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1350-911X
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0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 47, Issue 11, 26 May 2011
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Volume 47, Issue 11
26 May 2011
In Brief
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 11, page: 632 –632
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1438
- Type: Article
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- Author(s): Taner Sumesaglam
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 11, page: 632 –632
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1436
- Type: Article
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Dr Taner Sumesaglam, senior analogue design engineer at Intel, talks about the work behind his Letter ‘Dynamic linear equaliser circuit’ on page 642. - Author(s): G. Huff
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 11, page: 633 –633
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1434
- Type: Article
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A biologically inspired approach to reconfigure antennas based on the human vascular system is under development at Texas A&M University. Professor Gregory Huff tells us more. - Author(s): H. Dyball
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 11, page: 634 –634
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1435
- Type: Article
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THz transistor-based room temperature detector arrays have been fabricated in 150 nm CMOS with a 6-times performance increase compared to their earlier work and good intra and inter-chip uniformity. The 5×10 pixel arrays were made by a team from the Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität in Germany as part of their aim to produce a large-scale multi-pixel THz camera at room temperature, that can be reliably fabricated at low cost.“Low performance fluctuations and a high yield are essential for large multi-pixel arrays,” said researcher Sebastian Boppel. “Our work shows that even standard CMOS processes without any additional steps are very suitable for future low cost, highly sensitive detector arrays with a very large number of pixels. This technology could therefore develop into an enabling technology, which breaks the vicious cycle of high costs preventing applications, which could drive technology further.”
Interview
Inside View
The bigger picture
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- Author(s): G.H. Huff and S.A. Goldberger
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 11, p. 637 –638
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0383
- Type: Article
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A biologically-inspired fluidic network based on the human vascular system and transport of colloidal dispersions is proposed as an antenna reconfiguration mechanism. The impact of fluidic colloidal dispersion properties on the impedance behaviour is predicted. Trends in analytical, simulated and measured results show good agreement.
Biologically-inspired vascular antenna reconfiguration mechanism
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- Author(s): B.C. Ko ; J.W. Gim ; J.Y. Nam
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 11, p. 638 –639
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0831
- Type: Article
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An efficient white blood cell (WBC) image classification method using ensemble features and classification scheme is introduced. After WBC segmentation into the nucleus and cytoplasm, classification into five different categories is necessary for accurate disease diagnosis. First, from several experiments, it was proved that the nucleus alone is adequate for classifying WBCs without using the cytoplasm because the cytoplasm of some WBCs presents a very weak difference against the background and touches neighbouring WBCs and red blood cells. Secondly, it was proved that the random forest is a reasonable classifier for WBC classification compared to other classification methods, when using small training datasets.
Cell image classification based on ensemble features and random forest
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- Author(s): Z. Xu ; Q.J. Gu ; M.-C.F. Chang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 11, p. 639 –641
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.3373
- Type: Article
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A 200 GHz CMOS amplifier with a compact fully differential configuration is presented. Accurate device modelling and creative circuit design indicate the amplifier can support gain at frequencies close to device fT. Measurement results are reported and validate the design by achieving 8.1 dB gain at 200 GHz and over 20 GHz positive gain bandwidth. - Author(s): M. Lin ; S. Chen ; G. Lv ; Z. Zhou
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 11, p. 641 –642
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0621
- Type: Article
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Proposed is an optimised Linux swap system, called SGBI, where the Linux kernel manages the flash memory-based swap area directly without FTL. This approach not only introduces an efficient swap-aware garbage collection policy to reduce its cleaning cost and improve the degree of wear-levelling, but also adopts an efficient swap-in read-ahead scheme to delay the execution of garbage collection. Swap I/O traces from the Linux kernel have been collected and trace-driven simulations performed, which show that the proposed approach greatly outperforms existing Linux swap systems. - Author(s): T. Sumesaglam
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 11, p. 642 –644
