to strain of 0.35 pm/µɛ in the strain range 0–1556 µɛ and a temperature sensitivity of 11.16 pm/°C in the temperature range 10–30°C. - Author(s): X. Shu ; K. Sugden ; I. Bennion
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 12, p. 714 –716
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0867
- Type: Article
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A report is presented on the interesting bending effect of cladding mode resonances in fibre Bragg gratings (FBGs). It is observed that a serial of new cladding mode resonances can arise under bending and the new and the original cladding mode resonances have opposite trends in amplitude change and wavelength shift when the curvature varies. The discovery provides an effective new way to discriminate between bend and strain or bend and temperature when using only a single uniform FBG. - Author(s): C.L. Janer and M.J. Connelly
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 12, p. 716 –717
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0737
- Type: Article
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A semiconductor-optical-amplifier-based technique to generate the conjugate of an optical signal is presented. The original probe signal and its conjugate appear at opposite ends of the semiconductor optical amplifier, improving, therefore, existing techniques. The basic concept was proposed many years ago but, to the best of our knowledge, has never been experimentally verified. An explanation is given as to why this was not possible, what modifications render the idea practical are explained and experimental results that prove its feasibility are shown. - Author(s): J.A. Lott ; V.A. Shchukin ; N.N. Ledentsov ; A.M. Kasten ; K.D. Choquette
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 12, p. 717 –719
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0955
- Type: Article
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Demonstrated is a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) formed by a passive half-wavelength cavity and a quarter-wavelength active gain region, wherein the said gain region resides in one of the VCSEL's distributed Bragg reflectors. The device concept invites extensive opportunities for innovation in the combinations of materials and gain region placements that may be used to construct surface emitting devices. - Author(s): S.-S. Li ; X.-S. Song ; F. Xu ; Y.-Q. Lu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 12, p. 719 –720
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1145
- Type: Article
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In recent years, photonic crystal fibre based modal interferometers have been widely investigated. Owing to the nature of Mach-Zenhder-like interference, the sensing range is limited by the sinusoidal spectrum's period. A splicing approach is proposed and demonstrated to achieve unique four-beam interference so that quadrupled sensing range is obtained without reduction in detection limit, which would be much desired in wide range refractive index, pressure and temperature sensing. As an example, a high-temperature sensor ranging from 28 to 484°C is demonstrated.
Fibre heterostructure for simultaneous strain and temperature measurement
Bend induced spectral changes in fibre Bragg gratings and their applications for simultaneous measurement
Optical phase conjugation technique using four-wave mixing in semiconductor optical amplifier
Passive cavity surface emitting laser
Photonic crystal fibre based modal interferometer with four-beam path interference
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- Author(s): Z.J. Cheng ; H.S. San ; Z.H. Feng ; B. Liu ; X.Y. Chen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 12, p. 720 –722
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1143
- Type: Article
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A high open-circuit voltage betavoltaic cell based on a GaN pin homojunction is demonstrated. A process of doping compensation has been developed to achieve high resistance i-GaN film for betavoltaics. Under 0.5 mCi 63Ni source irradiation, the open-circuit voltage of the fabricated GaN pin homojunction betavoltaic cell was measured as high as 1.65 V. A fill factor of 54% and a 2.7% lower bound on the power conversion efficiency were obtained. The results suggest GaN is a highly potential candidate for the long-life betavoltaic cell. - Author(s): K.I. Hwu ; K.W. Huang ; W.C. Tu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 12, p. 722 –724
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0392
- Type: Article
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A step-up converter is presented, which combines the KY converter and the traditional buck-boost converter. By doing so, the limitations on voltage conversion ratio of the KY converter, up to two, can be improved. Aside from this, such a converter possesses a non-pulsating output current, thereby not only decreasing current stress on the output capacitor but also reducing output voltage ripple.
High open-circuit voltage betavoltaic cell based on GaN pin homojunction
Step-up converter combining KY and buck-boost converters
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- Author(s): W.G. Zhang and Q. Zhang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 12, p. 724 –725
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.3474
- Type: Article
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To effectively preserve targets such as edges and dots of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images while cleanly removing noise, a despeckling strategy is proposed. Both despeckling results of bilateral filtering and an improved nonlocal means algorithm (INLMeans) are first utilised to detect targets. Then, the detected targets are removed from the SAR image and INLMeans is employed to denoise the targets-removed image. Finally, the removed targets are added to the despeckled targets-removed image. Experimental results show that the visual quality and evaluation indexes of the proposed algorithm outperform those of the anisotropic diffusion and INLMeans.
SAR image despeckling combining target detection with improved nonlocal means
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- Author(s): M. Lee ; Y. Ryoo ; J.-G. Lee ; H.-Y. Cha ; K. Seo
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 12, p. 725 –726
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1190
- Type: Article
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Sharp edge definition of annealed ohmic contacts is of great concern in AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) because it is strongly associated with breakdown voltage uniformity and reliability. In this reported work, two-step sequential annealing in conjunction with a low-damage SiNx dry etching technique was employed in a prepassivation process in order to improve the edge acuity in annealed ohmic contacts. As a result, uniformity in breakdown voltage was significantly improved in comparison with a conventional process.
Prepassivated AlGaN/GaN HEMTs with improved edge acuity in annealed ohmic contacts
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- Author(s): A.J. Yuste ; A. Triviño ; E. Casilari
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 12, p. 727 –728
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0825
- Type: Article
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Multihop wireless ad hoc networks can be integrated into the Internet by a gateway discovery. In this process, the Internet routes are established by propagating control messages generated by the gateways. If the nodes maintaining the optimal routes to the gateway are the only ones forwarding these messages, the network performance improves. However, determining the optimal routes is a complex process owing to the uncertainty given by the mobility of the nodes. Fuzzy logic can help determine the most stable routes basing on uncertain and noisy information. Proposed is a fuzzy logic based control system to identify the routes which are expected to endure longer (i.e. the optimal ones). This identification allows the system to optimise the gateway discovery.
Type-2 fuzzy logic control to optimise Internet-connected MANETs
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