Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 47, Issue 10, 12 May 2011
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Volume 47, Issue 10
12 May 2011
In Brief
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 10, page: 574 –574
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.9046
- Type: Article
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- Author(s): Pekka Salonen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 10, page: 574 –574
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.9047
- Type: Article
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Dr Pekka Salonen, R&D manager at Patria in Finland, talks about the research behind his Letter ‘Making flexible resistors out of conductive polymer fabrics' on page 602. - Author(s): Li Chen ; Rolando Carrasco ; Ian Wassell
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 10, page: 575 –575
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.9048
- Type: Article
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Cooperative communication looks very promising as a next-generation wireless network architecture. Li Chen, Rolando Carrasco and Ian Wassell tell us why and how they are working to improve system performance. - Author(s): H. Dyball
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 10, page: 576 –576
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.9049
- Type: Article
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Ion sensitive field effect transistors (ISFETs) can be used for fast chemical sensing in applications such as bionic chemical synapse and rapid DNA sequencing, researchers at the UK-based Imperial College London and Oxford Brookes University have shown.In their Letter in this issue, the team demonstrate how they are the first to use practical iontophoresis to create a 1 millisecond flow of hydrogen ions, and detect the local pH change from the rapid stimulation using an ISFET. This new and simple test protocol will allow them to develop the use of ISFETs for much faster chemical sensing applications.
Interview
Inside View
A sense of speed
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- Author(s): S. Cui ; Y. Liu ; W. Jiang ; S.X. Gong
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 10, p. 579 –580
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.3603
- Type: Article
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A compact dual-band MIMO antenna with high port isolation is proposed. The proposed antenna is basically composed of two folded monopoles and is designed to operate at 2.4/5.6 GHz. The high isolation is achieved by introducing two transmission lines on the top surface of the substrate and etching two slots on the ground. The measured isolation between the two monopoles is higher than 25 dB in both bands. The measured impedance bandwidths (|S11|<−10 dB) of the proposed antenna are 2.26–2.5 GHz and 5.41–5.79 GHz, respectively. The predicted results are compared with the measured data and good agreement is found. - Author(s): P.-H. Tichit ; S.N. Burokur ; D. Germain ; A. de Lustrac
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 10, p. 580 –582
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0463
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The modelling, practical implementation and characterisation of an ultra-directive antenna around 10 GHz are presented. The design of the antenna is based on the transformation optics concept by transforming a radiating cylindrical space into a rectangular one. Metamaterials presenting electric and magnetic resonances are used to achieve the transformation. Field intensity mappings and direct far-field measurements are performed to experimentally demonstrate the narrow beam profile. - Author(s): Y. Tan ; N. Yuan ; Y. Yang ; Y. Fu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 10, p. 582 –583
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0842
- Type: Article
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A simple and successful design for a small radar cross-section (RCS) and highly efficient waveguide slot antenna is presented. An artificial magnetic conductor and perfect electric conductor surface are combined together for RCS reduction and radiation improvement based on the principle of passive cancellation. A ring structure is first used in the waveguide slot antenna design. The novel antenna is compared with the traditional antenna and the results are better. - Author(s): S. Pyo ; J.-W. Baik ; Y.-S. Kim
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 10, p. 583 –585
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0721
- Type: Article
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A new microstrip antenna using a slot perturbing method is proposed for switchable circular polarisation. The perturbing structure consists of a centred circular slot with an inner conductor and an outer slot in the square patch radiator. By switching the perturbation geometry from controlling the states of two pin diodes, right-hand circular polarisation and left-hand circular polarisation are alternated without a resonant frequency shifting. Simulated and measured results show that the proposed antenna has remarkable circular polarisation performance with symmetrical radiation characteristics at the resonant frequency.