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0922
- Type: Article
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A novel dynamic linear equaliser circuit is proposed for high-speed transceiver applications. The evaluation phase of a strong-arm latch is exploited to provide equalisation while sampling the input data. The circuit does not require any special biasing and only consumes power during transitions, which makes it superior compared to traditional continuous-time linear equalisers followed by samplers in terms of power efficiency and process scalability. - Author(s): E. Hardy ; H. Ihs ; C. Dufaza ; S. Meillère ; R. Bouchakour
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 11, p. 644 –645
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0572
- Type: Article
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A return-to-zero generator based on a delay-locked loop is used to create a pulse free of system clock jitter, power supply disturbance and substrate noise peaks inherent to mixed-signal devices. An audio continuous-time delta-sigma converter equipped with this generator is able to overcome the jitter barrier and achieve far better performances. - Author(s): A. Stefanou and G. Gielen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 11, p. 645 –647
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0906
- Type: Article
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Presented is a scheme for regenerative comparators to suppress the induced input-dependent sampling distortion and also to alleviate the impact of substrate noise coupled to the comparator. The proposed scheme is based on the concept of source degeneration and is realised by incorporating a resistor at the source terminal of the sampling transistors. The scheme is evaluated with transient simulations, by characterising the output waveform jitter of the comparator with eye diagrams, and it is proven effective in the presence of high input signals and substrate noise. - Author(s): D.K. Upadhyay and R.K. Singh
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 11, p. 647 –648
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0420
- Type: Article
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A new design of a recursive wideband digital differentiator is obtained by optimising the pole-zero locations of existing recursive wideband digital differentiators. Further, a new integrator design is also obtained by inverting the transfer function of the proposed digital differentiator design with suitable modifications. The beauty of these designs is that they are only of second-order recursive systems and have not more than 0.48% relative error in magnitude responses almost over the full Nyquist band, thus being suitable for real-time circuit applications. - Author(s): J. Núñez ; M.J. Avedillo ; J.M. Quintana
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 11, p. 648 –650
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0186
- Type: Article
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MOBILE networks can be operated in a gate-level pipelined fashion allowing high through-output. If MOBILE gates are directly chained, a four-phase clock scheme is required for this. A single-phase scheme is possible adding latches to the MOBILE gates. Proposed and experimentally validated is a new single-phase interconnection scheme that simplifies the inter-stage element, which translates in power, area and clock load advantages with respect to using latches.
200 GHz CMOS amplifier working close to device fT
Optimised Linux swap system for flash memory
Dynamic linear equaliser circuit
Jitter-free return-to-zero generator
Mitigation of sampling distortion in regenerative comparators by passive source degeneration
Recursive wideband digital differentiator and integrator
Simplified single-phase clock scheme for MOBILE networks
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- Author(s): J.H. Jiang and Y. Lin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 11, p. 650 –651
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.3624
- Type: Article
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Proposed is an efficient mode decision for H.264/AVC frame-skipping transcoding. In the proposed algorithm, all information including mode, motion vector etc. are reused when the selected best reference frame is not skipped; while an efficient mode decision is employed when the best reference frame is dropped. Experimental results reveal that an average of 70% of computation time can be saved compared to the fully decoding/encoding procedure. Degradation in the rate-distortion performance is fairly small. - Author(s): A.A. Liu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 11, p. 651 –653
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0880
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Proposed is a structured discriminative random fields model for human action recognition. To represent the human action in a compact but distinct manner, the motion-constrained SIFT (MoSIFT) algorithm is utilised for salient region extraction and description and Bag of Words is sequentially adopted for feature formulation to convert the action sequence into a feature sequence. With this feature representation, a structured discriminative random fields model can be constructed for action modelling and classification. The contribution of the work is to explicitly learn the visual pattern transition between elementary actions to discover the nature of the entire action rather than modelling the gradual change of visual pattern between adjacent frames in traditional methods. A large-scale experiment showed the accuracy and robustness of this method. Moreover, the proposed method outperforms the representative state-of-the-art methods for human action recognition.
