Online ISSN
1350-911X
Print ISSN
0013-5194
Electronics Letters
Volume 45, Issue 9, 23 April 2009
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Volume 45, Issue 9
23 April 2009
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- Author(s): H.M. Geddada ; J.W. Park ; J. Silva-Martinez
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 9, p. 435 –436
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3168
- Type: Article
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A linearisation methodology for broadband low noise amplifiers (LNAs) is considered. The proposed scheme is composed of the main transistor operating in strong inversion healed by a couple of auxiliary transistors operating in triode and subthreshold regions. The nonlinearities of these transistors graciously and efficiently compensate each other, improving main transistor linearity by over 10 dB over all corners for input signals as large as −14 dBm. Power consumption increases by 6% while frequency response and input impedance are almost not affected because the compensating circuits are quite small compared with the main device. Simulation results show that the compensated LNA implemented in Jazz-Semiconductor 0.18 µm CMOS technology has a gain of 11.3 dB, IIP3=18.4 dBm, BW=3.6 GHz while drawing 7.4 mA from a 2.4 V supply voltage.
Robust derivative superposition method for linearising broadband LNAs
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- Author(s): Q. Bai and R. Langley
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 9, p. 436 –438
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0341
- Type: Article
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The performance of a dual-band textile antenna under two-dimensional crumpling conditions is described. Both input impedance and radiation patterns are investigated based on numerical and experimental methods at 2.45 and 5.8 GHz. The return loss for the coplanar antenna is affected by the most severe crumpling at the higher frequency band, while the radiation patterns remain acceptable at both bands. - Author(s): S.M. O'Kane and V.F. Fusco
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 9, p. 438 –439
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0590
- Type: Article
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A lens antenna consisting of a double-sided 3×3 array of curl antennas that can convert an incident LH/RHCP signal into a transmitted LH/RHCP signal is shown to have an additional property that allows the angle of incidence of an incoming linear or circularly polarised signal to be determined. Here the angle of arrival information is obtained via a simple boresight power measurement made at the lens receive side. It is shown that an unambiguous angle of arrival information for signals arriving at up to ±45° can be obtained. - Author(s): P. Iliev ; P. Le Thuc ; C. Luxey ; R. Staraj
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 9, p. 439 –441
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3551
- Type: Article
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A dual-band HF and UHF RFID tag antenna with two feeding points is presented, fabricated and measured. A convenient HF resonance is obtained with an HF ASIC chip as well as good impedance matching with UHF ASIC chip in the European RFID UHF band. Tuning techniques of the design parameters are proposed, and tag performance in both frequency bands is evaluated. - Author(s): V. Sambasiva Rao ; V.V. Srinivasan ; S. Pal
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 9, p. 441 –442
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0452
- Type: Article
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An active X-band spherical phased array developed for transmitting high bit rate data from remote sensing satellites to two ground stations simultaneously is presented. Resolution of the dual phase adjustment of the phase shifters, which are common to generate two beams, is discussed. - Author(s): E.W. Reid ; L. Ortiz-Balbuena ; K. Moez
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 9, p. 442 –444
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3371
- Type: Article
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A low-loss balun is presented that can be integrated on the low-permittivity substrates usually used in the construction of the adjoining Vivaldi antenna for improving the antenna radiation. However, it also increases the unwanted radiation of the feeding balun required for impedance matching and mode conversion. The radiation losses of the balun are reduced by limiting the size of balun, which is achieved by cladding the balun with slabs of high permittivity dielectric. - Author(s): S.K. Podilchak ; A.P. Freundrofer ; Y.M.M. Antar
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 9, p. 444 –445
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3455
- Type: Article
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A planar surface-wave antenna (SWA) that achieves radiation at end-fire by surface-wave (SW) excitation is presented for millimetre-wave frequencies of operation. The 2D SWA is fed by a two-element array of printed SW launchers for controlled beam steering in the far-field. Measured results demonstrate a highly directive beam pattern with a 3 dB beamwidth less than 5° at 22.71 GHz. Such a planar low-cost and low-profile SWA design may be advantageous for surveillance systems and radar applications where beam steering at end-fire is of interest. - Author(s): K.G. Thomas and M. Sreenivasan
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 9, p. 445 –446
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0526
- Type: Article
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A novel planar elliptical disc monopole antenna for universal mobile communication systems (UMTS) and ultra-wideband (UWB) dual network applications is presented. Printed on a FR4 dielectric substrate and excited by a microstrip transmission line, the antenna has a shaped ground plane featuring a wide impedance bandwidth with excellent omnidirectional pattern stability. - Author(s): Y. Jee and Y.-M. Seo
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 9, p. 446 –448
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3383
- Type: Article
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A triple-band coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed LI-shaped monopole antenna is proposed. The antenna is composed of an I-shaped monopole and a meandered L-shaped one. The dimensions of the design are 29×28 mm which are 0.077 λ×0.075 λ in terms of the lowest operating frequency of 800 MHz. The antenna operation presents attractive characteristics, each monopole is independently optimised to the resonant frequency and the impedance bandwidth without affecting those of other bands. The antenna shows improved radiation efficiency of individual monopoles for a global system for mobile communication, personal communication systems, digital communication systems, and wireless code division multiple access applications.