Compact dual-band monopole antennas with high port isolation
Coordinate-transformation-based ultra-directive emission
Improved RCS and efficient waveguide slot antenna
Slot-perturbed microstrip antenna for switchable circular polarisation
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- Author(s): A. Ortiz ; J.M. Górriz ; J. Ramírez ; D. Salas-Gonzalez
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 10, p. 585 –586
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0322
- Type: Article
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A fully automatic tool to assist the segmentation of brain magnetic resonance images (MRI) is presented. Thus, the figured out regions can be evaluated for the diagnosis of brain disorders. The main problem to be handled consists in discovering different regions on the image without using apriori information. The new approach consists in hybridising multiobjective optimisation for feature selection with a growing hierarchical self-organising map (GHSOM) classifier and a probability clustering method. The segmentation results yield average overlap metric values of 0.32, 0.75 and 0.69 for white matter, grey matter and cerebrospinal fluid, respectively, over the Internet Brain Segmentation Repository database. These results mean an improvement over the values reached by other existing techniques. - Author(s): S. Thanapitak ; P. Pookaiyaudom ; P. Seelanan ; F.J. Lidgey ; K. Hayatleh ; C. Toumazou
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 10, p. 586 –588
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0608
- Type: Article
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The ion sensitive field effect transistor (ISFET) is a popular sensor in biomedical electronics and has been used to date mainly for relatively low speed applications, such as measurement of pH of common biomedical fluids. However, there is a growing interest in sensing rapidly changing ion activity for applications including chemical synapse and rapid DNA sequencing. In this reported work, it is demonstrated that the response time of the ISFET is sufficient for these applications. The results obtained are used to determine the factors that affect high speed chemical sensing with the ISFET.
MR brain image segmentation by growing hierarchical SOM and probability clustering
Verification of ISFET response time for millisecond range ion stimulus using electronic technique
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- Author(s): L. Hernández ; S. Patón ; E. Prefasi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 10, p. 588 –589
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0061
- Type: Article
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Presented is a new ADC topology based on an asynchronous PWM modulator followed by a VCO and a counter. The PWM modulator first encodes the analogue input into a binary waveform. Then, the VCO implements a multibit first-order noise shaping modulator, sampling and quantising the input signal encoded by the PWM modulator. With this architecture, the linearity of the whole converter is independent of the VCO linearity as the VCO is modulated by a two valued signal only. Proposed is a hardware implementation suitable for low power applications that does not require linear amplifiers.
VCO-based sigma delta modulator with PWM precoding
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- Author(s): R. Perdriau ; O. Maurice ; S. Dubois ; M. Ramdani ; E. Sicard
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 10, p. 589 –590
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0333
- Type: Article
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The effects of radiated electromagnetic injection on a digital integrated circuit up to 40 GHz are explored. The influence of several parameters (carrier frequency, pulse amplitude and duration) is highlighted and compared with available results from the literature on different technologies. Several electromagnetic immunity weaknesses are observed at a relatively low injection power. Finally, some explanations of these susceptibility phenomena are given. - Author(s): X. Zhu and W. Lin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 10, p. 590 –592
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0616
- Type: Article
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A very simple and efficient algorithm called randomised pseudo-skeleton approximation is proposed for the decomposition of a low-rank matrix. The complexity of the algorithm is O(r3), where r is the rank of the matrix. Comparison with the adaptive cross-approximation method is presented to show its validity and efficiency.
Exploration of radiated electromagnetic immunity of integrated circuits up to 40 GHz
Randomised pseudo-skeleton approximation and its application in electromagnetics
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- Author(s): Y. Wang ; W. Chen ; S. Zhou ; T. Yu ; Y. Zhang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 10, p. 592 –594
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.3505
- Type: Article
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The total variation (TV) model is one kind of second-order partial differential equation (PDE) for image noise removal. However, the second-order PDEs suffer from the so-called staircase effect. Proposed is a modified TV (MTV) model, which is staircase-free by minimising the variation of the image along the direction tangential to the isophotes of the original image. Its effectiveness in preserving edges, avoiding staircases and removing noises is shown by experiment and comparison. - Author(s): N. Bertaux ; F. Galland ; P. Réfrégier
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 10, p. 594 –595
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0316
- Type: Article
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Non-parametric polygonal snakes based on the minimum description length principle allow efficient segmentation of an object in a noisy image without a priori knowledge of the probability density functions of the image grey levels. However, at very low image contrasts, the segmentation quality can be degraded owing to convergence of the snake to local minima of the optimised criterion. This phenomena is analysed, a simple and robust optimisation strategy is proposed and a fast implementation is demonstrated.