Efficient mode decision for H.264/AVC frame-skipping transcoding
Human action recognition with structured discriminative random fields
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- Author(s): Y.-T. Su and K.T. Wong
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 11, p. 653 –654
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0541
- Type: Article
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A new linear minimum-mean-square error (LMMSE) estimator has recently been proposed by Su, Wong and Ho to estimate phase-noise of (possibly) large magnitude, temporal non-stationarity, and Levy distribution (which includes the Wiener distribution as a special case). This estimator can handle many different degrees of latency. The estimator is adjustable to any number of taps, which may be pre-computed offline, based on only the signal-to-(additive)-noise ratio and the phase-noise's characteristic function. This pre-computation requires no matrix inversion. The above estimator is algorithmically extended for more flexibility in latency, to select the optimum estimator-tap support-window from a wider data-observation window, and to handle newly arrived samples in a computationally efficient manner. - Author(s): B. Dulek and S. Gezici
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 11, p. 654 –656
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0686
- Type: Article
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An optimal estimation framework is considered in the presence of cost-constrained measurements. The aim is to maximise the average Fisher information under a constraint on the total cost of measurement devices. An optimisation problem is formulated to calculate the optimal costs of measurement devices that maximise the average Fisher information for arbitrary observation and measurement statistics. In addition, a closed-form expression is obtained in the case of Gaussian observations and measurement noise. Numerical examples are presented to explain the results. - Author(s): H. Kim and J.H. Huh
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 11, p. 656 –658
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0399
- Type: Article
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Most of the existing phishing detection techniques are weak against domain name system (DNS)-poisoning-based phishing attacks. Proposed is a highly effective method for detecting such attacks: the network performance characteristics of websites are used for classification. To demonstrate how useful the approach is, the performance of four classification algorithms are explored: linear discriminant analysis, naïve Bayesian, K-nearest neighbour, and support vector machine. Over 10 000 real-world items of routing information have been observed during a one-week period. The experimental results show that the best-performing classification method – which uses the K-nearest neighbour algorithm – is capable of achieving a true positive rate of 99.4% and a false positive rate of 0.7%.
Algorithmic extensions of Su-Wong-Ho linear MMSE estimator for large-magnitude Levy-process phase-noise
Average Fisher information maximisation in presence of cost-constrained measurements
Detecting DNS-poisoning-based phishing attacks from their network performance characteristics
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- Author(s): J.-F. Chang and Y.-S. Lin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 11, p. 658 –659
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0619
- Type: Article
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A low-power 3–10 GHz common-gate CMOS ultra-wideband (UWB) low-noise amplifier (LNA) using a T-match input network and the self-body-bias technique is demonstrated. Wideband input impedance matching was achieved by using the proposed T-match input network to improve the input matching at low frequencies. A low supply voltage of 1.1 V (for two VDS drops) was achieved by using the self-body-bias technique to reduce the threshold voltage (Vth) of the transistors, which leads to a low power consumption (PD). At VG=0.77 V, the LNA consumed 2.15 mW and achieved S11 of −10.4 to −35.5 dB, S21 of 10.4 dB, and an average NF of 4.9 dB over the 3–10 GHz band of interest. At VG=0.63 V, the LNA consumed 0.99 mW and achieved S11 of −10.7 to −35.8 dB, S21 of 7.9 dB and an average NF of 6 dB. Both are the lowest PD ever reported for an UWB CMOS LNA with bandwidth greater than 6 GHz. - Author(s): Y. Yoon ; H. Kim ; J. Cha ; O. Lee ; H.S. Kim ; W. Kim ; C.-H. Lee ; J. Laskar
