Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 46, Issue 23, 11 November 2010
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Volume 46, Issue 23
11 November 2010
In Brief
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 23, page: 1528 –1528
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.9134
- Type: Article
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- Author(s): Pascal Larzabal
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 23, page: 1528 –1528
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.9135
- Type: Article
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Pascal Larzabal from the SATIE Laboratory in France tells us about the motivations for the work in the Letter ‘On the interactions of an eddy current sensor and a multilayered structure’ on page 1550. - Author(s): H. Dyball
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 23, page: 1529 –1529
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.9136
- Type: Article
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Doped silicon has potential as a good low-loss dielectric material at cryogenic temperatures for device applications in frequency tuning and reconfiguration, UK-based researchers have shown. A team from the University of Birmingham demonstrated how their micromachined silicon rocking actuator can be used to tune a high temperature superconducting resonator without significantly affecting its Q factor. - Author(s): H. Dyball
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 23, page: 1530 –1530
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.9137
- Type: Article
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Collaborating researchers from Taiwan and the US have developed a laser opening technique for selective emitter (SE) formation of multi-crystalline Si solar cells on 6x6 inch wafers, and have achieved up to nearly a 1% absolute increase in efficiency. This research forms part of an initiative driven by the Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) in Taiwan. Professor Jack (Jyh-Jier) Ho, one of the collaborators in this work from the National Taiwan Ocean University, explained their motivations: “ITRI has three mission statements: one, to expedite the development of new industrial technology; two, to aid in the process of upgrading industrial technology techniques; and three, to establish future industrial technology. In last few years, we have recognised the necessity for eco-sustainable industry development and global environmental protection, and therefore have devoted more resources to developing eco-friendly and sustainable energy technologies. We also aim to break down research bottlenecks and develop cutting-edge technology that would encourage domestic suppliers to invest in emerging energy solutions and environmental protection actions.”
Interview
A rocking tune
An opening for solar cells
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- Author(s): Y.S. Li ; X.D. Yang ; C.Y. Liu ; T. Jiang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 23, p. 1533 –1534
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.2650
- Type: Article
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A CPW-fed ultra-wideband antenna with a band-notch characteristic is presented. By cutting two inverted L-shaped slots in the CPW ground, the impedance bandwidth of the proposed antenna can be enhanced. In addition, a tuning stub is inserted in the middle of the fork-like patch to achieve the band rejection characteristic. Experimental and numerical results show that the proposed antenna, with compact size of 21×28 mm2, has an impedance bandwidth range from 2.38 to 10.6 GHz for a voltage standing-wave ratio less than 2, while rejecting the 5–6 GHz band. - Author(s): L.Y. Cai ; Y. Li ; G. Zeng ; H.C. Yang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 23, p. 1534 –1536
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.2574
- Type: Article
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A compact ultra-wideband (UWB) printed planar antenna with double band-notched characteristic is presented. This antenna consists of a circular monopole and two W-shaped slots etched into the monopole and the truncated ground plane, which lead to the desired high attenuation at the two notch frequencies: WiMAX (3.4–3.8 GHz), WLAN (4.8–6.2 GHz). It is fed by a microstrip line with a double-fed structure and built on an FR-4 substrate with 20×30 mm surface area. The antenna is successfully simulated by CST, and measured to cover the bandwidth for UWB (3.0–10.8 GHz), which is obtained with promising performances, including stable radiation patterns and constant gain over its whole frequency band of interest. - Author(s): W. Kang ; S. Lee ; K. Kim
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 23, p. 1536 –1537
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.2527
- Type: Article
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A radiation pattern-reconfigurable antenna is designed to operate over DCS 1800 and PCS 1900 bands. The proposed antenna is symmetric with respect to the vertical centre line and has a pair of pin diodes for switching. The electrical shape of the antenna consists of a monopole-loaded loop and an open wire, which serves as a director. Depending on the switching state, the antenna can select between two beam directions with essentially no input impedance variation. The return losses and radiation patterns for two bias conditions are measured and compared with simulated results. The measured results indicate that the antenna has high front-to-back ratios for both bias conditions, representing clear pattern reconfigurability. - Author(s): S.K. Podilchak ; A.P. Freundorfer ; Y.M.M. Antar ; S.F. Mahmoud
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 23, p. 1537 –1539
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.2860
- Type: Article
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A multilayer leaky-wave antenna (LWA) is presented for microwave and millimetre-wave frequencies. By placing two superstrate dielectric layers on top of a base grounded dielectric slab, a practical resonant cavity structure can be realised for high gain at 17.39 GHz. The compact 6×6 cm LWA is fed by a printed surface-wave source integrated in the bottom ground plane. Measured gain values are greater than 11 dBi at broadside with half power beam less than 7°. The presented low cost and low profile LWA may be useful for radar applications and surveillance systems where lightweight and compact antenna designs are of interest. - Author(s): E. Ebrahimi ; O. Litschke ; R. Baggen ; P.S. Hall