MTV: modified total variation model for image noise removal
Multi-initialisation segmentation with non-parametric minimum description length snake
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- Author(s): N. Gu ; S. Nahavandi ; W. Yu ; D. Creighton
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 10, p. 595 –597
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0758
- Type: Article
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A family of blind source separation methods is presented, based on the extension of the generalised constant modulus criterion for MIMO systems. Different from other constant modulus based algorithms, which either employ the cross-correlation term or rely on the expensive Gram-Schmidt orthogonalisation technique to separate the sources successively, the proposed method utilises the Hadamard's inequality to retrieve signals. The main advantage of the proposed method is that the separation matrix can be updated simultaneously with a lower computational complexity. Hence, the propagation of estimation error due to successive source extraction can be prevented. Numerical simulations demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed algorithm. - Author(s): J.-F. Bercher
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 10, page: 597 –597
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0611
- Type: Article
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- Author(s): F. Chapeau-Blondeau ; A. Delahaies ; D. Rousseau
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 10, page: 598 –598
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.1161
- Type: Article
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Family of blind source separation methods based on generalised constant modulus criterion
Comment: Source coding with Tsallis entropy
Reply: Comment on ‘Source coding with Tsallis entropy’
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- Author(s): A.A.M. Ali ; H.B. El-Shaarawy ; H. Aubert
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 10, p. 598 –599
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0529
- Type: Article
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Presented are two novel double layer substrate integrated waveguide (SIW)-based couplers, the longitudinal-slots-based broadwall SIW coupler and its corresponding half-mode SIW coupler. Coupling takes place through a set of narrow, offset slots, which feature a flexible design providing a wide coupling dynamic range with wideband characteristics. This technique provides a compact design through both the double layer scheme and the half-mode structure. Isolation and input reflection characteristics better than 15 dB and 13 dB, respectively, are experimentally validated over 24% fractional bandwidth at 12.5 GHz. Measured coupling magnitudes and phases exhibit dispersive characteristics lower than 1 dB, and 8° with respect to the adopted design values, respectively, over the entire frequency band. - Author(s): M.-J. Park
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 10, p. 599 –601
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0163
- Type: Article
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A new dual-band operation scheme is proposed for the Gysel power divider based on coupled lines. The use of a coupled line results in a simplified structure, a wider operation range and more design freedom for the dual-band Gysel divider. The dual-band design method is presented with exact formulas derived from the analysis of the proposed structure. - Author(s): K.-J. Kim ; T. Lim ; K.H. Ahn ; J.-W. Yu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 10, p. 601 –602
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0683
- Type: Article
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A 60 GHz power amplifier (PA) using standard 90 nm CMOS technology is presented. This PA has power gain greater than 30 dB and 18.3% peak power added efficiency (PAE) under 2 V supply voltage. The parallel arrayed cascode power cells, which have a small number of fingers, are combined by the delay line to produce high gain and high PAE. Common gate inductors are inserted as gain booster circuits. A diode lineariser (DL) is adopted for increasing PAE and output P1dB (OP1dB). The measured saturation power is 13.2 dBm with its 11.5 dBm OP1dB. The measure power gain is above 25 dB over the whole frequency range (56–65 GHz). Due to the DL, the measured PAE exceeds 14% at the OP1dB power. This is believed to be the first CMOS PA having such high power gain and PAE. - Author(s): J. Lilja and P. Salonen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 10, p. 602 –604
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0390
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A textile resistor implemented using conductive polymer fabric is presented. The resistor performance is verified with an equal-split textile Wilkinson power divider at L-band. Measured results show equivalent performance with a conventional chip resistor. The measured bandwidth is 565 MHz with 20 dB minimum isolation between divider output ports. Results show that it is possible to design and manufacture entirely textile feed and matching networks. - Author(s): J.A.G. Malherbe
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 10, p. 604 –605
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0604
- Type: Article
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The performance of a wideband bandstop transmission line filter employing a series overlay inductor over two stubs resonating at, respectively, one half and one quarter of the centre frequency is described. The structure contributes seven transmission zeros to the stopband and the performance compares to that of a Cauer filter. The structure has the advantage of having impedance levels that are readily realisable.