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 11, p. 659 –661
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0663
- Type: Article
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Presented is a fully-integrated 2.45/3.8 GHz concurrent dual-band CMOS power amplifier (PA) with a switchless matching network. The area of the PA is 1.46×0.7 mm2, and it is fabricated in a 0.18 µm RF CMOS process. It uses a supply voltage of 3.3 V. The measured maximum output power and drain efficiency of the dual-band PA are 23.4 dBm and 42% at 2.45 GHz and 24.5 dBm and 39% at 3.8 GHz, respectively. - Author(s): S. Boppel ; A. Lisauskas ; V. Krozer ; H.G. Roskos
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 11, p. 661 –662
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0687
- Type: Article
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Antenna-coupled field-effect transistors were integrated as multi-pixel (5×10) detector arrays for electromagnetic radiation between 550 and 600 GHz using commercial 0.15 µm CMOS process technology. Reported is a minimum optical noise-equivalent-power (NEP) of 43 pW/√Hz and a maximum (capacitive-loading-limited) optical responsivity of 970 V/W (both values averaged). An electrical NEP of 9 pW/√Hz is estimated. Inter-chip variations are analysed with a set of 15 samples showing a low standard deviation of less than 8% for both responsivity and NEP at the optimum operation point. Intra-chip variation is low for non-edge pixels. Both the very good NEP values and the low variations indicate that a cost-efficient CMOS process is well suitable for reliable fabrication of multi-pixel terahertz focal plane arrays.
0.99 mW 3–10 GHz common-gate CMOS UWB LNA using T-match input network and self-body-bias technique
Fully-integrated concurrent dual-band CMOS power amplifier with switchless matching network
Performance and performance variations of sub-1 THz detectors fabricated with 0.15 µm CMOS foundry process
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- Author(s): B. Guo ; L. Fang ; B. Zhang ; J.R. Gong
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 11, p. 663 –664
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0770
- Type: Article
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A method of controllable doping by ion irradiation in reduced graphene oxide (RGO) is presented, and the threshold voltage of the RGO-based field-effect transistor can be finely tuned in the range from more than 30 V to about −20 V using this approach. Evidence of doping was also provided by Raman spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. - Author(s): M.J. Bae ; J.-Y. Kim ; S.H. Park ; T. Jeong ; S. Song ; J. Lee ; I. Han ; D. Jung ; J.B. Yoo ; C. Liu ; S. Yu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 11, p. 664 –665
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.3396
- Type: Article
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Three-phase composite films consisting of BaTiO3/singlewalled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)/polymer were fabricated. The SWCNTs were shortened and coated with SiO2 to minimise the conducting paths of the SWCNTs in the film. The film showed a dielectric constant and dielectric loss of 92 and 0.031, respectively, at a frequency of 1 kHz. The SiO2-coated short SWCNTs can play important roles in enhancing the capacitance by space charge polarisation at the interface between the SWCNTs and SiO2, and reducing the dielectric loss.
Doping effect on shift of threshold voltage of graphene-based field-effect transistors
High performance dielectric film using SiO2-coated short carbon nanotubes in BaTiO3-polymer composite
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- Author(s): Y. Sakamaki ; T. Kawai ; T. Komukai ; S. Sohma ; A. Iwaki ; T. Inui ; M. Fukutoku ; T. Kataoka
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 11, p. 665 –667
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0245
- Type: Article
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It is experimentally demonstrated that a filtering penalty could be substantially reduced by adjusting the passband shape, or introducing a loss ripple, in an optical filter for 127 Gbit/s DP-QPSK signal transmission. Experimental results showed that the Q-factor penalty for 20 cascaded filters with a loss ripple of 0.3 dB was 1.4 dB lower than that for conventional filters without a loss ripple at a received OSNR of 16 dB.