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 23, p. 1539 –1541
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.2775
- Type: Article
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A technique is proposed to mitigate the unwanted effect of ground plane currents when an antenna is mounted on a printed circuit board (PCB). To demonstrate the concept a CPW fed monopole is integrated onto a relatively large PCB. In the first stage of integration, a microstrip to grounded CPW feedline is incorporated to avoid connecting the PCB and antenna ground directly. To reduce the flow of current onto the edges of the PCB, two pairs of quarter-wavelength stubs are then utilised. A prototype is manufactured and examined. To show how this method enhances the radiation characteristics, the radiation patterns of the antenna in both an isolated and an integrated scenario with and without stubs are compared. - Author(s): X.Y. Wu and P.S. Hall
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 23, p. 1541 –1542
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.2558
- Type: Article
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A novel substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) Yagi-Uda antenna for 60 GHz applications is presented. The proposed antenna has the merits of low profile and light weight and is suitable for direct integration with the SIW wireless front end. Simulated results are compared with measured data and good agreement is reported. - Author(s): Z.H. Hu ; P.S. Hall ; J.R. Kelly ; P. Gardner
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 23, p. 1542 –1543
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.2441
- Type: Article
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Wideband antennas with band-notched behaviour have recently attracted increasing interest. Presented is a conical monopole antenna with two C-shaped slots. Compared to previous work reported in the literature, the antenna provides a notch band with increased gain suppression within the notch band, combined with omnidirectional pattern at frequencies throughout the operating band. - Author(s): Z. Jin ; X.-D. Li ; J. King
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 23, p. 1544 –1545
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.8157
- Type: Article
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The finite impluse response (FIR) digital filter for non-uniform time samples is investigated. By the upsampling technique this filter design is reduced to determining filter coefficients with many zeros. Only those coefficients that are not zeros correspond to time samples which are used to obtain the filtered output. Determining such a set of filter coefficients is exactly a best m-term approximation problem. The optimal non-uniform least-squares filter is obtained by a matching pursuit algorithm. In general, nonzero filter coefficients are not distributed consecutively in order to ensure the better performance of a filter. Satisfactory performances of the present method have been demonstrated by simulation. - Author(s): M. Kossel
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 23, p. 1545 –1546
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.2302
- Type: Article
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A small-area digital-to-analogue converter (DAC) in 45 nm SOI CMOS technology is presented that is based on a centrally located, static current-mode DAC, the output current of which is fed to an array of distributed, dynamically-refreshed small-area DACs. Owing to the dynamic operation of the distributed DACs, a single array element can be made as small as 8 × 8 µm. The measured retention time of a single array element with 7-bit resolution is 3 ms at a temperature of 125°C.
Compact CPW-fed ultra-wideband antenna with band-notched characteristic
Compact wideband antenna with double-fed structure having band-notched characteristics
Design of symmetric beam pattern reconfigurable antenna
Dielectric-based leaky-wave antenna for high gain using a printed surface-wave source
Isolation enhancement of planar disc antenna and ground plane in UWB applications
Substrate integrated waveguide Yagi-Uda antenna
Wideband conical monopole antenna with frequency band-notched behaviour
Non-uniform time sampling FIR filter design based on least-squares criterion
Small-area, periodically-refreshed DAC array in 45 nm SOI CMOS
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- Author(s): D.V.S.X. De Silva ; W.A.C. Fernando ; H. Kodikaraarachchi ; S.T. Worrall ; A.M. Kondoz
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 23, p. 1546 –1548
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.2320
- Type: Article
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Depth maps, which can be represented as greyscale images, are used to aid rendering of novel views in three-dimensional (3D) video systems. However, compressing them using existing video codecs, such as H.264/AVC, leads to low quality rendered views. Presented is a sharpening method based on adaptive bilateral filtering to eliminate certain artifacts observed in compressed depth maps to improve the quality of rendered views. Experimental results demonstrate that significant rendering quality improvements of up to 1.9 dB can be achieved with the proposed method. - Author(s): X. Li ; Z. Wei ; L. Xiao
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 23, p. 1548 –1550
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.2325
- Type: Article
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The problem of compressed sensing joint reconstruction of multi-view images in camera networks is considered. Noting that the neighbouring images are visually similar, the multi-view correlation is captured by the sparse prior of the difference images between two contiguous multi-view images. Thus the joint reconstruction is formulated as an unconstrained optimisation problem, which contains a quadratic fidelity term and two regularisation terms encouraging the sparse priors for multi-view images and their difference images, respectively. Moreover, an effective iterative algorithm is presented to solve the optimisation problem. Experimental results with the real multi-view images show that the proposed method can perform joint reconstruction with greater accuracy than CS image-by-image reconstruction.