Crumpled textile antennas
Curl antenna lens as angle of arrival sensor
Dual-band HF-UHF RFID tag antenna
Generation of dual beams from spherical phased array antenna
Integrated low-loss balun for Vivaldi antennas
Planar antenna for directive beam steering at end-fire using an array of surface-wave launchers
Printed elliptical monopole with shaped ground plane for pattern stability
Triple-band CPW-fed compact monopole antennas for GSM/PCS/DCS/WCDMA applications
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- Author(s): H.H. Wu ; A.P. Hu ; S.C. Malpas ; D.M. Budgett
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 9, p. 448 –449
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0035
- Type: Article
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Optimal tuning capacitor values corresponding to the maximum power transfer of a voltage-fed series-tuned transcutaneous energy transfer (TET) system are derived. The theoretical analysis is verified by experimental results. The maximum power transfer capacity can be three times greater compared to the traditional method, which tunes the capacitor at the nominal resonant frequency without considering the mutual inductance effect. These results are useful to enable an existing series-tuned TET system to meet short-term high-power demands where efficiency is not a key factor. - Author(s): J. Yuan ; H.Y. Chan ; S.W. Fung ; B. Liu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 9, p. 449 –451
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3253
- Type: Article
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A novel digital calibration scheme is developed to improve the linearity of a wide dynamic range (DR) CMOS imaging sensor, with a low calibration overhead. Experimental results show that the distortion of the fabricated imaging sensor reaches −75.6 dB over the 95.3 dB DR after calibration. - Author(s): E. Uchino ; N. Suetake ; T. Koga ; R. Kubota ; S. Ichiyama ; G. Hashimoto ; T. Hiro ; M. Matsuzaki
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 9, p. 451 –453
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0052
- Type: Article
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A novel plaque boundary extraction method for an intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) image employing image separability and Takagi-Sugeno's fuzzy inference model is presented. The membership functions are allocated heuristically with special consideration of the features of the IVUS image. The method has not only improved the accuracy of plaque boundary extraction but has also reduced the workload of medical doctors. - Author(s): D. Kurup ; W. Joseph ; G. Vermeeren ; L. Martens
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 9, p. 453 –454
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3484
- Type: Article
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Proposed is the first in-body path loss model in homogeneous human muscle tissue at 2.4 GHz for implants in the human body. This model is valid for insulated dipole antennas up to a distance of 8 cm. Excellent agreement is obtained between measurements, simulations and the models. The path loss model can be used to design an in-body communication system. - Author(s): C.C. Reyes-Aldasoro
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 9, p. 454 –456
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0320
- Type: Article
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An additive retrospective non-parametric algorithm for the correction of the inhomogeneous intensity background of images, commonly known as shading, is presented. The algorithm assumed that an original unbiased image was corrupted by slowly-varying shading that could be estimated from the signal envelope in a process analogous to amplitude modulation detection. Unlike other filtering algorithms, the algorithm did not require pre-processing, parameter setting, user interaction, computationally intensive optimisation algorithms nor a restriction in size of the objects of interest relative to the scale of background variations. The algorithm provided satisfactory results for artificial and microscopical images.
Determining optimal tuning capacitor values of TET system for achieving maximum power transfer
Digital calibration technique for highly linear wide dynamic range CMOS imaging sensor
Fuzzy inference-based plaque boundary extraction using image separability for intravascular ultrasound image of coronary artery
Path loss model for in-body communication in homogeneous human muscle tissue
Retrospective shading correction algorithm based on signal envelope estimation
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- Author(s): W. Liu and Y. Chiu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 9, p. 456 –458
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.2374
- Type: Article
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An equalisation-based digital background error-correction technique for successive approximation analogue-to-digital converters (SA-ADCs) is presented. This technique enables the size of the sampling capacitors to be scaled down to the kT/C limit without matching concerns. Therefore, for SA-ADCs with resolutions of 10 bits and above, the proposed low-cost, power-efficient digital calibration technique indicates a large power saving and scalability improvement in deeply scaled CMOS technology. Computer simulation validates the effectiveness of this technique for a SA-ADC with 12-bit resolution and 10% mismatch in its digital-to-analogue converter component. The effective number of bits is improved from 4.8 to 12. - Author(s): L. Hernández ; E. Pun ; E. Prefasi ; S. Paton
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 9, p. 458 –460
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0323
- Type: Article
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A novel multibit continuous time sigma-delta modulator architecture that does not require a flash converter is presented. The quantiser of this modulator is similar to an integrating ADC that is operated with a binary weighted charge balancing algorithm. The charge residue in the integrating ADC at the end of each conversion cycle is accumulated for the next conversion, providing first-order noise shaping. The modulator order can be increased by the addition of more integrating stages.