Filtering penalty reduction by adjusting passband shape in optical filter for 127 Gbit/s DP-QPSK signal transmission
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- Author(s): M. Jang ; X. Wang ; R.W. Adams ; M. Troccoli ; M.A. Belkin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 11, p. 667 –668
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0753
- Type: Article
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Reported are the design and performance of GaInAs/AlInAs/InP quantum cascade laser sources based on intra-cavity second-harmonic generation providing an output at 2.95 µm wavelength. To produce frequency doubling, devices contain a passive heterostructure tailored for giant optical nonlinearity integrated on top of an active region and patterned for quasi-phase matching. The sources have a threshold current density of 2.2 kA/cm2 and provide approximately 35 µW of second-harmonic output at room temperature. The second-harmonic conversion efficiency is approximately 75 µW/W2. - Author(s): J. Müller ; M. Krause ; E. Brinkmeyer
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 11, p. 668 –670
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0939
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Spatially resolved determination of loss in silicon nanophotonic waveguides using optical frequency-domain reflectometry is reported. Taking measurements from either side of a waveguide, discriminating loss from non-uniform scattering properties is demonstrated. This technique is fast, nondestructive and does not require any knowledge about the launching efficiency.
Room-temperature 2.95 µm quantum cascade laser sources based on intra-cavity frequency doubling
Spatially resolved loss measurement in silicon waveguides using optical frequency-domain reflectometry
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- Author(s): C. Carretero ; O. Lucía ; J. Acero ; J.M. Burdío
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 11, p. 670 –671
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1114
- Type: Article
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The phase-shift control applied to two half-bridge inverters connected to two partly electromagnetically coupled inductive loads is proposed to control the output power, improving the power distribution. The proposed control also avoids acoustic noise problems because both converters work at the same switching frequency.
Phase-shift control of dual half-bridge inverter feeding coupled loads for induction heating purposes
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- Author(s): W. Zhang ; J. Li ; H. Lin ; Z. He
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 11, p. 671 –673
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0339
- Type: Article
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A simple formula for estimation of clutter rank of MIMO radar in the case of transmitting subarraying is derived. With the help of the time-bandwidth product rule, the estimation of clutter rank of MIMO radar is extended to the case of subarraying, this would be useful to design an optimal subaraying technique. The rule for estimation of clutter rank in this case is provided and demonstrated by numerical simulations.
Estimation of clutter rank of MIMO radar in case of subarraying
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- Author(s): M.N. Hadad ; M.A. Funes ; P.G. Donato ; D.O. Carrica
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 11, p. 673 –674
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0585
- Type: Article
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A previous contribution presented an architecture that enables one to perform the simultaneous correlation of four orthogonal sets of complementary sequences. That contribution, based on the properties of orthogonal sets and on the use of a recursive generation algorithm, permits a remarkable reduction of calculation requirements. However, this architecture can be even further reduced by suppressing redundant operations. Proposed is a reduced architecture to perform the simultaneous correlation of M mutually orthogonal complementary sets of sequences using fewer logical operations.
Efficient simultaneous correlation of M mutually orthogonal complementary sets of sequences
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- Author(s): Y. Zhao ; X. Wang ; S. Li
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 11, p. 674 –676
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0469
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A novel joint adaptive modulation scheme for the broadcast phase of a two-way relay channel is presented. Over Rayleigh flat fading channels, by jointly encoding and modulating the messages from both users according to each user's instantaneous channel quality, the relay can greatly improve its bits-per-symbol throughput during the broadcast phase. Also, each user can receive at the data rate decided by its instantaneous channel quality under the target average bit error ratio constraint by interference cancellation using its own information. Computer simulation shows the proposed scheme provides about 3 dB gain over the network coding based adaptive modulation scheme. - Author(s): G.G. Messier ; J.-F. Bousquet ; S. Magierowski
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 11, p. 676 –677
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0828
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Presented is a way to implement cooperative opportunistic beamforming using an all-analogue relay node. Unlike most cooperative transmission schemes, this approach does not require signal delay buffers or synchronisation at the relay. As a result, a very simple, all-analogue relay design is possible. The measured performance of an integrated prototype of the relay is used to predict the throughput improvement cooperative opportunistic beamforming will achieve on a multi-user link.
Joint adaptive modulation scheme for two-way relay channel
Cooperative opportunistic beamforming using integrated relay node prototype
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