Compact wideband double-layer half-mode substrate integrated waveguide 90° coupler
Coupled line Gysel power divider for dual-band operation
High gain and high efficiency CMOS power amplifier using multiple design techniques
Making flexible resistors out of conductive polymer fabrics
Wideband bandstop filter with sub-harmonic stubs
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- Author(s): C. Knochenhauer ; B. Sedighi ; F. Ellinger
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 10, p. 605 –606
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0455
- Type: Article
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A 40 Gbit/s transimpedance amplifier (TIA) implemented in 0.13 µm SiGe BiCMOS with high linearity range is presented. The TIA features 24.2 dB (65.2 dB Ω) gain, a bandwidth of 34.2 GHz and a power consumption of only 80 mW from a 2.5 V supply. Total harmonic distortion is less than 5% up to an input current of 1.3 mApp. - Author(s): A. Al Amin ; A. Li ; X. Chen ; W. Shieh
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 10, p. 606 –608
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0638
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Reported are the transmission characteristics of a dual-mode and dual-polarisation coherent optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexed (CO-OFDM) system where a simple grating-based LP01-LP11 mode converter is used for mode selective detection. Compared to the LP01 mode component, the LP11 mode shows a penalty of 2 and 3.8 dB for the two polarisations after 4.5 km of two-mode fibre at 36 Gbit/s. Potential for broadband operation is also confirmed. - Author(s): G.B. Xavier ; T.R. da Silva ; G.P. Temporão ; J.P. von der Weid
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 10, p. 608 –609
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0470
- Type: Article
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The polarisation drift between the arms of an 8 km-long fibre-optical Mach-Zehnder interferometer is experimentally stabilised, while simultaneously compensating the phase fluctuations. The single photons are wavelength-multiplexed with three classical channels, which are used as feedback for the control systems. Two of these channels are used for the active polarisation control systems, while the other is used to phase-lock the interferometer. Long-term stabilisation of the single-photon visibility when polarisation control is used is demonstrated. - Author(s): K. Horikoshi ; E. Yamazaki ; T. Kobayashi ; E. Yoshida ; Y. Miyamoto
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 10, p. 609 –611
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0960
- Type: Article
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A digital signal-processing algorithm that is robust against strong spectrum-narrowing is proposed for optical coherent optical receivers. High spectrum-narrowed tolerance is achieved by using a hybrid architecture composed of spectrum-narrowing adaptive FIR filters with concatenated maximum-likelihood sequence estimation demodulators. A numerical simulation shows that the proposed algorithm can demodulate severely spectrum-narrowed signals, even at 80% of the bandwidth of a Nyquist pulse-shaping criterion filter.