Background digital calibration of successive approximation ADC with adaptive equalisation
Continuous time sigma-delta modulator based on binary weighted charge balance
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- Author(s): D.B. da Costa and S. Aı̈ssa
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 9, p. 460 –461
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0597
- Type: Article
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The end-to-end performance of dual-hop transmissions with decode-and-forward relaying over independent non-identically distributed Nakagami-m fading channels is investigated. In the analysis, partial relay selection is employed. This recently proposed selection scheme finds applicability in different wireless systems such as ad hoc and sensor networks. Closed-form expressions for the outage probability and average symbol error rates are provided. Furthermore, the overall system performance is illustrated through representative numerical results. - Author(s): S. Beyme and C. Leung
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 9, p. 461 –463
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3330
- Type: Article
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An important property of a Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequence is derived, namely that the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of a ZC sequence is a time-scaled conjugate of the ZC sequence, multiplied by a constant factor. This result has many practical applications. For example, it can be used to generate 3GPP LTE access preambles more efficiently than the standard suggests as it allows the DFT of a ZC sequence of prime length P to be computed with P instead of PlogP arithmetic operations.
Dual-hop decode-and-forward relaying systems with relay selection and maximal-ratio schemes
Efficient computation of DFT of Zadoff-Chu sequences
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- Author(s): G. Ng ; F.A. Musa ; A.C. Carusone
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 9, p. 463 –464
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0639
- Type: Article
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A two-tap infinite impulse response (IIR) filter using travelling-wave architecture is presented. The filter utilises poles as a means of frequency boosting, contrasting the conventional finite impulse response technique of utilising zeros and is the first ever implementation of an IIR filter using a double-loop multi-delay topology. Implemented in a 90 nm CMOS process, the filter achieves a 12.1 peak at 24 GHz when both filter taps are set to maximum peaking and consumes 55.2 mW from a 1.2 V supply. - Author(s): M. Annamalai ; M. Palaniapan ; W.-K. Wong
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 9, p. 464 –466
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3691
- Type: Article
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The reported work focuses on an acoustic phonon characterisation method for MEMS devices. This technique is uniquely suited to address challenges of MEMS device characterisation as a low cost and non-destructive method. The mechanical switching action of a fixed-fixed beam MEMS switch is characterised using this acoustic phonon characterisation technique and a correlation between phonon measurements and electrical waveforms is carried out. Insights on the mechanical state of the switch are also obtained using this acoustic phonon characterisation technique.
Two-tap travelling-wave infinite impulse response filter with 12 dB peaking at 24 GHz
Acoustic phonon characterisation of fixed-fixed beam MEMS switch
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- Author(s): K. Takiguchi ; H. Takahashi ; M. Okuno
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 9, p. 466 –467
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0697
- Type: Article
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A planar lightwave circuit based device is proposed that can recognise optical multiwavelength pulse patterns based on digital-to-analogue conversion. The device consists of a splitter with variable splitting ratios, delay lines and an arrayed-waveguide grating based wavelength multiplexer, and requires no optical gates. 80 Gbit/s and four-bit label recognition experiments were successfully carried out with the device.
Integrated-optic digital-to-analogue converter for recognising multiwavelength pulse patterns
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- Author(s): X. Caillet ; L. Bretheau ; M. Krakowski ; N. Michel ; I. Favero ; G. Leo ; S. Ducci
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 9, p. 467 –469
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0654
- Type: Article
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Thermal crosstalk in a diode array has been investigated using a time-resolved technique. The transmission of a probe beam injected into any of the array diodes is measured while one of them is alternatively switched on and off. The dynamics of temperature evolution of each diode and the thermal crosstalk owing to lateral heat spreading are deduced from temperature-induced Fabry-Pérot oscillations.