Adaptive sharpening of depth maps for 3D-TV
Compressed sensing joint reconstruction for multi-view images
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- Author(s): T.L. Cung ; P.Y. Joubert ; E. Vourch ; P. Larzabal
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 23, p. 1550 –1551
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.2611
- Type: Article
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A study of the interactions between a cup-core eddy current sensor and a metallic layered structure is reported. An affine relationship between the sensor's normalised impedance and the distance between two plates of a metallic assembly is brought to light both by the experiment and by finite elements computations.
Interactions of an eddy current sensor and a multilayered structure
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- Author(s): J.-S. Paek ; H.-Y. Lee ; T.H. Joo ; S. Hong
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 23, p. 1551 –1553
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.2699
- Type: Article
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A delta-sigma (ΔΣ) digitised polar RF transmitter with a CMOS switching power amplifier is presented. The proposed power amplifier consists of a class-E amplifier with a modulating current source which allows high efficiency and high linearity. A current source is introduced in the proposed power amplifier to achieve ΔΣ digitised amplitude modulation. The current mode amplitude modulation is suitable for a high speed modulated signal such as an oversampled ΔΣ signal. - Author(s): M. Roberg ; J. Hoversten ; Z. Popović
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 23, p. 1553 –1554
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.2776
- Type: Article
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Described are the design procedure and measured performance of a PA targeted for the W-CDMA downlink band exhibiting over 84% PAE at 2.14 GHz. The PA is designed with an uncharacterised GaN HEMT. A measurement-based design approach is used to optimise the source and load impedance at the fundamental frequency with class- F−1 harmonic terminations enforced. S-parameters extracted from a full-wave EM model characterising the impedance transformation from the virtual drain of the GaN HEMT to an output matching circuit are used to design class-F−1 second- and third-harmonic terminations. The highest efficiency for the final PA occurred 10 MHz off the design frequency, exhibiting 84.9% PAE, 8.2 W output power and 18.4 dB of gain at 2.15 GHz. - Author(s): K.-S. Chin ; J.-L. Hung ; C.-W. Huang ; J.S. Fu ; B.-G. Chen ; T.-J. Chen
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 23, p. 1554 –1556
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.2347
- Type: Article
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Dual-band filtiers are common in dual-band transceivers, to attenuate interfering signals, and transmit the main signal in the desired passband. Reported is a compact low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) dual-band filter, constructed with a vertically folded structure and stepped-impedance stubs. The novel vertical interconnection scheme with its multilayered structure reduces the area of the filter by half. A 2.4/5.8 GHz dual-band experimental filter has been designed and assembled to verify the proposed design concept. S-parameter test results demonstrated good agreement between simulation and measurement.
ΔΣ digitised polar transmitter with CMOS switching power amplifier
GaN HEMT PA with over 84% power added efficiency
LTCC dual-band stepped-impedance-stub filter constructed with vertically folded structure
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- Author(s): K.-S. Lim ; J.J. Lee ; S. Lee ; H.S. Kang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 23, p. 1556 –1557
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.2344
- Type: Article
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A novel low-cost coaxial-type single transistor outline-can (TO-can) bidirectional optical subassembly (BOSA) using an all passive alignment BOSA platform and only one typical glass-sealed TO-can package is presented. This proposed BOSA platform is sufficiently compact to integrate in a single TO-can package and realises the reduction in cost by simplifying packaging processes. The measurement results of 3 dB bandwidth of the proposed single TO-can BOSA are 10.3 GHz for transmitter part and 8.2 GHz for receiver part, respectively. The clear eye diagram for transmitter part with 14.5 dB of the extinction ratio and 4.7 mW of output optical power and −26.3 dBm of receiver minimum sensitivity at a bit error rate of 10−10 are obtained under 2.488 Gbit/s operations.