40 Gbit/s transimpedance amplifier with high linearity range in 0.13 µm SiGe BiCMOS
LP01/LP11 dual-mode and dual-polarisation CO-OFDM transmission on two-mode fibre
Polarisation drift compensation in 8 km-long Mach-Zehnder fibre-optical interferometer for quantum communication
Spectrum-narrowing tolerant signal-processing algorithm using maximum-likelihood sequence estimation for coherent optical detection
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- Author(s): G.Y. Oh ; D.G. Kim ; Y.W. Choi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 10, p. 611 –612
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0666
- Type: Article
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A novel plasmonic array sensor using wideband sources and a different incident angle in order to increase sensitivity is proposed and analysed for the first time. The sensitivity of the resonance shift used to change the refractive index of 1×10−3 is 51000 nm/RIU at the wavelength interrogation. The extremely small plasmonic array sensor is a very attractive component because of its promise of a high level of sensitivity, its easy measurement process, and its ease of integration into a sensor system. - Author(s): J.-H. Han
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 10, p. 612 –614
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0841
- Type: Article
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An intra-cavity four-wave mixing (FWM) in a dual-wavelength erbium-doped fibre ring laser has been demonstrated where a 100 m-long dispersion-shifted fibre has been introduced as a nonlinear medium to pronounce the FWM effect in a 1550 nm window. The laser operates in the gain switched (pulse) mode for effectively achieving high power and increasing the intermodulation effect in the ring cavity. This scheme provides a simple and efficient way of archieving a dual-wavelength source for various optical systems. - Author(s): A. Polzer ; W. Gaberl ; H. Zimmermann
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 10, p. 614 –615
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0636
- Type: Article
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A filter-less BiCMOS RGB colour sensor for wavelength detection in the wavelength range from 400 to 900 nm is presented. The sensor is based on the effect that light with longer wavelength penetrates silicon deeper than light with shorter wavelength. The detector is formed by three vertically stacked photodiodes: a deep diode used as the sensing element for red light, a middle diode to detect green light and a shallow diode as the blue light detector. The resulting RGB output is used to accurately determine the wavelength of the incident light. The sensor is fabricated in standard 0.6 µm BiCMOS technology without any process modifications.
Extremely small plasmonic array sensor using wideband sources
Four-wave mixing in intra-cavity dual-wavelength fibre ring laser
Wavelength detection with integrated filter-less BiCMOS RGB sensor
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- Author(s): Z.-H. Shen and H. Min
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 10, p. 615 –617
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.7135
- Type: Article
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Presented is a new combination method of a DC-DC converter and a low dropout voltage regulator (LDO), where the DC-DC converter takes the output voltage of the LDO's error amplifier as the feedback voltage. This new method can dynamically adjust the dropout voltage of the LDO according to load current so that efficiency is improved especially for driving small loads. Simultaneously, this method can dramatically improve load regulation by reducing the variation of the input voltage difference of the LDO's error amplifier. - Author(s): W.Y. Choi
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 10, p. 617 –618
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0396
- Type: Article
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A new single-stage battery charger is presented for light electric vehicles (LEVs). The proposed charger increases power efficiency by lowering conduction losses. It uses no full-bridge diode rectifier for power factor correction so that conduction losses can be reduced. A high efficiency, high power factor, and low cost can be obtained for LEV battery chargers. The feasibility of the proposed charger is verified with a 300 W prototype converter.