Time-resolved thermal crosstalk characterisation of laser diode arrays
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- Author(s): Y. Saito ; D. Fontaine ; J.-M. Rollin ; D.S. Filipović
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 9, p. 469 –470
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0309
- Type: Article
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A three-port, 450 µm tall, monolithic rectangular coaxial power divider is introduced. The device is fabricated by a surface micromachining process with six sequentially deposited copper layers with thicknesses of 50 and 100 µm. The divider has an overall loss of 0.2 dB at 30 GHz, the input port return loss is better than 10 dB and the output amplitude and phase misbalances are ±0.35 dB and ±2.2°, respectively, from 20 to 40 GHz. The device is designed in a way that permits straightforward realisation of a Wilkinson divider with integrated resistor. - Author(s): A.S. Mohra and O.F. Siddiqui
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 9, p. 470 –472
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.2699
- Type: Article
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A bandpass filter is constructed by loading a left-handed metamaterial transmission line with an additional shunt capacitor. The shunt capacitor provides more freedom to control the passband characteristics of the resulting metamaterial line. A bandpass filter is designed with a centre frequency that is tunable from 0.45 to 0.65 GHz.
Monolithic micro-coaxial power dividers
Tunable bandpass filter based on capacitor-loaded metamaterial lines
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- Author(s): R. Patachaianand and K. Sandrasegaran
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 9, p. 472 –473
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3522
- Type: Article
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An opportunistic feedback technique is proposed for proportional fair (PF) scheduling in a downlink multi-user system. This technique requires each mobile station, the scheduling metric of which is higher than a threshold, to send one-bit feedback for PF scheduling. The scheduler determines the optimal modulation and coding scheme for a scheduled user based on channel quality indicator (CQI) update, which is sent on a longer period than the scheduling period. The simulation results indicate that PF scheduling with the proposed update scheme can achieve similar performance as PF scheduling with full CQI feedback. The feedback overhead can be reduced in comparison with typical PF scheduling provided that an optimal CQI update period is chosen.
Proportional fair scheduling with reduced feedback
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- Author(s): M. Wang ; J. Wu ; J. Li ; K. Xu ; X. Hong ; J. Lin
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 9, p. 474 –475
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0070
- Type: Article
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Proposed is a novel structure of a cascadable photonic serial-to-parallel converter (SPC) based on the cross-phase modulation effect in a semiconductor optical amplifier for simultaneous multiple-channel optical time division multiplexed demultiplexing. The proposed SPC features cascadability, compact structure, high-speed operation, and simultaneous two-channel operation. Error-free 20 Gbit/s simultaneous two-channel demultiplexing is experimentally demonstrated. - Author(s): X. Liu
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 9, p. 475 –476
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.0259
- Type: Article
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Two optimisation models established for a wireless optical communication system based on the four-level pulse amplitude modulation scheme were recently reported. Both models were expressed in terms of multiple improper integrals. To improve the computational efficiency, the closed-form in terms of the incomplete gamma function is derived that is supported by most mathematical software packages, including MATLAB. The previously reported optimisation models are solved with the new method. The solutions are presented.
All-optical serial-to-parallel converter for simultaneous multiple-channel OTDM demultiplexing
Solution refinement of wireless optical system model with multi-level modulation
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- Author(s): U. Monga and T.A. Fjeldly
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 9, p. 476 –478
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.2810
- Type: Article
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A precise, compact, subthreshold slope model of short-channel nanoscale double-gate MOSFETs is presented. The model encompasses the effects of device dimensions, built-in voltages and bias voltages on the subthreshold slope. The subthreshold model is based on conformal mapping techniques. Results are in excellent agreement with numerical simulations. - Author(s): W.L. Wang ; B. Zhang ; W.J. Chen ; Z.J. Li
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 9, p. 478 –480
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3748
- Type: Article
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A new buffered super junction (SJ) LDMOS on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) is proposed to eliminate the substrate-assisted depletion effect. The trenched buried oxide is self-adaptive to collect the additional charges according to the variable electric field strength, which forms a dynamic buffer between the SJ and the substrate. The collected charges compensate the N pillars, resulting in the charge balance between N and P pillars of the SJ. Numerical simulation results indicate that the proposed device features high breakdown voltage and low on-resistance.
Compact subthreshold slope modelling of short-channel double-gate MOSFETs
High voltage SOI SJ-LDMOS with dynamic buffer
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- Author(s): Z. Xu ; B. Huang ; F. Zhang
- Source: Electronics Letters, Volume 45, Issue 9, p. 480 –481
- DOI: 10.1049/el.2009.3027
- Type: Article
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An alternative envelope approach for empirical mode decomposition (EMD) is proposed. The new approach constructs the envelope by cubic spline interpolation, not using the extrema directly but some special knots calculated from the extrema. Owing to the particular property of the knots, the intrinsic mode function is the constant envelope signal so that the EMD with this envelope is suitable for sinusoid signal decomposition, which is also validated by simulation.
Envelope approach based on special knots for empirical mode decomposition
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