Low-cost coaxial-type single TO-can bidirectional optical subassembly
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- Author(s): P. Singh ; J. Miao ; L. Shao ; R.K. Kotlanka ; D.-L. Kwong
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 23, p. 1557 –1559
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.1948
- Type: Article
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Microcantilevers with embedded piezotransistors formulate simple and sensitive MEMS sensors. In this reported work, three different p-type metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (PMOSFET) embedded microcantilevers are fabricated and their responses to physical displacements are evaluated. Effects of gate bias on the drain current change and device sensitivity are investigated. Specifically, a wide tuning range above 200% is demonstrated for the PMOSFET with the width/length ratio of 5 within a gate bias span of 6 V. Such tunable feature can be very useful to compensate process variations and optimise device performance for maximum sensitivity.
Tunable microcantilever sensors with embedded piezotransistors
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- Author(s): J.-J. Ho ; Y.-T. Cheng ; J.-J. Liou ; C.-H. Lin ; D.Z. Dimitrov ; A. Hsu ; S.-Y. Tsai ; C.-K. Wang ; W. Lee ; K.L. Wang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 23, p. 1559 –1561
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.2471
- Type: Article
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A laser opening technique is employed as the photolithography process to form selective emitter (SE) structures on multi-crystalline silicon (mc-Si) substrates for the large-area (156×156 mm2) solar-cell industry. The best efficiency of 16.35% is obtained with the developed SE structure after a damage removal process with optimisation of heavily and lightly doped dopants, which yields a gain of 0.88% absolute compared with that of a reference cell. Significantly, the SE mc-Si solar cell without the damage removal process can also reach a gain of 0.48% absolute. The developed SE process has simplicity, reliability, is fast, cost-effective, and could be effectively applied to mass production in industrial applications.
Advanced selective emitter structures by laser opening technique for industrial mc-Si solar cells
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- Author(s): G. Wang and Y. Lu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 23, p. 1561 –1562
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.1876
- Type: Article
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Bounds on the generalised integrated sidelobe level (GISL) are built for waveforms with stopbands, i.e. sparse frequency waveforms. The bounds predict the best achievable GISL for any average-pass-to-stopband power ratio in sparse frequency waveforms. The optimal condition for the lower bounds also suggests new approaches for designing sparse frequency waveforms with sidelobe constraints. - Author(s): J. Sun ; J. Tian ; G. Wang ; S. Mao
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 23, p. 1562 –1563
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.1865
- Type: Article
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A new improved complex-valued iterative adaptive approach is proposed to effectively resolve Doppler ambiguity in multiple pulse repetition frequency (PRF) radar. Exact termination criterion for the proposed method is adopted based on the sparsity of Doppler spectrum. Numerical studies demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method. - Author(s): X. Li ; X. Huang ; T. Jin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 23, p. 1563 –1565
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.1779
- Type: Article
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Compensation of the effects of wall on through-the-wall synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging is a main concern. Wall parameters are essential for the compensation, which are normally not known a priori. After analysis of echo configuration characteristics in time domain, a new procedure for estimating wall parameters is proposed, which is based on the idea of exploiting the correlation between the measured returns reflected from the wall and the corresponding estimates calculated from a SAR return model of the wall together with electromagnetic theory. The new approach deals with echo data without imaging or localisation processing, and has a less resolution requirement. - Author(s): J. Liu ; Z. Liu ; R. Xie
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 23, p. 1565 –1566
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.2579
- Type: Article
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A low angle estimation method in the presence of the multipath for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar is proposed. The multipath signal model for MIMO radar is constructed with both transmitted multipath and received multipath signals being considered. To reduce the computational burden and retain estimation precision, the beam-space maximum likelihood algorithm is developed for angle estimation. This method overcomes multipath effects for low angle measurement, and only requires one one-dimension search procedure. Simulation results are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Bounds on generalised integrated sidelobe level in waveforms with stopbands
Doppler ambiguity resolution for multiple PRF radar using iterative adaptive approach
Estimation of wall parameters by exploiting correlation of echoes in time domain
Low angle estimation in MIMO radar
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- Author(s): J.-Y. Kim ; B.-H. Ko ; M.-K. Choi ; S. Lee
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 23, p. 1566 –1568
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.2174
- Type: Article
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The source/drain overlap and depletion length in deep-submicron RF multifinger MOSFETs is accurately determined by a new RF method based on the direct extraction of the extrinsic gate-bulk capacitance using S-parameters biased at VGS > VTH and VDS = 0V. This RF method is proposed to remove the serious error of a conventional C-V method due to the influence of the extrinsic capacitance. - Author(s): J. Plantier ; H. Aziza ; J.M. Portal ; C. Reliaud ; A. Regnier ; J.L. Ogier
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 23, p. 1568 –1569
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.1894
- Type: Article
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It is shown how floating gate memory cell behaviour during retention tests can be predicted relying on static electrical stress tests. Retention tests are usually performed at high or low temperature bake to provide warning of an impending failure of the capability of memory cells to store data. These tests are very useful to screen out defective cell populations but induce significant test time overhead. To overcome this limitation, a correlation between stress time and retention time is established to anticipate retention test results. Experimental results based on an EEPROM test chip are presented in order to show the correlation between retention tests and electrical stress tests.