Combination method of DC-DC converter and LDO to improve efficiency and load regulation
Single-stage battery charger without full-bridge diode rectifier for light electric vehicles
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- Author(s): J.C. Jeong and I.B. Yom
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 10, p. 618 –619
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0703
- Type: Article
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An X-band high power multi-function chip has been designed and fabricated using 0.25 µm SiGe BiCMOS technology, for a transmit/receive (T/R) module of phased array radar systems. The high power and wideband performance was achieved by the integrated power amplifiers employing an active bias circuit and a series feedback technique. The fabricated multi-function chip with a compact size of 8.4 mm2 (3.5×2.4 mm) exhibits a transmit/receive gain of 30/20 dB and a P1dB of 18 dBm from 8 to 11 GHz. - Author(s): F. Ye ; D. Liang ; J. Zhu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 10, p. 620 –621
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0117
- Type: Article
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Based on compressed sensing, an inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) enhancement technology is proposed. The ISAR enhanced imaging system is constructed, and then utilising the sparsity of multi-radar signals, the optimum function for point enhancement and edge enhancement is established. Compared with spectral estimation methods, the new processing provides a higher quality ISAR image without the number estimation of scattering centres. Simulation results demonstrate the validity of the proposed processing. - Author(s): W.A. Al-Ashwal ; C.J. Baker ; A. Balleri ; H.D. Griffiths ; R. Harmanny ; M. Inggs ; W.J. Miceli ; M. Ritchie ; J.S. Sandenbergh ; A. Stove ; R.J.A. Tough ; K.D. Ward ; S. Watts ; K. Woodbridge
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 10, p. 621 –622
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0557
- Type: Article
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Presented is a statistical analysis of vertically-polarised bistatic sea clutter data, with bistatic angles ranging from 30° to 90°, compared with simultaneously-gathered monostatic clutter data. It is found that there is no significant change in the bistatic reflectivity compared to the monostatic except close to bistatic angles of 90°. It is found that the shape parameter of the K-distribution fitted to the clutter is significantly higher for the bistatic clutter than for the equivalent monostatic clutter.
X-band high power SiGe BiCMOS multi-function chip for active phased array radars
ISAR enhancement technology based on compressed sensing
Statistical analysis of simultaneous monostatic and bistatic sea clutter at low grazing angles
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- Author(s): A.-O. Boudraa
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 10, p. 623 –624
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0586
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The ΨB energy operator is an extension of the cross-Teager-Kaiser energy operator which is a nonlinear energy tracking operator to deal with complex signals and its usefulness for non-stationary signals analysis has been demonstrated. Two new properties of ΨB are established. The first property is the link between ΨB and the dynamic signal which is a generalisation of the instantaneous frequency (IF). The second property obtained for frequency modulated (FM) signals is a simple way to estimate the IF. These properties confirm the interest of the ΨB operator to track the non-stationarity of a signal. Results of IF estimation in a noisy environment of a nonlinear FM signal are presented and comparison to the Wigner-Ville distribution and the Hilbert transform-based method is provided.
Instantaneous frequency estimation of FM signals by ΨB-energy operator
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- Author(s): X. Liu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 10, p. 624 –626
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0862
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Exact expressions of the copula and its density of the trivariate Rayleigh distribution with exponential correlation (TRDEC) are derived. The TRDEC is induced from the correlation among three aligned antennas displaced with equal distance. - Author(s): L. Chen ; R.A. Carrasco ; I.J. Wassell
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 10, p. 626 –628
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0487
- Type: Article
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p.
626
–628
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The first opportunistic cooperative communications scheme based upon nonorthogonal transmission, namely the opportunistic nonorthogonal amplify-and-forward scheme, is proposed. It is proved that the proposed scheme can achieve a superior diversity- multiplexing trade-off performance bound than the existing opportunistic relaying schemes. Simulation results validate the proof. - Author(s): B. Zhou ; W. Rhee ; Z. Wang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 47, Issue 10, p. 628 –629
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2011.0261
- Type: Article
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628
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A 100 kbit/s frequency modulated ultra-wideband (FM-UWB) transmitter with digitally reconfigurable subcarrier modulation index (βsub), radio-frequency bandwidth (BRF) and carrier frequency band is presented and fabricated in 0.18 µm CMOS. A delta-sigma (ΔΣ) fractional-N phase-locked loop with an amplitude-controlled relaxation voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) and digitally configurable 2-FSK modulation is designed for subcarrier generation, followed by a dual-path LC VCO, the centre frequency of which is set by a digitally configurable duty-cycled frequency-locked loop for nearly 600 MHz UWB signal generation.
Copula of trivariate Rayleigh distribution with exponential correlation
Opportunistic nonorthogonal amplify-and-forward cooperative communications
Reconfigurable FM-UWB transmitter
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