RF extraction method for source/drain overlap and depletion length of deep-submicron RF MOSFETs using intrinsic gate-bulk capacitance
EEPROM tunnel oxide lifetime reliability prediction based on fast electrical stress tests
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- Author(s): Y. Wang ; M.J. Prest ; M.J. Lancaster
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 23, p. 1569 –1571
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.8454
- Type: Article
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A micromachined silicon rocking actuator is used to tune a high temperature superconducting resonator. Its performance at cryogenic temperatures from 77 to 30 K is studied. A significant increase in the quality factor of the resonator, from 376 to 13876, is observed. It is confirmed that the change in resistance of the silicon tuning probe with temperature is the main factor responsible for the improvement. At low temperature, the silicon becomes an excellent dielectric, which makes it a good material for low-loss tuners.
Cryogenic performance of micromachined silicon rocking actuator for tuning a superconducting resonator
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- Author(s): G.Y. Zhang ; Z. Hu ; C.R. Wang ; G.Y. Li ; H. Tian
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 23, p. 1571 –1573
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.2359
- Type: Article
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In a cooperative relay scenario with multiple spectrum bands, modelling the nodes of a network as energy sellers, a joint power and channel allocation scheme based on energy pricing is proposed for parallel-transmission to extend the lifetime of the cooperative network by considering variant transmit power and spectrum availability. The optimal power allocation solutions between the source node and the relay node are obtained by a dual-based optimal power schedule algorithm, and the end-to-end throughput of parallel-transmission is fulfilled with minimum system cost (MSC) criteria. The superiority of the MSC scheme over other schemes has been verified by quantitative results. - Author(s): S.-W. Yoon and S.-I. Kim
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 23, p. 1573 –1574
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.2499
- Type: Article
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Presented is the linearity improvement technique of a power amplifier (PA) using a digitally-controlled tunable output matching network implemented in GaAs BiFET technology. The load impedance of the heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) power device in the last stage of the PA is adjustable in terms of output power levels by a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitor array with pHEMT switches in the output matching network. A 2.4 GHz two-stage PA for IEEE 802.11g, Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) application, is implemented to demonstrate the technique. Not only is the maximum linear output power of the PA increased by 2.5 dB, but the linearity is also improved by 4 dB at the output power of 15 dBm for the error vector magnitude specification of −28 dB. - Author(s): X. Gao ; L. Li ; P. Zhang ; L. Song ; G. Zhang ; Q. Wang ; H. Tian
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 46, Issue 23, p. 1574 –1576
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2010.2470
- Type: Article
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Many practical downlink multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) linear precoding methods have been proposed recently. The block diagonalisation (BD) method has more advantages when each user is equipped with multiple receive antennas. However, BD has poor performance at the low and medium SNR regime with no consideration of noise. Hence, the regularised block diagonalisation (RBD) method has been proposed, which also has a high computational complexity for using singular value decomposition to suppress multi-user interference and noise. Proposed is a novel method of Cholesky factorisation for the RBD method, which can reduce computational complexity effectively without performance loss. Analysis and simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Joint power and channel allocation for energy-efficient performance of relay-assisted cognitive radio networks based on energy pricing
Linearity enhanced 2.4 GHz WLAN HBT power amplifier using digitally-controlled tunable output matching network with pHEMT switch in GaAs BiFET technology
Low-complexity RBD precoding method for downlink of multi-user MIMO system
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- Type: Article
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Experimental verification of on-chip CMOS fractional-order capacitor emulators
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54 Gbit/s OOK transmission using single-mode VCSEL up to 2.2 km MMF
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